1、UNIT4SPACEEXPLORATIONSectionCDiscoveringUsefulStructures题组练领悟方法核心词汇教材原句p.42 First of all，you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.首先，你必须足够聪明以得到一个相关的大学文凭。1 first of all 首先，第一（用来列举事物或突出重要性）First of all，you should know what profession suits you.首先，你该知道什么职业适合你。【归纳拓展】come first 首先；名
2、列第一；首先要考虑的first and foremost 首先；首要的是first and last 从各方面看；完全地from the（very）first 从一开始from first to last 从头至尾；自始至终at first 起初；起先单句语法填空（1）First all，you should improve your spoken English.（2）First last，it is important to know oneself.完成句子（3）（首要的是），you must tell me the truth.（4）She（名列第一）in the final exam
3、ination for the course.（5）My parents didnt understand what I meant（起初）.After knowing it，they both supported me.ofandFirstofallcamefirstatfirst教材原句p.42 In space，astronauts collect all dirty water so as to recycle it for later use.在太空中，宇航员收集所有的污水，以便回收它供以后使用。2 so as to（do sth.）为了，以便（表示目的）The test quest
4、ions are kept secret so as to prevent cheating.考试题目保密以防作弊。【学法点拨】动词不定式的一个主要作用是在句中作目的状语。in order to 或so as to 则使目的更加明确。（1）so as to 一般不放在句首，否定形式是so as not to。（2）in order to 可以放在句首或句中，否定形式是in order not to。In order to attract her attention，he shouted loudly on purpose.Unexpectedly，she deliberately ignore
5、d him.为了引起她的注意，他故意大声喊叫。出乎意料的是，她有意不理他。【归纳拓展】so that，in order that 意为“为了，目的是”，引导目的状语从句。The teacher explained it again so that we could understand the passage.为了使我们明白那段文章，老师又把它讲了一遍。完成句子（1）（为了找到）the missing child，the villagers have been doing all they can over the past five hours.（2）He worked extra hour
6、s（为了完成）the task ahead of time.（3）（为了不被打扰），he spent three hours locked in his study.句型转换（4）Robert got up early this morning so that he could catch the first bus.Robert got up early this morning the first bus.Inordertofindinordertofinish/soastofinishInordernottobedisturbedinordertocatch/soastocatch3 r
7、ecycle v.回收利用；再利用recycle the waste material 回收废物recycle the paper/glass 回收纸/玻璃recycle the garbage 循环利用垃圾recycled materials 回收的材料The ecological system can recycle by itself.生态系统本身就可以循环。【词语积累】（1）recycling n.回收利用（2）re-可以作动词前缀，表示“又，再，重新”。cycle n.循环；周期 recycle v.回收利用；再利用 place v.放；置 replace v.取代；把放回原处 mo
8、ve v.移动 remove v.移开；挪走 use v.使用 reuse v.再利用 build v.建；建造 rebuild v.重建单句语法填空（1）The glass from bottles can（recycle）.（2）（recycle）of rubbish costs money and requires special equipment.（3）The coach decided to（place）the player No.8 with No.3.完成句子（4）We should try to（回收利用所有的废纸）.berecycledRecyclingreplacerec
9、ycleallthewastepaper教材原句 p.42 Astronauts bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity.由于缺乏重力，宇航员们的骨头和肌肉在太空会变得很虚弱4 lack n.&vt.（1）n.缺乏；短缺the lack of.缺乏搭配a lack of 缺少for/because of/through lack of 因为缺乏The lack of a good education may prevent you from seeking a good job.缺乏良好的教
10、育可能使你找不到好工作。Stress and tiredness often result in a lack of concentration.紧张和疲劳常使人精神不集中。She cant go to the party for lack of a proper dress.因为没有合适的连衣裙，她不能去参加聚会。（2）vt.没有；缺乏We never lack food and clothing if were willing to work.我们如果愿意工作，就决不会缺吃少穿。【误区警示】（1）lack 作动词时，是及物动词，其后直接接宾语；lack 作名词时，其后接介词of。（2）la
11、cking是形容词，表示“没有，缺乏，不足”，构成搭配：be lacking in.缺乏None of his plans ever comes through because he is lacking in determination.他的计划一个都没成功，因为他没有决心。单句语法填空（1）The headmaster said thatlack of money was a great challenge.（2）This evening newspaper is（lack）in analytical articles.（3）My father looks quite tired lack
12、 of sleep.（4）A diet lackingnutritional value will not keep a person healthy.完成句子（5）We are poor，but we（志不穷）.（6）Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and _（缺乏锻炼）.（7）Although Peter（缺乏经验），the manager asked him to take charge of the project.alackingfor/throughinarenotlackinginspiri
13、talackofexerciselackedexperience教材原句p.42 .everything would oat o otherwise.否则所有东西都会飘走。5 otherwise adv.否则；要不然；用别的方法；在其他方面；除此之外搭配：or otherwise 或其他情况，或相反Seize the chance；otherwise youll regret it.抓住这个机会，否则你会后悔的。The soup was cold，but it was an otherwise excellent meal.除了汤是凉的以外，那顿饭菜是很好的。Well go there som
14、ehow，by boat or otherwise.我们总要设法去那里，乘船也好，用其他办法也好。【学法点拨】（1）otherwise 通常用于“祈使句+otherwise+陈述句”句型，意为“否则”，相当于or。Study hard next term，otherwise you will fall behind others.下学期努力学习，否则你会落后于其他人。（2）otherwise 作句子副词时，还常用于引起含蓄型虚拟语气句，表示如果某事没有发生，就会发生另一件事，该句谓语部分多用“would/could have done”。Bob helped me.Otherwise，I wo
15、uldnt have finished the task on time.鲍勃帮助了我。否则我不可能按时完成任务。写出下列句中otherwise 的含义（1）Thanks for your directions to the house；we wouldnt have found it otherwise._（2）He is rich，but otherwise an unhappy man._单句语法填空（3）Warm up with some exercise before you swim.，you might hurt yourself.（4）We lost our way in th
16、at small village.Otherwise we（visit）more tourist destinations yesterday.完成句子（5）She is not very clever，but（在其他方面她是个好姑娘）.否则在其他方面Otherwisewould/couldhavevisitedotherwiseshesanicegirl教材原句p.42 During a spacewalk，astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control.在太空行走中，宇航员不得不
17、慢慢地移动以便他们能控制自己的身体。6 under control 在的控制下反义短语：beyond control失去控制He was in a dilemma and found it hard to get this under control.他进退两难，发现很难控制住局面。【学法点拨】in control of 掌管；控制in/under the control of 在的控制下take/gain/get control of 控制lose control of 失去对的控制get/bring sth.under control 控制某事/某物【归纳拓展】“under+抽象名词”结构
18、表被动意义：under discussion 在讨论中under guarantee 在保质期内under construction 在建设中under repair 在修理中under consideration 在考虑中under examination 在检查中under attack 遭受攻击单句语法填空（1）You must get your spendingcontrol.（2）This is a disaster human control.（3）They werecomplete control of the situation.完成句子（4）Even though the f
19、ire is（得到了控制），it is still burning.（5）You should learn to（控制）your temper.同义句转换（6）At this moment，the problem is being discussed.At this moment，the problem is.underbeyondinundercontroltakecontrolofunderdiscussion教材原句p.42 Sending people to other planets or even beyond the solar system.将人类送往其他行星甚至太阳系之外7
20、beyond prep.在更远处；超出The house is beyond the bridge.房子在桥那边。The sight there was beautiful beyond description.那儿的风景美得无法形容。【归纳拓展】beyond control 失去控制beyond the reach of 鞭长莫及beyond repair 无法修理beyond doubt 无疑地；确实beyond belief 难以置信beyond recognition 认不出来beyond description 难以描述beyond measure 难以衡量beyond sb.对某人
21、来说难以理解；对某人来说很难处理beyond ones power 超出某人的权力完成句子（1）Your shoes are worn out and they are（无法修理）.（2）Martin lives in New York，（不在的控制范围内）his parents.（3）Lang Ping is（无疑）an excellent coach in volleyball.（4）I find his behaviour（难以置信）.（5）The beauty of the sunrise is（难以描述）.beyondrepairbeyondthereachofbeyonddoubt
22、beyondbeliefbeyonddescription教材原句p.42 For example，using current technology，it would take over two years to get to the closest planet.例如，使用目前的技术，需要两年多的时间才能到达最近的行星8 current adj.&n.（1）adj.当前的；现在的；通用的；流通的the current technology 目前的技术 the current situation 当前的形势 current events 当前事件current affairs 时事curren
23、t money 流通货币This note is no longer current.这种纸币已不再流通。（2）n.水流；电流；思潮He was swept away by the current.他被激流卷走了。electric current 电流There is a growing current of support for environmental issues among voters.越来越多的选民支持环境问题。【词语积累】currently adv.当前；现时 currency n.通货；货币；通用，流行写出下列句中current 的词性及含义（1）The current s
24、ituation in the world is a little tense._（2）Long ago there was a current belief that the earth was flat._（3）Strong currents and winds swept their boat out to sea._单句语法填空（4）Zhu Ting，one of the most excellent players in China，（current）plays for Tianjin Bohai Bank.（5）The British teachers in the country
25、 were paid in local（current）.翻译句子（6）你能谈谈沙漠的现状吗？_adj.目前的；现在的adj.通用的n.水流currentlycurrencyCanyousayanythingaboutthecurrentconditionsinthedesert?教材原句p.42 Will scientists figure out a way to store sufficient food and water for the long journey?科学家们会想出一种方法来为长途旅行储存足够的食物和水吗？9 figure out 弄懂；弄清楚；弄明白；计算（数量或成本）
26、I cant figure out why he is absent.我弄不明白他为什么缺席。I have figured out how much during the week I spent.我算出了这个星期花了多少钱。【归纳拓展】figure in 把列入计算 figure that.认为【学法点拨】figure out 后面可接名词、代词作宾语，也可接“疑问词+动词不定式”或宾语从句。【归纳拓展】“v.+out”短语归纳：break out（战争、灾难等）爆发；发生bring out 使显出；出版；生产give out 分发；用完；耗尽；发出（热、光等）come out 出现；出版；
27、结果是make out 勉强看见、听出；理解；弄清楚look out/watch out 当心；留神turn out 制造；生产；最后是；结果是work out 算出；想出；制订出；锻炼；解决；产生结果；被证明有效写出下列句中figure out 的含义（1）Please help me to figure out my income tax._（2）I cant figure out why he gave up the well paid job._单句语法填空（3）I forgot to figure our travel expenses in the account.（4）I cou
28、ldnt figure what made our boss so angry at the meeting.用含out 的动词短语填空（5）When the Second World War，my grandfather was at university.（6）When we climbed to the top of Mount Tai，my legs.（7）It was so foggy that the driver could hardly the way ahead.计算出弄明白；弄清楚inoutbrokeoutgaveoutmakeout10 sufficient adj.足够
29、的；充足的搭配be sufficient for 对来说是足够的 be sufficient to do sth.足够做某事sufficient water/materials/time 充足的水/材料/时间sufficient resources/information 充足的资源/信息The money I have saved is sufficient for buying a car.我所存的钱足以买一辆小汽车。The rain was not sufficient to do any harm.雨量不足以造成任何伤害。【词语积累】sufficiency n.足够；充分 suffic
30、iently adv.足够地；充分地单句语法填空（1）The water in this pond is not sufficientwatering the wheat.（2）The following day she felt（sufficient）well to go to work.完成句子（3）If I have（足够的时间），I will pay a visit to the Forbidden City.forsufficientlysufficienttime重点句式教材原句p.42 .it would take over two years to get to the clo
31、sest planet，Mars，and back.需要两年多的时间才能到达最近的行星火星，然后再回来。【句式分析】句型It takes sb.some time to do sth.表示“花费某人一些时间做某事”。句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。It takes sb.some time to do sth.花费某人一些时间做某事。It takes kids some time to develop good habits.孩子们养成好习惯需要一些时间。【归纳拓展】人+spend+金钱/时间+on sth./doing sth.人+pay+金钱+for+物事/物+cos
32、t+人+金钱Every day I spend half an hour online talking with my penfriend about my life.我每天花半个小时在网上和我的笔友聊我的生活。She paid 5，000 yuan for the portable computer.她花了5 000 元买了这台手提电脑。The alarm clock cost me five dollars.这个闹钟花了我5 美元。单句语法填空（1）It will take nearly 20 years（bring）the fishs population back to strong
33、levels.（2）Jane Goodall spent more than fifty years（study）the chimps.（3）took the workers less than nine years to complete the worlds longest bridge.（4）How much did you pay the tickets?句型转换（5）The clever boy spent only five minutes working out the difficult question.the clever boy only five minutesthe
34、difficult question.tobringstudyingItforIttooktoworkout单元语法不定式作状语和定语1 不定式作目的状语不定式作目的状语，既可位于句首，也可位于句末。They came here to seek a new life.他们来这里寻求一种新生活。To survive，they were driven to extremes.为了生存，他们走极端了。【词语辨析】in order to 与 so as toin order to 引出的不定式可置于句首或句末。so as to 引出的不定式只能置于句末而不能置于句首。John went to Cali
35、fornia in order to make a fortune.=In order to make a fortune，John went to California.=John went to California so as to make a fortune.约翰为了发财去了加利福尼亚州单句语法填空（1）（find）out more information about the course，please visit the website.（2）We will do whatever we can（help）the survivors of the earthquake.（3）（re
36、duce）air pollution，the local government has taken strict measures.TofindtohelpToreduce2 不定式作结果状语（1）不定式作结果状语时，常用于一些固定搭配中：so.as to do sth.；such.as to do sth.；.enough to do sth.；too.to do sth.。Could you be so kind as to close the window?劳驾你把窗户关上好吗？With pleasure.愿意效劳。Im such a fool as to think that she
37、is a warm-hearted woman.我真傻，竟以为她是个热心肠的女人。It was too late to catch a bus after the party；therefore we called a taxi.聚会结束后乘公共汽车太晚了，所以我们叫了一辆出租车。【学法点拨】当too 后跟表示情感的形容词，如ready，pleased，happy 等时，too.to 这一结构不表示否定意义，而表示“太”。too 前还可用only。They are all too satisfied to go and do this work.他们都很满意去做这项工作。（2）不定式作结果状语
38、时，常与 only，never 连用，表示一种出乎意料的结果。Yesterday I went to see him，only to learn that he had gone abroad two days before.昨天我去看他，结果得知他两天前出国了。单句语法填空（1）They hurried to the station，only（find）that the train had left.（2）The animals before the earthquake were too nervous（eat）.（3）We found the stadium big enough（hol
39、d）so many people.（4）Henry was so careless as（make）some spelling mistakes.翻译句子（5）他很乐意帮助无家可归的人。_（6）劳驾你帮我把门关上好吗?_（7）We came to the library after school，_（却被告知图书馆正在装修）.tofindtoeattoholdtomakeHeistooreadytohelpthehomeless.Wouldyoubesokindastoclosethedoorforme?onlytobetoldthatitwasbeingdecorated3 不定式作原因状语
40、不定式作原因状语主要用在形容词或过去分词后面，表示产生这种情绪的原因。有这样用法的形容词有willing，unwilling，eager，anxious，proud，happy，lucky，fortunate，angry，content，sorry，ready，glad，clever，quick，slow，foolish，considerate，ashamed，surprised，frightened，shocked，delighted，disappointed 等。The old man is anxious to see the manager.那个老人急于见经理。The author i
41、s content to live a simple life.这个作家满足于过简单的生活。Im so sorry to hear about your failure on business.听说你生意失败，我很难过。We are shocked to know that he died in the air crash.得知他死于空难，我们感到震惊。单句语法填空（1）Her friends were very surprised（hear）that they had broken up.（2）Mary was glad（see）her father working in the garde
42、n.（3）Sandefur was shocked（find）out she had won a MacArthur Fellowship.完成句子（4）I（很遗憾地听说）that you have given up the good chance.toheartoseetofindamsorrytohear4 不定式的主动形式表被动意义当句子中有形容词easy，difficult，light，heavy，comfortable，pleasant，hard，dangerous，fit，unfit，interesting，important，necessary 等时，常用不定式的主动形式表达被动
43、意义。He is a man easy to get on with.他是一个容易相处的人。I find the lecture difficult to understand.我觉得这讲座很难理解。The bed is comfortable to sleep on.这张床睡起来很舒服。The river is dangerous to bathe in.在这条河里洗澡很危险。A tractor is necessary to have on a farm.农场里必须有一台拖拉机。单句语法填空（1）The problem is very difficult（solve）.（2）The air
44、 in the morning is pleasant（breathe）.（3）The book is very interesting（read）.（4）Scientific information can be difficult（understand）.tosolvetobreathetoreadtounderstand5 不定式作定语不定式作定语，一般都是作后置定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。（1）作定语的不定式与它所修饰的名词有主谓关系或动宾关系。Have you got anything to do this evening?今晚你有事吗？Is there anyone to take
45、 care of the children?有人照顾孩子们吗？（2）被修饰的词与动词不定式有主动关系，这时被修饰的名词常常被first，last，second 以及 only 等修饰。sb./sth.be the first/second/third.to do.某人/某物是第一个/第二个/第三个做的Miss Brown was the next person to rise to speak.布朗小姐是下一个起来发言的人。The last to arrive should pay the bill.最后到的人应该付账。【学法点拨】有时不定式说明它修饰的名词或代词的内容，相当于同位语，可以转换
46、为同位语从句。常见的有这个用法的可跟动词不定式作定语的名词有decision，wish，chance，promise，plan，attempt，effort，right（权利），ability，patience，way 等。I appreciate the fact that this is not an easy decision to make.我意识到这不是一个容易做出的决定。I have not any chance to tell him the inner story.我没有机会跟他讲其中的内幕。I have the right to ask for an explanation.
47、我有权要一个解释。The ability to use a language can be acquired by the act of using the language.运用语言的能力可以通过不断使用语言获得。单句语法填空（1）I want to get something（read）in the coming summer holidays.（2）China is the third country in the world（send）men into space.（3）Could you come up with a better way（solve）the difficult pr
48、oblem?（4）There is a delicious cake for you（eat）.（5）The German girl has the ability（learn）Chinese well.（6）Mary had great determination（achieve）her goal.翻译句子（7）刘小姐是一个很好的工作伙伴。_（8）我有重要的事要告诉你。_toreadtosendtosolvetoeattolearntoachieveMissLiuisaverynicepersontoworkwith.Ihavesomethingimportanttotellyou.完成“综合练提升能力”中的题目综合练提升能力
