1、第一讲掌握8大基本句子成分，为学好语法奠基无论是“理解”还是“表达”，均需建立在准确理解句子成分基础上。一个句子若没有句子成分的合理架构、有序排列，就会杂乱无章，不知所云。所以，学好语法，应从正确划分句子成分入手。众所周知，句子有若干个组成部分，它们分别承担着不同的作用，组成句子的各个部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种，它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚，各司其职，共同呵护
2、着英语这个“极乐世界”。一、主语习惯于发号施令，偶尔也会被赶下台在句子中，主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体。主语一般位于句子开头，且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里，如：疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等，句子主语也可以“下台”而位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。(2020全国卷书面表达)(2019全国卷书面表达)The competition will begin at 2 pm and last for roughly 3 hours.(名词作主语)(2019全国卷书面表达)To let China go to t
3、he world and let the world understand China is my first aim.(不定式短语作主语)(2019江苏高考书面表达)It seems to me that the traditional Chinese dress will make the occasion very Chinese and inviting to the British students.(代词it充当形式主语，that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)名师指津当从句作主语时，为避免头重脚轻，可用it作形式主语。二、谓语坚决服从主语“领导”，执行命令雷厉风行谓语用来描述主语的行
4、为动作、状态或特征，常位于主语之后。谓语可由动词和动词短语、系表结构以及“助动词/情态动词实义动词”充当，有时态、语态和语气的变化，同时又受到主语人称和数的制约。判断的依据是看主语和动词之间的关系，如果两者之间是主动关系就用主动语态，如果是被动关系就用被动语态。谓语的构成如下：1 简单谓语：由一个实义动词或动词短语构成。(2020全国卷书面表达) The person I respect most is my uncle who contributes a lot to his patients.(2019全国卷书面表达)I am studying in London during the s
5、ummer holiday.(2019北京高考书面表达)Great changes have taken place in Tianjin in the last few years.2复合谓语：(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成；(2)由系动词加表语构成。(2019全国卷书面表达)Through my introduction and efforts I can strengthen the friendship between China and Britain.(2019全国卷书面表达)Youre an excellent player.三、宾语一直受到压制，有时“翻身农奴把歌唱
6、”宾语表示谓语动作的对象，一般位于及物动词和介词的后面，受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词(短语)、宾格代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式或宾语从句充当，根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。宾语在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。1 双宾语(间接宾语直接宾语)(2020全国卷I书面表达) He often brings the daily necessities to people in need.(2019浙江6月高考写作)I want to send you my sincere gratitude for helping with my English learning.(you为间接宾
7、语；my sincere gratitude 为直接宾语)2复合宾语(宾语宾语补足语)(2019全国卷书面表达)I would like you to give us your guidance and encouragement.(you为宾语； to give us your guidance and encouragement为宾语补足语)四、表语最会察言观色，就看“主子”脸色表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后，用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征和状态等，一般由名词、名词性物主代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式(短
8、语)、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。(2017全国卷书面表达)So attractive and alive do they look that I think you could be interested in the exhibition.(形容词作表语)(2017全国卷书面表达)Tang Poetry is what we are going to learn the next class.(从句作表语)五、定语鞍前马后搞服务，全心全意勤务兵修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词，可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓
9、语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况，如短语结构、从句等作定语时，常置于被修饰词之后。As you see, the students in our school are always hardworking.(从句和介词短语作定语)My dream to be admitted into my favorite university will come true.(非谓语动词作后置定语)六、状语行踪飘忽不定，却对动词“情有独钟”修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副
10、词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。状语在句子中的位置很灵活，所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为：通常在句子基本结构后，强调时放在句首；修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰词之前；表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，地点状语一般放在时间状语之前；一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法，故说它对动词“情有独钟”。(2019全国卷书面表达)We are training very hard these days.(副词作状语)(2019北京高考书面表达)Th
11、e next day, we set off early in the morning.(介词短语作状语)(2019全国卷书面表达)Here Id like to inform you of some detailed information to make you prepare for it.(非谓语动词作状语)(2019北京高考书面表达)When I came back home, I shared my experiences with my parents.(从句作状语)七、补语始终寄人篱下，永远成不了主人补语也叫补足语，主要起补充说明的作用，最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语，所以说
12、它寄人篱下，成不了“主人”。补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、分词、介词短语或从句充当。(2019江苏高考书面表达)Li Jiang will make the Chinese culture better known to British students.(过去分词短语作宾语补足语)He was seen playing basketball on the playground yesterday.(现在分词短语作主语补足语)八、同位语总是玩失踪，特殊场合还是“显露原形”对句子中的名词(短语)或代词作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫作同位语。英语句
13、子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的，所以说它爱玩失踪，如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明，这时候就需要同位语，可谓“显露原形”。可以用作同位语的有：名词、代词、数词、介词短语、不定式、动名词和从句等。(2019全国卷书面表达)My name is Li Hua, a Chinese student who is taking a summer course in London now.专题跟踪集训.用以下符号划分句子成分主语用_，谓语用，宾语用，定语用，状语用，补足语用，同位语用1Recently I have carried out a survey among the student
14、s in our class.2One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future.3Music can make our mind in a peaceful state after a whole day of tiring work.4Every day he was forced to work from morning till night.5Word came that the mayor would pay a visit to our school next
15、week.6At the same time, parents are giving their children too much protection.7Bathed in the sunshine, we jumped and cheered with joy.8We havent decided when to discuss the question again.单句改错并说明理由(从句子成分角度思考)1.（2020新课标II卷短文改错）Im surely youll have a good time.改错 _理由 _2(2019全国卷)First, I wanted to be a
16、 fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly.改错 _理由 _3(2019全国卷)Now my dream is to opens a cafe.改错 _理由 _4(2019全国卷)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.改错 _理由 _5(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.改错 _理由 _6(2016全国卷)My uncle tel
17、ls me that the key to his success is honest.改错 _理由 _7(2016全国卷)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.改错 _理由 _8(2016全国卷)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.改错 _理由 _9(2016全国卷)At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help
18、.改错 _理由 _答案：.用以下符号划分句子成分1Recently I have carried out a survey among the students in our class. I have carried out a survey .2One day some of my students were talking about what we would like to be in the future. some_of_my_students were talking about what we would like to be in the future.3Music can
19、 make our mind in a peaceful state after a whole day of tiring work.Music can make our mind .4Every day he was forced to work from morning till night. he was forced .5Word came that the mayor would pay a visit to our school next week.Word came .6At the same time, parents are giving their children to
20、o much protection.， parents are giving their children too much protection.7Bathed in the sunshine, we jumped and cheered with joy.， we jumped and cheered .8We havent decided when to discuss the question again.We havent decided when to discuss the question again.单句改错并说明理由(从句子成分角度思考)1.（2020新课标II卷短文改错）
21、Im surely youll have a good time.改错 将surely改为sure理由我相信你会玩得很开心的。分析句子，此处be动词am后面需用形容词作表语。故将surely改为sure。2(2019全国卷)First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly.改错coollycool理由whose引导的定语从句中looked为系动词，需用形容词而非副词作表语。3(2019全国卷)Now my dream is to opens a cafe.改错opensopen理由分析句子结构可知，is后面的动词不定
22、式短语作表语，不定式符号to后接动词原形，故将opens改为open。4(2019全国卷)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.改错ordinarilyordinary理由ordinarily为副词，此处修饰名词cafe，应用形容词，故将ordinarily改为ordinary。5(2017全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.改错suddenlysudden理由此处stop为名
23、词，名词前用形容词修饰，故应为形容词形式。6(2016全国卷)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.改错honesthonesty理由宾语从句中的主语为名词短语the_key_to_his_success，故此处应用名词作表语。7(2016全国卷)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.改错steadysteadily理由grow在此句中是实义动词，并非系动词，应用副词作状语修饰grow，故应改为副词形式。8(2016全国卷)We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.改错taketaking理由between_.and_.为固定结构，and前后连接的是并列成分；and前用了动名词作宾语，and后也应用动名词形式。9(2016全国卷)At last, I will be on my own, but I still want to have my parents to turn to whenever need help.改错whenever后加I理由whenever引导的时间状语从句中缺少主语，根据语境可知，whenever后应加主语I。