1、Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars天文学(Astronomy)是研究宇宙空间天体、宇宙的结构和发展的学科。内容包括天体的构造、性质和运行规律等。天文学是一门古老的科学，自有人类文明史以来，天文学就有重要的地位。主要通过观测天体发射到地球的辐射，发现并测量它们的位置、探索它们的运动规律、研究它们的物理性质、化学组成、内部结构、能量来源及其演化规律。在天文学悠久的历史中，随着研究方法的改进及发展，先后创立了天体测量学、天体力学和天体物理学。天文学的研究对于我们的生活有很大的实际意义，对于人类的自然观有很大的影响。古代的天文学家通过观测太阳、月球和其他
2、一些天体及天象，确定了时间、方向和历法。这也是天体测量学的开端。如果从人类观测天体，记录天象算起，天文学的历史至少已经有五六千年了。天文学在人类早期的文明史中，占有非常重要的地位。埃及的金字塔、欧洲的巨石阵都是很著名的史前天文遗址。美国著名的女天文学家南西格蕾丝罗曼从小痴迷于太空学，被称为“哈勃太空望远镜之母”。A Great Woman ScientistBack in the 1950s few women in the United States worked outside of the home,and even fewer earned doctorates(博士学位)or wen
3、t on to have professional careers.However,as the first chief of astronomy at the US space agency,Nancy Grace Roman is a notable exception(例外).She says,“Certainly by the time I was in seventh grade,I knew I had to have a long education if I wanted to become an astronomer.”Pursuing(追求)her interest in
4、astronomy was not easy.But Roman was determined to become an astronomer and learn everything she could about stars.She went to college,studied science and earned her doctorate in astronomy from the University of Chicago in 1949.She has been working very hard and NASAs current chief astronomer calls
5、her“the mother of the Hubble Space Telescope.”After retiring from NASA in 1979,Roman spends much of her time consulting,teaching and lecturing across the country.Roman hopes shes inspired young women to set aside their inhibitions and reach for the stars,just as she did.根据上文判断正(T)、误(F)1Many women in
6、 the USA worked in the companies in the 1950s.()2It is not difficult for Roman to achieve her goal.()3When Roman was very young,she was interested in astronomy.()4Roman had been teaching astronomy in the University of Chicago until 1979.()5What Roman did inspires young women to make their dreams com
7、e true.()答案 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.TPart Warming up,Prereading,Reading&Comprehending课前自主预习.重点单词1_ n学说；理论2_ n系统；体系；制度3_ n天文学4_ n原子5_ vi.&vt.乘；增加6_ n大气层；气氛7_ adj.基本的；基础的8_ n球体；地球仪；地球9_ n氧 答 案 1.theory 2.system 3.astronomy 4.atom 5.multiply 6.atmosphere 7.fundamental 8.globe 9.oxygen.词汇拓展1 _ vt.使 迷 惑 _ adj.
8、迷 惑 的_ adj.令人迷惑的2_ adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的_ n暴力_ adv.暴力地；猛烈地3_ adj.有害的_ n&v.伤害_ adj.无害的4_ vi.存在；生存_ n存在；生存5_ prep.与不同；不像_ vt.喜欢 prep.像；如同_ adj.可能的6_ n宗教；宗教信仰_ adj.宗教的；宗教信仰的答案 1.puzzle;puzzled;puzzling 2.violent；violence;violently 3.harmful;harm;harmless4exist;existence 5.unlike;like;likely 6.religion;religi
9、ous.重点短语1根据_2及时；终于 _3冷却下来；变凉 _4下蛋 _5产生；分娩 _6in ones turn _7prevent.from._8as well as _9in all directions _10depend on _答案 1.according to 2.in time 3.cool down 4.lay eggs 5.give birth to 6.轮到某人；接着 7.阻止；制止8也；还 9.朝四面八方 10.取决于；依靠.重点句式1so.that.“如此以至于”The earth became _ it was not clear whether the shape
10、would last or not.地球(开始)变得如此激烈动荡，以至于不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。2make宾语宾语补足语to do.This produced a chain reaction,which _.这就产生了一个连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。3whether 引导主语从句So _ for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。答案 1.so violent that 2.made
11、it possible for life to develop 3.whether life will continue on the earth.课文理解1Why was the earth different from other planets?ABecause it produced a lot of heat.BBecause the water remained.CBecause the water disappeared.DBecause it was the oldest planet.2Why was life able to develop on the earth but
12、 not on other planets?ABecause the earth had a solid shape.B Because the earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.CBecause the water stayed on the earth but not on other planets.DBecause the earth was neither too hot nor too cold.3Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?ABec
13、ause animals needed plants to protect them from the sun.BBecause plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.CBecause animals could hide from hunters in the forest.DBecause it was easier for plants to grow.4It can be inferred from the text that _.Aafter a“Big Bang”，what the dust was to become rema
14、ined a mysteryBplants appeared before the animalsCplants multiplied and filled the oceans with oxygenDplants played an important part in the appearance of the animals5What is the main idea of the text?AThe formation of the earth.BThe arrival of humans and their impact on the earth.CThe development o
15、f plants and animals on the earth.DThe origin of life on the earth.答案 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.D 5.D教材原文HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTHNo one knows exactly how the earth began,as it happened so long ago.However,according to a widely accepted theory,the universe began with a“Big Bang”that threw matter in all direct
16、ions.After that,atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies.For several billion years after the“Big Bang”，the earth was still just a cloud of dust.What it was to become was uncertain until between 4.5 and 3.8 billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe.The earth b
17、ecame so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not.It exploded loudly with fire and rock.They were in time to produce carbon dioxide,nitrogen,water vapour and other gases,which were to make the earths atmosphere.What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down,wat
18、er began to appear on its surface.Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but,unlikethe earth,it had disappeared later.It was not immediately obviousthat water was to be fundamental to the development of life.Whatmany scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the
19、earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceansand seas.This produced a chain reaction,which made it possible forlife to develop.Many millions of years later,the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water.They multiplied andfilled the oceans and seas with oxyg
20、en,which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.Next,green plants began to grow on land.They were followed in time by land animals.Some were insects.Others,called amphibians,were able to live on land as well as in the water.Later when the plants grew into forests,r
21、eptiles appeared for the first time.They produced young generally by laying eggs.After that,some huge animals,called dinosaurs,developed.They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.However,65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended.Why they suddenly disappear
22、ed still remains a mystery.This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth.These animals were different from all life forms in the past,because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them.Finally about 2.6 million years ago some small clever animals,now wit
23、h hands and feet,appeared and spread all over the earth.Thus they have,in their turn,become the most important animals on the planet.But they are not looking after the earth very well.They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into s
24、pace.As a result of this,many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on.So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.译文参照地球上生命的起源没有人确切知道地球是怎样开始形成的，因为在很早以前它就形成了。然而，一种普遍为人们所接受的理论是：宇宙起源于一次大爆炸，这次大爆炸将物质投射到四面八方。
25、然后，原子开始形成并结合成恒星和其他天体。大爆炸后好几十亿年过去了，但地球还只是一团尘埃。随后它会变成什么没人能知道，直到 3845 亿年前，这团尘埃才慢慢地形成一个固体的球状物。地球(开始)变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。它(地球)猛烈地爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了二氧化碳、氮气、水蒸气和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。更为重要的是，地球冷却了下来，地球的表面就开始出现了水。在火星这些其他行星上都出现了水，但和地球不同的是，这些水后来都消失了。水会对生命的发展起关键作用，这一点在当时并不明显。很多科学家认为，由于地球上长期有水存在，使得地球得以把有害气体和酸性物
26、质溶解在海洋里。这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。好几百万年以后，水的表面开始出现了极小的植物。它们繁殖起来就使得海洋充满了氧气，这为早期的贝类及其他各种鱼类后来的进化创造了条件。接着，绿色植物开始出现在陆地上。随后，陆地上出现了动物，其中有一些是昆虫，另外一些叫两栖动物，它们既能在陆地上生活，也能在水里生存。后来，当植物长大成了森林的时候，爬行动物出现了。它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。再后来一些叫做恐龙的巨型动物出现了。它们也生蛋，在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。然而，六千五百万年前，恐龙时代结束了。它们为什么会突然灭绝至今仍是个谜。恐龙的灭绝使地球上哺乳动物的增多有了可能
27、。哺乳动物不同于以往所有的生物形式，因为它们能从体内生产出幼仔并给幼仔哺乳。最后，大约 260 万年前，一些小巧聪明、长着手脚的动物出现了，它们散布在地球的各个地方。于是，他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物。然而，他们对地球却不怎么在意，他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。因此许多科学家相信地球可能会因此变得太热而不适合生物的生存。所以，在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。课堂互动探究 The author wrote a novel about his boyhood,which contained some violen
28、t incidents.作者写了一本关于他童年的小说，其中包含一些暴力事件。The young man was charged with robbery with violence.这个年轻人被指控暴力抢劫。The wind blew violently and the climbers had to give up.风刮得很猛，登山队员们不得不放弃。a violent attack/storm 猛烈的攻击/暴风骤雨violently adv.猛烈地；凶猛地violence n.暴力；暴行；激情with violence 猛烈地；强有力地take.by violence 强夺巧学助记Tom w
29、as in violent pain.As a result,he behaved violently and treated everything with violence.汤姆处于极度痛苦之中，因此他表现得很粗暴，一切都以暴力对待。即学即用单句语法填空We believe that war never settles anything.It only leads to _(violent)Frightened by the scene,I was still trembling _(violent)完成句子Whatever happens,we _.无论发生什么，我们决不会使用暴力。Th
30、e couple had _because of the housework.这对夫妇因为家务发生了激烈的争吵。答案 violence violently will never use violence a violent quarrelYour smoking can be harmful to the health of your children.你吸烟会对孩子的健康有害。Too much drinking will do great harm to you.Too much drinking will do you great harm.饮酒过量危害甚大。There is no har
31、m in giving up smoking.戒烟没有害处。be harmful to.对有害harm n&vt.伤害；损害do harm to sb.do sb.harm 对某人有害There is no harm in doing sth.做某事无害处harmless adj.无害的巧学助记This object gives off harmful gases which may do harm to our health.You must make the object harmless before you use it.此物会散发出有害气体，这些气体可能会损害我们的健康，你必须在使用
32、它之前使它无害。即学即用单句语法填空Eating a large amount of fat is _(harm)to your health.This case will do harm _ my life.句型转换Asking your teachers for advice more often does no harm to you.There is _ your teachers for advice more often.Reading in the sun does a lot of harm to your eyes.Reading in the sun _ your eyes
33、.答案 harmful to no harm in asking is very harmful toHe finds it hard to exist on the money hes earning.他发现靠他挣的那点儿钱无法维持生活。There existed dinosaurs on the earth a long time ago.很久以前地球上存在着恐龙。Pakistan came into existence as an independent country after the war.巴基斯坦在战后就以一个独立的国家存在了。exist in 存在于中exist on 靠生活
34、/生存There exists.存在；有existence n.存在；生活in existence 现存的；现有的come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在即学即用单句语法填空The elephant is the largest land animal in _(exist)It was indeed unbelievable for a penniless man _(exist)in the big city.The poor baby exists only _ rice and water.英译汉Do you know when this kind of robot
35、 came into existence?_答案 existence to exist on 你知道这种机器人是什么时候问世的吗？Their reason for doing it is still a puzzle to me.他们为什么要做此事我仍很困惑。What puzzles me is why he left the country without telling anyone.令我不解的是，他为什么悄悄地离开了这个国家。I am puzzled about what to do next.下一步该怎么办，我心里还没数。in a puzzle 感到困惑；不知如何是好(be)a puz
36、zle to sb.对某人来说仍是个谜puzzle about/over 冥思苦想；苦苦思索puzzling adj.令人迷惑的puzzled adj.感到迷惑的be puzzled about 对迷惑不解巧学助记The puzzled look on her face suggested she was puzzling over the puzzling math problem.她脸上困惑的表情暗示了她正在思考那个令人困惑的数学问题。关键点拨 puzzled adj.(感到)迷惑不解的，常用来修饰人；puzzling adj.令人迷惑不解的，常用来修饰事物。即学即用单句语法填空He wa
37、s _ a puzzle as to how to keep a balance between work and play.John was puzzled _ what the question meant.The situation is more _ than ever.Im _ about what to do next.(puzzle)汉译英令我不解的是他们为什么发生了如此激烈的争吵。_答案 in about/over puzzling;puzzledWhat puzzled me was why they had such a violent quarrel.You will s
38、ucceed in time as long as you dont give up.只要不放弃，你总有一天会成功。I should be back in time to watch the show.我应该及时赶回来看那场演出。I arrived just in time for my flight to London.我刚好赶上了飞往伦敦的航班。in no time 立刻；马上on time 准时；按时at one time 曾经；一度at a time 一次；每次at times 偶尔；有时at no time 绝不at the same time 同时all the time 一直；始
39、终from time to time 不时地；间或巧学助记At one time I grew crazy about skating.However,I fell onto the ground at times,but I knew that I would at no time be skilled if I lack of practice.曾经我对滑冰十分痴迷。然而我却有时摔在冰面上，但是我知道如果缺乏训练我绝对不会熟练。即学即用用 time 的相关短语填空Dont try to do everything at once.Take it a bit _._ did they act
40、ually break the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.I stepped back,just _ to avoid the racing car.答案 at a time At no time in time They,in their turn,accounted for the reason why the plan was a failure.他们接着解释了这个计划失败的原因。I think its my turn to drive the kids to school this week.我想这周该轮到我开车送孩子
41、们上学了。The customer praised the manager,who in turn praised his worker.顾客表扬了经理，经理转而表扬了他的职员。in turn 依次；轮流；转而；反过来by turns 轮流；交替take turns to do sth.轮流做某事Its ones turn to do sth.轮到某人做某事即学即用单句语法填空The children took their turns _(paint)the wall._ is our turn to do the washing.The children called out their n
42、ames _ turn.英译汉All theories are from practice and in turn serve practice._答案 to paint It in所有的理论都来源于实践，并反过来服务于实践。They were prevented from entering the burning building.他们被阻止进入燃烧着的大楼。Nothing will keep this plan from being carried out.什么也不能阻止这个计划的实施。He wears sunglasses to protect his eyes from the str
43、ong sunlight.他戴墨镜保护眼睛使其免受强烈的太阳光的伤害。stop.from(doing)sth.制止keep.from doing sth.阻止protect.from/against(doing)sth.保护免受伤害关键点拨 短语 prevent/stop/protect.from.中的 from 可以省略，keep.from.中的 from 不能省略。但在被动结构中，from均不可省略。即学即用单句语法填空The government has to close those factories to prevent the water of the river from _(p
44、ollute)We were stopped by the heavy smog _ seeing anything.In order to keep her from _(go)out,he locked the door.英汉互译His advice kept me from making a serious mistake._大雨使我们没能参加李教授的演讲。_答案 being polluted from going他的忠告使我免于犯一个严重的错误。We were prevented/stopped/kept from attending Professor Lis lecture by
45、the heavy rain.关键点拨 本句是“make it形容词/名词to do sth.”句型。该句型中 it 为形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构，形容词或名词为宾语补足语；除指代不定式结构外，还可指代 that 引导的宾语从句。The girl knows three foreign languages,which makes it easier for her to find a good job.这个女孩懂三门外语，这使她更容易找到一份好工作。Praise makes good men better and bad men worse.谚语表扬能使好人更好，坏人更坏。The poli
46、ce made them stand against the wall.They were made by the police to stand against the wall.警察强迫他们靠墙站着。(1)常用于句型公式中结构的动词还有：think,believe,find,consider,feel 等。(2)在“make宾语宾语补足语”结构中，宾语补足语可由名词或形容词、不带 to 的不定式、过去分词或介词短语充当。即学即用单句语法填空I feel _ my duty to point out your weaknesses.He found it easy _(understand)
47、the theory.I must make it clear _ Ill always support you.完成句子I _ in a short time.我发现在短时间内记住这些词很难。答案 it to understand that find it hard to remember these words关键点拨 本句中 whether life will continue.为主语从句；whether this problem can be solved 为宾语从句。Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem
48、.他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。It is uncertain whether he will leave for Beijing tomorrow.明天他是否去北京还不确定。I dont know whether to accept or refuse.我不知道是接受还是拒绝。使用whether而不用if的情况：主从表从同位从，if不用whether用；discuss和介词后，whether用来引宾从；不定式，or not后面跟whether独能显神通；宾从如是否定句，if发挥其功能。即学即用单句改错I havent decided if to buy the car._Whether he attends the meeting,Ill tell you about it on the phone._完成句子I am not going to ask you questions to find out _.我不会问你问题来检查你是否读懂了这些书。答 案 ifwhether WhetherIf whether you understand the books or not请做：随堂巩固验收