1、专题1 第4讲A阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020北京通州一模)Infectious diseases and associated deaths have reduced，but they remain a significant threat throughout the world.Infectious diseases outbreaks and the fear and panic that accompany them present various economic risks.First，there are costs to the h
2、ealth system，both public and private，of medical treatment of the infected and of outbreak control.Concern over the spread of a relatively contained outbreak can lead to decreased trade.Travel and tourism to regions affected by outbreaks are also likely to decline.Some long-running outbreaks，such as
3、HIV，prevent foreign direct investment.The economic risks are large.It is estimated that the expected yearly cost of infectious diseases is at roughly $500 billion.Even when the health impact of an outbreak is relatively limited，its economic consequences can quickly become expanded.Liberia，for exampl
4、e，saw GDP growth decline 8 percentages from 2013 to 2014 during the Ebola outbreak in Africa.The risk is complex，but policymakers have tools in response.Investing in improved health care，supply of clean water，and better health systems can reduce the frequency of human contact with viruses.Investment
5、 in reliable disease monitoring in both human and animal populations is also critical.Within formal global watch systems，instead of discouraging reporting possible outbreaks，it may be beneficial to develop incentives for reporting suspected cases，as countries may reasonably fear the effects of such
6、reporting on trade，tourism，and other economic outcomes.Informal monitoring systems，social media for example，which collect information from official reports，media reports，online discussions，and eyewitness observations，can also help national health systems and international responders get ahead of the
7、 outbreak news during the early stages.Cooperations for monitoring infectious diseases readiness at the national level provide information national governments can use to react timely to their outbreaks.There is a significant market failure when it comes to vaccines(疫苗) against individual low-probab
8、ility viruses that collectively are likely to cause panic.Given the low probability that any single vaccine of this type will be needed，high Research and Development(R&D) costs，and delayed returns，medical companies hesitate to invest in their development.However，responsible international corporation
9、s such as CFPI can overcome this market failure.Its goals include advancing candidate vaccines against specific low-probability，high-severity viruses through proof of concept to enable rapid clinical testing in the event of outbreaks.It also aims to fund development of institutional and technical pl
10、atforms to speed R&D in response to outbreaks for which there are no vaccines.Undoubtedly，humans and infectious viruses will coexist.However，we can take effective measures to manage the risk of the diseases.Joint action now at the local，national，and multinational levels can go a long way toward prot
11、ecting our collective well-being in the future.1What does the underlined word “incentives” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?AHabits.BOpinions.CArgumentsDRewards.2CFPI is a special company which .Ais able to predict the trend of the marketBdevelops vaccines against infectious virusesCmakes huge profits b
12、y selling general medicineDemploys staff who graduate from famous universities3What does the passage imply?AMore importance should be attached to health care systems.BAll-level cooperations are required to handle infectious diseases.CIt will not be long before mankind thoroughly defeats the viruses.
13、DTechnologies hold the key to the settlement of medical problems.4Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?AHealth Risks and Research of Infectious DiseasesBGlobal Cooperation and Spread of Infectious DiseasesCEconomic Impact and Solutions of Infectious DiseasesDMedical Service
14、 and Development of Infectious Diseases【答案】1.D2.B3.B4.C【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了传染性疾病会使人们恐惧，使社会面临巨大经济风险。但通过改善医疗保险、清洁水的供应和更好的卫生系统可以减少人类接触病毒的频率。此外，地方、国家和国与国之间的多层面合作也有助于控制传染性疾病。1词义猜测题。根据划线部分所在句子“Within formal global watch systems，instead of discouraging reporting possible outbreaks，it may be beneficial to de
15、velop incentives for reporting suspected cases，as countries may reasonably fear the effects of such reporting on trade，tourism，and other economic outcomes.”可知，在全球检测系统中，与其阻止报告可能的疫情，还不如发展报告疑似病例的incentive，因为各国可能有理由担心报告对贸易、旅游和其它经济成果的影响。划线词所在的上下文是转折关系。根据上文的discouraging推测划线部分的意思是“奖励”。D.Rewards.(奖励。)符合以上说法
16、。故选D项。2细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的“However，responsible international corporations such as CFPI can overcome this market failure.Its goals include advancing candidate vaccines against specific low-probability，high-severity viruses through proof of concept to enable rapid clinical testing in the event of outbreaks
17、.”(然而，像CFPI这样负责任的国际公司可以克服这种市场失灵。它的目标包括通过概念验证，推进针对特定低概率、高严重性病毒的候选疫苗，以便在疫情发生时能够进行快速临床实验。)可知，CFPI是一个研发抗传染病毒疫苗的公司。B.develops vaccines against infectious viruses(开发抗传染性病毒的疫苗)符合以上说法。故选B项。3推理判断题。根据第一段的“Infectious diseases and associated deaths have reduced，but they remain a significant threat throughout th
18、e world.”(传染病和相关死亡已经减少，但它们仍然是全世界的重大威胁。)和最后一段的“However，we can take effective measures to manage the risk of the diseases.Joint action now at the local，national，and multinational levels can go a long way toward protecting our collective well-being in the future.”(然而，我们可以采取积极的措施来管理疾病的风险。现在地方、国家和多国层面采取联
19、合活动，这可以大大有助于在适当的时候保护我们所有人平安。)可推测，传染性疾病的控制需要所有层面的合作。B.All-level cooperations are required to handle infectious diseases.(解决传染性疾病需要各个层面的合作。)符合以上说法。故选B项。4标题归纳题。根据文章的主要内容，尤其是第一段的“Infectious diseases outbreaks and the fear and panic that accompany them present various economic risks.”(传染性疾病的爆发以及随之而来的恐惧和恐
20、慌带来了各种经济风险。)和第五段的“Investing in improved health care，supply of clean water，and better health systems can reduce the frequency of human contact with viruses.”(在改善医疗保险、清洁水的供应和更好的卫生系统的投资，可以减少人类接触病毒的频率。)以及最后一段的“Joint action now at the local，national，and multinational levels can go a long way toward prote
21、cting our collective well-being in the future.”(现在地方、国家和多国层面采取联合活动，这可以大大有助于在适当的时候保护我们所有人平安。)可知，本文主要讲述了传染性疾病带来的经济风险，以及解决方法。C.Economic Impact and Solutions of Infectious Diseases(传染性疾病的经济影响和解决方法)可以作为本文标题。故选C项。B阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020北京海淀一模)There is certainly evidence that actors experie
22、nce a blending of their real self with their assumed characters.For instance，Benedict Cumberbatch said，“My mom says Im much more impatient with her when Im filming Sherlock.”Mark Seton，a researcher at the University of Sydney，has even coined the term “post-dramatic stress disorder” to describe the l
23、asting effects experienced by actors who lose themselves in a role.“Actors may often prolong habits of the characters they have embodied，” he writes.A recent finding doesnt involve acting，and it indicates that merely spending some time thinking about another person seemed to rub off on the volunteer
24、s sense of self，led by Meghan Meyer at Princeton University.Across several studies，these researchers asked volunteers to first rate their own personalities，memories or physical attributes，and then to perform the same task from the perspective of another person.For instance，they might score the emoti
25、onality of various personal memories，and then rate how a friend or relative would have experienced those same events.After taking the perspective of another，the volunteers scored themselves once again：the consistent finding was that their self-knowledge was now changedtheir self-scores had shifted t
26、o become more similar to those theyd given for someone else.For instance，if they had initially said the trait term “confident” was only moderately related to themselves and then rated the term as being strongly related to a friends personality，when they came to rescore themselves，they now tended to
27、see themselves as more confident.Remarkably，this morphing of the self with another was still apparent even if a 24-hour gap was left between taking someone elses perspective and re-rating oneself.“By simply thinking about another person，we may adapt ourselves to take the shape of that person，” said
28、Meyer and her colleagues.That our sense of self should have this quality might be a little discouraging，especially for anyone who has struggled to establish a firm sense of identity.Yet there is an optimistic message here，too.The challenge of improving ourselvesor at least seeing ourselves in a more
29、 positive lightmight be a little easier than we thought.By roleplaying or acting out the kind of person we would like to become，or merely by thinking about and spending time with people who embody the kind of attributes we would like to see in ourselves，we can find that our sense of self changes in
30、desirable ways.“As each of us chooses who to be friend，who to model，and who to ignore，” write Meyer and her colleagues，“we must make these decisions aware of how they shape not only the fabric of our social networks，but even our sense of who we are.”5The first two paragraphs mainly .Astate that acti
31、ng requires skillsBexplain the stress that an actor facesCshow that a role leaves a mark on the actorDstress the importance of devoting oneself to a role6What does the underlined phrase “rub off on” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?AInfluence.BStrengthen.CConfuse.DDetermine.7According to the study，takin
32、g the perspective of another person .Abrings changes to ones self-knowledgeBmotivates one to better understand himselfChelps people deal with their identity problemsDproduces temporary effects on ones character8What is the significance of the study?AIt offers instructions on making friends.BIt propo
33、ses a means to improve ourselves.CIt gives advice on adjusting ones emotions.DIt presents a way to deal with stress disorder.【答案】5.C6.A7.A8.B【解析】这是一篇说明文。演员扮演的角色往往会在演员身上留下烙印，演员会受到自己所参演角色的影响，并且这种影响会很持久。生活中我们也会受到他人的影响，但是我们也能够改变自己，进一步提升自己。5段落大意题。根据文章第一段第一句“There is certainly evidence that actors experie
34、nce a blending of their real self with their assumed characters”以及第二段结尾句“Actors may often prolong habits of the characters they have embodied”可知演员会受到自己所参演角色的影响，并且这种影响会很持久。故正确答案是C。6词义猜测题。通过文章第四段前两句“After taking the perspective of another，the volunteers scored themselves once again：the consistent find
35、ing was that their self-knowledge was now changedtheir self-scores had shifted to become more similar to those theyd given for someone else.”可知，志愿者对于自己的认知受到了第三方的影响。故正确答案是 A。7细节理解题。根据文章第四段“After taking the perspective of another，the volunteers scored themselves once again：the consistent finding was t
36、hat their self-knowledge was now changedtheir self-scores had shifted to become more similar to those theyd given for someone else.”可知志愿者的自我认知受到了第三方的影响，进一步发生了改变 。故正确答案是 A。8主旨大意题。通过文章倒数第二段“Yet there is an optimistic message here，too.The challenge of improving ourselvesor at least seeing ourselves in
37、a more positive lightmight be a little easier”可知通过这项研究我们可以知道改变自己并不是很困难的事情，进一步可以对我们自身进行提升。故正确答案是 B。C阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020广东省高考模拟)An advance in electronic publishing could make the ebook you are reading seem as dated as a silent film.Publishers hope to explore the growing success of e
38、books by releasing versions with added soundtracks and musical accompaniments.The noises in the first multimedia booksreleased in Britain on Fridayinclude rain hitting a window in a Sherlock Holmes tale.When the plot of a book reaches the most exciting part，background scores will create tension.In A
39、merica，works by Shakespeare and Jane Austen have already been released with music and background noise so that，for example，readers can hear tea cups clinking in Mr.Darcys garden as they read Pride and Prejudice.Supporters argue that sound effects are the next logical development for ebooks and will
40、add excitement for younger readers.Critics，however，will argue that the noise will ruin the simple pleasure of having the imagination stimulated by reading.Caroline Michel，chief executive of the literary agency，said the new generation of computer-literate readers was used to multiple sensory input.Sh
41、e said，“Young people have split computer screens where they may be watching television and replying to an email at the same time.If thats what the market wants then we should respond to the market.”Booktracks sound effects work by estimating the users reading speed.Each time you “turn” a page，the so
42、ftware reassesses where you have reached in the text and times the sounds to switch on accordingly.If the soundtrack becomes out of synch(同步)，a click on any word will re-set it.Some authors fear that a soundtrack could destroy the peace and quiet of libraries and ruin the pleasure of reading.David N
43、icholls，author of One Day，the bestseller now released as a film，said，“This sounds like the opposite of reading.I have enough trouble reading an ebook because Im constantly distracted by emails.”Stuart MacBride，the crime writer whose novel Shatter the Bones was an ebook bestseller，sells 18% of his bo
44、oks as electronic downloads.He said，“If Im reading，I will do the noise in my head.I dont need someone to tell me what tea cups clinking sounds like.That would irritate me.”9Whats the passage mainly about?AOpinions about ebooks with soundtracks.BResponse to the need of the book market.CReasons for tr
45、aditional ebooks becoming outdated.DSuggestions on encouraging readers imagination.10What do publishers expect an ebook soundtrack to do?AHelp to release an ebook as a film.BHelp readers improve reading speed.CAdd tension at a books exciting point.DGet readers familiar with the background.11Who is i
46、n favour of added soundtracks for ebooks?AMr.Darcy.BCaroline Michel.CDavid Nicholls.DStuart MacBride.12What do we know about Stuart MacBride?AHe was a person who was easy to get angry.BHe knew a great deal about tea and tea culture.CEighty-two percent of his books described crime.DHe imagined sounds
47、 related to the story when reading.【答案】9.A10.C11.B12.D【解析】这是一篇议论文。文章说明了出版商希望通过发行带有附加音轨和音乐伴奏版本的电子书，支持者认为，声音效果是电子书的下一个合乎逻辑的发展，并将增加年轻读者的兴奋。然而，批评家会争辩说，噪音会破坏阅读所激发的想象的简单乐趣。文章介绍了不同的人对此的看法。9主旨大意题。根据第三段“Supporters argue that sound effects are the next logical development for ebooks and will add excitement fo
48、r younger readers.Critics，however，will argue that the noise will ruin the simple pleasure of having the imagination stimulated by reading.”可知支持者认为，声音效果是电子书的下一个合乎逻辑的发展，并将增加年轻读者的兴奋。然而，批评家会争辩说，噪音会破坏阅读所激发的想象的简单乐趣。结合文章说明了出版商希望通过发行带有附加音轨和音乐伴奏版本的电子书，介绍了不同的人对此的看法。由此可知，这篇文章主要讲了对带有配乐的电子书的看法。故选A。10细节理解题。根据第二段中
49、“When the plot of a book reaches the most exciting part，background scores will create tension.”可知当书的情节发展到最激动人心的部分时，背景的得分会制造紧张感。由此可知，出版商希望一个电子书原声带在书中令人兴奋的地方增加紧张感。故选C。11推理判断题。根据第四段中“Caroline Michel，chief executive of the literary agency，said the new generation of computer-literate readers was used to
50、multiple sensory input.”可知这家文学机构的首席执行官Caroline Michel表示，新一代懂电脑的读者习惯于多重感官输入。以及“If thats what the market wants then we should respond to the market.”可知如果这是市场想要的，那么我们应该对市场作出反应。由此可推知，Caroline Michel支持为电子书添加配乐。故选B。12细节理解题。根据最后一段中“He said，If Im reading，I will do the noise in my head.I dont need someone to
51、 tell me what tea cups clinking sounds like.That would irritate me.”可知他说：“如果我在看书，我会在脑子里制造响声。我不需要有人告诉我茶杯叮当的声音是什么样的。那会激怒我的。”由此可知，Stuart MacBride在阅读时想象与故事有关的声音。故选D。D阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。(2020山东省实验中学高三6月模拟考试)Why should most of us hate spiders when we know deeply how much good they do？Is it b
52、ecause they somehow seem so alien？After all，what other land creatures on earth have eight legs？What other creatures spin silk webs in which to catch and wrap their prey to preserve it for the future，much as we put food in the fridge to eat later？I do not personally suffer from arachnophobia，the name
53、 given to an abnormal fear of spiders，but I cant say that I like the little beasts.However，some people do，and they actually keep them as pets!There is a wide variety of spiders in the world.In fact it has been estimated that there are some 35,000 speciesfrom little “money spiders” that live in your
54、back garden，to the “black widow spider”，and the “tarantula” ，the spider that is now sometimes kept as a pet.A tarantula can be any one of a large hairy spiders family and there are about 800 species of them.While experts can tell the difference between species at a glance，most are usually described
55、in reference books as “rather slowly” with “a strong bite which may be poisonous”They are covered with hairs which can cause a rash(皮疹)if they are handled.No one has calculated the number of human deaths caused by a bite from a tarantula perhaps because it has never happened，or happened so rarely，an
56、d indeed a tarantula will do no harm to anyone if handled correctly.Their disgusting image cannot belie their gentle nature but experts tell us not to handle a tarantula without expert advice.Tarantulas are popular as pets and it requires very little space to maintain them in excellent condition.The
57、y should be kept singly in a glass container，which need not be very large but should have a layer of stones in the bottom.They feed on insects，and while young tarantulas eat twice a week，adults will often eat no more than once every 10 days.You might like the idea of keeping a tarantula，but personal
58、ly I am content with just watching them at a distance.13According to the text，why do most people dislike spiders?AThey are abnormal beasts.BThey take food from fridges.CThey have unpleasant appearance.DThey make people suffer from arachnophobia.14What do we know about the tarantula?AIt must be kept
59、in groups.BIt feeds on poisonous insects.CIt doesnt belong to hairy spiders.DIt has mild nature if handled properly.15What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 4 refer to?AThe death caused by a tarantula.BThe number of human deaths.CThe bite from a tarantula.DThe rash caused by hairs.16Whats t
60、he best title for the text?ANever judge a book by its coverBNothing seek，nothing findCNo sweet without sweatDOnce bitten，twice shy【答案】13.C14.D15.A16.A【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了虽然很多人因为蜘蛛的外貌恶心，而讨厌它，但是很多人还是喜欢蜘蛛，并把它当宠物。作者又讲了蜘蛛其实无害，并且很好养。13细节理解题。根据第一段中“Is it because they somehow seem so alien？After all，what other
61、 land creatures on earth have eight legs？”可知，人们讨厌蜘蛛是因为它跟别的陆地生物不同，长着八条腿，看起来像外星生物，所以是因为蜘蛛的外貌令人讨厌，所以多数人不喜欢蜘蛛。故选C。14细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“They should be kept singly in a glass container”可知狼蛛需要被独自养在玻璃容器里，所以A错，排除选项A；根据第三段中“They are covered with hairs which can cause a rash (皮疹)if they are handled.”可知，狼蛛有毛发，故C错，排
62、除选项C；倒数第二段中“They feed on insects ”只是表明它们以昆虫为食，但并不是有毒的昆虫，故B错，排除选项B；根据第四段中“Their disgusting image cannot belie their gentle nature but experts tell us not to handle a tarantula without expert advice.”和“and indeed a tarantula will do no harm to anyone if handled correctly”可知，狼蛛天性温和，但是需要有恰当的方式触碰，所以D正确。故选D。15词义猜测题。根据it后的“has never happened”可知，it代指的是事情，前文中提到的事情是有人被狼蛛咬到致死。故选A。16标题归纳题。根据第一段可知，虽然很多人因为蜘蛛的外貌恶心，而讨厌它，但是很多人还是喜欢蜘蛛，并把它当宠物，之后又讲了蜘蛛其实无害，并且很好养，所以这篇文章最好的题目是“不能根据外貌评判人或事物”。故选A。