1、Unit 4 Learning efficiently-语法篇_1. 掌握虚拟语气运用；2. 掌握常考虚拟语气的解题方法；虚拟语气一. 定义虚拟语气用来表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议，而不表示客观存在的事实。所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。二. 虚拟语气在条件句中的应用条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。1. 真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中if是“如果”的意思。2. 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用1) 表示与现在事实相反的假设时，从句谓动用“过去式（be的过去式用
2、were）”，主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+动词原形”。例如：If I had time，I would attend the meeting.If I were you，I should seize the chance to go abroad.2) 表示与过去事实相反的假设时，从句谓动用“had+过去分词”， 主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+ have+过去分词”。例如：If you had taken my advice，you would not have failed in the exams.3) 表示与将来事
3、实相反的假设时，从句谓动可以用三种形式: a. “动词过去式”； b. “were to+动词原形”； c. “should+动词原形”， 主句谓动用“would/ should/ could/might+动词原形”。例如：If you came tomorrow，we would have the meeting.If it were to rain tomorrow，the sports meeting would be put off.If he should not come tomorrow，we should put off the meeting till next Monday
4、.使用虚拟条件句时要注意的几点：(1) 错综时间条件句当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。如：If you had taken my advice，you would know what to do now.要是那时你听我劝告的话，你现在就知道该做什么了。(2) if的省略和倒装在条件句中可省略 if，把were，had，should 提到句首，变为倒装句式。例如:If I were at school again，I would study harder.Were I at school aga
5、in，I would study harder.If you had come earlier，you would catch the bus.Had you come earlier，you would catch the bus.If it should rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.Should it rain tomorrow，we would not go climbing.注意： 当省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。比如，我们可以说：Were it not for the expense，I would go
6、 abroad now.但不能说：Werent it for the expense，I would go abroad now.(3) 含蓄条件句 用介词短语代替条件状语从句。常用的介词有with，without，but for。例如:What would you do with a million dollars？(if you had a million dollars)We couldnt have finished the work ahead of time without your help.(if we hadnt got your help)Without your help
7、，we couldnt have finished the work ahead of time.(But for your help，.If it had not been for your help，.Had it not been for your help，.) 用otherwise，however，but或分词短语等代替条件状语从句。例如:He would have gone to the party，but he was ill yesterday.他昨天想去参加宴会，但是那时他病了。The firemen arrived in time. Otherwise the house
8、would have been burnt to the ground.消防队员及时赶到了，不然的话，房子就烧毁了。Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.若是多加注意，这些树就会长得更好。三. 虚拟语气在名词性从句中的运用1. 用于宾语从句中(1) wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语动词构成形式为：a. 过去时（宾从动作与wish同时）；b. 过去完成时（宾从动作先于wish）；c. could/ would/ might+动词原形，即过去将来时（宾从动作后于wish）。例如:I wish
9、 I remembered his address.我希望我记得他的地址。I wish I had studied hard.我多么希望我那时学习刻苦。(2) 表示建议、要求、命令等词后的宾语从句中，动词有：demand, order, require, insist（坚决主张）, suggest（建议）, propose, advise, decide, determine, vote(提议), command, arrange(安排、协商), desire, prefer, intend等，从句谓动用“should+动词原形”，should可以省略。例如:The doctor sugges
10、ted/insisted that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.医生建议/坚持她卧床几天。注意： 当suggest作“暗示、表明”讲，insist作“坚持说”讲，即坚持事实是怎样时，that 从句中的谓语动词不用虚拟语气。例如：The look on his face suggested that he was unhappy.他脸上的表情暗示出他不高兴。Mike insisted that he was right.迈克坚持认为自己是对的。(3) would (had) rather，would just as soon，would soone
11、r，would prefer从句结构，这几个句型都表示一种“婉转的责备”，谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。例如:I would rather you didnt go there.我宁愿你不去那儿。(4) If only 引导的感叹句中。例如:If only I were a bird! 我要是只鸟儿多好啊！2. 用于主语从句中It is desired/suggested/proposed/necessary/important/strange/natural/a pity/essentialthat 从句，从句中的谓语动词用“should动词原形”，shou
12、ld 可以省略。例如:It is suggested that the meeting(should)be put off till next week.It is strange that he(should)have acted toward his parents like that.(act 发生在主句谓语动词be之前时，要用should have过去分词)注意： 以上句式也可以用于陈述语气。例如:Its strange that he didnt come yesterday.Its a pity that you cant dance.3. 用于表语从句和同位语从句中在sugges
13、tion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice 等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气。其构成是“should动词原形”。如：My idea is that we should think it over before accepting it.We all agreed to his suggestion that we should go to Dalian for sightseeing.四. 虚拟语气在状语从句中的运用1. 在as if/though 引导的方式状语和even if/though 引导的让步状语从句中：一般过去时表示与现在
14、或将来事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例如:She loves the boy as if he were her own son.她喜欢这个男孩子就好像他是她的亲生儿子一样。2. 在in order that，so that引导的目的状语从句中，经常用“could/might/may/can动词原形”表示虚拟语气。例如:He got up early so that he could catch the first bus.他早起为的是能够赶上第一班公共汽车。3. 在in case that，for fear that 引导的目的状语从句中，经常用“should动词原形”表示虚拟语气
15、，should不可省略。例如:She puts a coat over the baby for fear that he should catch a cold.她把一个大衣盖在小孩身上，以免他着凉。4. if only 后面需要用虚拟语气：一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。例如:If only I could operate the computer.要是我会操作电脑该多好。If only he had known it.要是他知道这件事该多好。五. 虚拟语气在定语从句中的运用It is high/about time that.句型中一般用过去时或“sho
16、uld动词原形”(但should不可省略)表示虚拟语气，前者更为常用。例如:Its high/about time that children went/should go to school.到了孩子们上学的时候了。1. What would have happened，_ as far as the river bank?A. Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk fartherC. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther2. Its high time that we_ home
17、and_ supper now. A. go；have B. went；had C. go；should have D. went；to have3. I was really anxious about you. You_ home without a word.A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave4. He hesitated for a moment before he kicked the ball，otherwise he_ a goal.A. had scored B. s
18、cored C. would score D. would have scored5. I wish I_ the book yesterday，but I was too busy.A. had finished to write B. had finished writingC. could have finished to write D. might finish writing基础演练单选1. I have no time now. If I _time, I _to the cinema with you. A had; may go B have; shall go C had;
19、 would go D had had; would have gone2. If she had worked harder, she_. A would succeed B had succeeded C should succeed D would have succeeded3. I would not have gone to the party, _. A were I not invited B hadnt invited C hadnt been invited D had not I been invited4. How I wish every family _ a lar
20、ge house with a beautiful garden! A has B had C will have D had had5. How I wish I _ to fix the clock! I only made it worse. A could have tried B didnt try C hadnt tried D couldnt tried6. Its hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _in love at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox L
21、ibrary in my hometown. A wouldnt have fallen B had not fallen C should fall D were to fall7. I advised that the sick child_ a hospital as soon as possible. A should send to B should be sent C be sent to D must be sent to8. What she said at the meeting suggested that she _ our plan. A support B suppo
22、rted C should support D will support9. The man insisted that he_ the law and _into prison. A didnt break; not put B hadnt broken; shouldnt be put C not break; not put D hadnt broken; mustnt be put10. _it rain tomorrow, the sports meet would be put off. A If B Would C When D Should巩固提高.用所给动词的适当形式填空1.
23、 Id rather you _ (come) tomorrow.2. If only he _ (be) alive.3. We should act as if she _ (watch) us.4. I couldnt help even though I _ (be)there at the moment.5. If I _(inform)yesterday，I _ (know)what to do now.单句改错1. If you had taken my advice，you wouldnt fail in the exam._2. I would have finished t
24、he work，but I had been ill._3. Its high time we do our homework._4. I wish she will do better next time._5. The teacher demanded that he answered the question immediately._. 完成句子1. My suggestion is that _(我们根据天气情况来安排运动会的日期)2. _ (要不是他的帮助)，I couldnt have finished the work on time.3. Without/But for yo
25、ur help，_ (我是不会安全到家的)4. If I were you，I _ (更加注意英语的习语和短语)5. _ (如果他九点动身的话)，he ought to have been in Londonby eleven oclock.1. Without the air to hold some of the suns heat，the earth at night_，too cold for us to live.A. would be freezing coldB. would be frozen coldC. would be freezing coldlyD. can free
26、ze coldly2. You cant imagine that a well-behaved gentleman_ be so rude to a lady.A. might B. need C. should D. would3. If only he_ quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now.A. lies B. layC. had lain D. should lie4. Oh，Im not feeling well in the stomach. I_ so much fried chicke
27、n just now.A. shouldnt eat B. mustnt have eatenC. shouldnt have eaten D. mustnt eat5. Mr. White_ at 8：30 for the meeting，but he didnt show up.A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arriving6. How I wish every family_ a large house with a beautiful garden!A. ha
28、s B. had C. will have D. had had7. It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallenC. should fall D. were to fall8. But for the help of my English teacher，I_ the first priz
29、e in the English Writing Competition.A. would not win B. would not have wonC. would win D. would have won9. He did not regret saying what he did but felt that he_ it differently.A. could express B. would expressC. could have expressed D. must have expressed10. Bill suggested_ a meeting on what to do
30、 for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A. having held B. to holdC. holding D. hold11. The order came that the medical supplies _ to Beijing for the H1N1 flu soon.A. would be sent B. should sendC. be sent D. must be sent12. These achievements _ without the contribution of Qian Xuesen，a key leader
31、 of the New Chinas nuclear missile and so on.A. would have been unthinkableB. would not be unthinkableC. would be unthinkableD. would not have been unthinkable13. They must have been enjoying themselves there，otherwise they _ so long.A. cant have stayed B. wouldnt have stayedC. neednt have stayed D.
32、 couldnt stay14. The current economic situation requires that we _ strengthen our confidence and make every effort to promote growth and balanced development.A. need B. wouldC. could D. should15. The boy insisted that he _ his best and _ praised.A. had tried；must be B. tried；must beC. try；should be
33、D. had tried；be_一. 完型（2019朝阳一模）Appeal to Emotion(情感)My childhood left three months ago on a plane to Austria.It was a 1 day when my baby cousins moved away. My cousins were a fundamental part of my life; 2 they were not with me, they were on my mind. They brought back the untroubled days of my child
34、hood, 3 games, adventures and silliness, but they also helped 4 me from an at-times selfish teenager into a responsible adult.My aunt and uncle moved here from Boston with their 1-year-old daughter Yasmeen. They lived in an apartment on the side of our house and I was 5 to have our family, especiall
35、y a baby girl, so close to us. Yasmeen had close friendships with each of my sisters, but I knew the one that 6 between us was the strongest. As she began to walk on her own and talk in full sentences, I realized my great 7 upon her. I noticed that shed 8 some of my unpleasant actions, 9 with her mo
36、ther after I had done the same. Yasmeen made me realize what being a good 10 really was.When Maya was born, Yasmeen had a hard time 11 . She was jealous(嫉妒) of the attention we all paid to her new younger sister, so I did my best to keep her company when she might have not been 12 . Once Yasmeen ove
37、rcame her jealousy, she was able to 13 Mayas presence, like we all did. I tried to take advantage of our times together, doing my best to 14 my schedule for my two favorite people.My 15 with Yasmeen and Maya has taught me the importance of influential people. I know that I have helped Yasmeen and Ma
38、ya 16 , but “the babies” have had an even greater influence on my own life. They have shown me how to be a parent, a sister, a child, and most importantly, a friend. Our 17 has made me a better persona more patient person, with the ability to 18 endless questions and spilled(洒) juice；an 19 person, a
39、ble to have fun and be happy with others; a role model, 20 the babies ideas about right and wrong, and a compassionate person, able to forgive and love. 1.A. sadB. busyC. fineD. relaxing2.A. untilB. beforeC. whenD. unless3.A. againstB. throughC. besidesD. for4.A. lead B. challengeC. matureD. encoura
40、ge5.A. overjoyedB. embarrassedC. surprisedD. afraid6.A. endedB. startedC. survivedD. developed7.A. pressureB. dependenceC. mercyD. influence8.A. doubtB. regretC. copyD. guide9.A. debatingB. arguingC. negotiatingD. checking10.A. leaderB. partnerC. friendD. example11.A. sharingB. adjustingC. recognizi
41、ngD. struggling12.A. noticedB. admiredC. comfortedD. protected13.A. ignoreB. mindC. senseD. enjoy14.A. affectB. acceptC. freeD. ruin15.A. instructionB. experimentC. experienceD. interview16.A. growB. succeedC. thinkD. behave17.A. meetingB. relationshipC. responsibilityD. respect18.A. reviewB. tolera
42、teC. repeatD. avoid19.A. honestB. independentC. aggressiveD. enthusiastic20.A. showingB. writingC. awardingD. permitting二. 书面表达 你的美国朋友Chris目前在北京学习汉语，他对中国传统文化非常感兴趣。本周五下午你校将要举办一个文化讲座，请你根据以下提示给他一封电子邮件。邀请他来参加。1. 农业大学张教授讲解中国茶文化的历史和传播；2. 讲座后有交流和品茶活动；3. 你将陪同Chris并帮其翻译讲解。注意：1. 词数不少于50。 2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 3. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。Hi Chris,_Yours,Joe第二节 假设你是红星中学高二（1）班的学生李华， 上周日你班组织到首都图书馆参加一天的文化志愿活动，请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，用英语写一篇日记，记述活动的全过程。注意：1. 词数不少于60。 2. 日记的开头已给出，不计入总词数。March 29th, Sunday Fine Today some classmates and I served at Capital Library as volunteers.
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