1、专题03阅读理解之猜测词义学与练Part 1 整体感知猜测词义题旨在考查学生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句意的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。近几年猜测词义题难度略有增加，需要在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。一、 猜测词义类题目常见的设问方式如下：1. The word “”refers to/probably means _.2. The underlined word “” could best be replaced by _.3. What do you think the expression “”stands for?4. By saying “” we me
2、an _.5. “” as used in the passage can best be defined as _.6. Which of the following words can take the place of the word “”?Part 2 方法指导1. 利用指代关系来猜测代词词义代词词义的猜测即找出人称代词、指示代词所指代的内容。对于代词所指代的内容的判断，首先我们要连读前后段落，了解前后两段文章的内容，然后判断画线代词的类型。接下来仔细阅读前句，一般来说代词的词义推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词及相当于名词的表达。典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读B节选）We sha
3、red the belief that if youre fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back - he with his Newmans Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didnt see each other all that regularly, but
4、sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.26.What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 3 refer to?A.Their belief. B.Their care for children.C.Their success. D.Their support for each other.解析 根据“We shared the belief that if youre fortuna
5、te enough to have success, you should put something back”可知，下文的内容是对 the belief的解释，that引导同位语从句，解释说明the belief的具体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故答案为A.2. 利用定义来猜测词义在许多情况下，作者预计到某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，学生便可理解该词的基本含义、线索词有that，which is 等。典题例证（2015.北京高考阅读C节选）Transparent an
6、imals let light pass through their bodies the same way light passes through a window.解析 通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes through a window”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。3. 利用定语或同位语来猜测词义通常引出该词同位语的词语有or， that is， in other words等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后学生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。典题例证（2018全国卷II阅读B节选）If you have
7、a juicer, you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert, to be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity for a childrens party; they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream co
8、me out below.26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?A. A dessert. B. A drink.C. A container. D. A machine.解析 本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit. Out comes a “soft-serve” creamy dessert”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“
9、they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器（榨汁机），因此选D.4. 利用文章同义词或近义词在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。典题例证 （2018.全国卷III阅读D节选）Adults understand what it feels like t
10、o be flooded with objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? The good news is that I can help my own kids learn earlier than I did how to live more with less.32. What do the words “more is more” in paragraph 1 probably mean?A. The more, the better.B
11、. Enough is enough.C. More money, more worries.D. Earn more and spend more.解析 根据第一句“Adults understand what it feels like to be flooded with objects.”和画线短语后的“when it comes to kids and their belongings”可知这里的more is more与前面的flooded with 同义，成年人喜欢物品像洪水一样覆盖生活中，即大量的，越多越好。故选择A。5. 利用文章中的举例猜测词义在阅读理解中学生可以根据文章所
12、举的例子，从具体到一般，猜出该生词的意思。举例常用到的信号词有：such as，suchas，for example，for instance，like，including，especially等。典题例证（2016.全国卷III阅读D节选）Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. 解析 根据画线词的举
13、例“like anger or anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应该是“消极的”。6. 利用对比或比较的词语来猜测的词义当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法，即会用到对比的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。注意这些词语和内容则能帮助判断所需内容。能体现对比关系的词汇主要有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead，on the other hand，on the contrary, in contrast with等。标点符号中的分号也可以表示对比。典题例证If you re tired of wandering around th
14、e gum wasting time and becoming bored, you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track.73. The underlined word “upbeat” in the second paragraph probably means “_”.A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriousD.temporary解析 根据语境可知，upbeat 应与上文中的tired of 意义相反，故答案为A.Part 3阅读理解仿真组合练AA few ye
15、ars ago, my husband Charlie and I had marital problems. Growing family responsibilities and financial worries took a toll on us and we began arguing frequently, often late into the night.However, neither of us could take the step that would end our eleven-year marriage and bring heartbreak to our th
16、ree young children. Deep down we knew we still loved each other, so we determined to work it out. Through countless discussions, we began to close the gulf. The more honest we were, the closer we became.When I felt we were reaching solid ground, I asked my husband to give me an “eternity (永恒) ring”.
17、 It was not so much the ring I wanted; it was the reassurance (保证) I thought it would bring.We went shopping on a beautiful summer day. We walked hand in hand along a row of jewelers shops. Finally I found a ring I liked. While waiting for it to be adjusted, the jeweler took my left hand and glanced
18、 at my engagement ring. “May I clean it for you?” he asked. “It really doesnt sparkle like it used to.” Charlie said as I slipped the ring off my finger. A few minutes later the jeweler was back. The ring shone like new!On the drive home, I didnt take my eyes off it. I forgot all about the eternity
19、ring. I just couldnt believe how this old ring suddenly sparkled the way it had the day Charlie gave it to me. I had taken it for granted these past years, but with a little polish it could still make my heart beat fast.And thats the way it is with a marriage. You have to work at keeping it polished
20、 and new, or else the grime (污垢) of the passing years will hide the joy. I put my hand on the seat between us and spread my fingers. Charlie covered my hand with his. I felt I was lucky to be able to see the sparkle in something gold when I thought I needed something new.1. Why did the author and he
21、r husband decide to solve the problems?A. They were a famous couple.B. They didnt want to divorce.C. The problems were not serious.D. They had experience in doing so.2. What does the underlined part in paragraph 3 probably mean?A. free of troubleB. arriving at a squareC. wealthy and generousD. in go
22、od relationship3. Why did the author forget all about the eternity ring on their way back home?A. Her husband kept it for her.B. They didnt actually pay for it.C. The old rings light attracted her attention.D. The couple were talking all the way merrily.4. What does the author mainly want to express
23、 in the last paragraph?A. We tend to prefer new objects to old ones.B. One should remain thankful for what he has got.C. Marriage should be constantly polished.D. We should try to rediscover the true value of old objects.BKong Zhenlan, a 71-year-old woman from Chinas Shanxi Province, has devoted the
24、 last four decades of her life to adopting orphans（孤儿）, making sure that they had food on the table and got access to education.Even though she could only afford to support herself on a modest income Kong Zhenlan couldnt bear to walk by the orphanage in Jixian County every day and see so many childr
25、en struggling in poverty. One day, she stopped by and picked one of the orphans in her arms. Thats when she knew she had to do something to make their life better. The modest woman started adopting these abandoned children and nurturing them as her own. Over the last 47 years, she has adopted 45 orp
26、hans, some of whom grew up to become doctors and lawyers.Kongs oldest adopted child is 45-years-old, while her youngest is 9-months-old. Today, her adult children donate some of their monthly salaries to help bring up their younger siblings（兄弟姐妹）, but in the beginning, the woman had to make due with
27、 what she had. And it wasnt much. She would spend all her money making sure the children had milk to drink, and if there was none left for her, she would look for leftovers in local garbage cans.The modest woman recently told Pear Video that over the last 40 years she has only been getting 2 hours o
28、f sleep per night. She goes to sleep at around midnight, after putting the children to sleep and finishing up her chores（家务）, and gets up around 2 am to check if theyre all still covered with blankets. She has gotten used to it and said that a short sleep was a small price to pay for making sure the
29、 children grow up healthy and happy.5. What does the underlined word“nurturing”in paragraph 2 probably mean？A. Examining.B. Observing.C. Raising.D. Preferring.6. How do Kong Zhenlans adult children help her？A. Support her financially.B. Raise money every month.C. Sell milk in the midnight.D. Pick up
30、 leftovers when free.7. What makes Kong Zhenlan spare no effort to raise the orphans？A. Her desire to get rid of loneliness.B. Her eagerness to get fame and wealth.C. Her wish to find a better job in this way.D. Her hope for the children to have a happy life.8. Which of the following best describes
31、Kong Zhenlan？A. Easy-going.B. Kind.C. Creative.D. Reasonable.CInstagram（图片分享社交应用程序）is about to take its biggest step toward removing likes from its platform. After months of testing an option to hide likes in select international markets, Instagram, which is owned by Facebook（FB）, has already been t
32、esting hiding likes in seven other countries, including Canada, Ireland and Australia. For years, likes have been central to how celebrities, brands, politicians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebook. Its a way of measuring popularity and success. But in recent months, Instagram has b
33、een rethinking how likes contribute to making its platform more toxic. Now its considering a change.The total number of likes on posts which appear as hearts on the app will disappear from Instagrams main feed, profile pages and permalink（永久链接）pages. The owner of the account can still see their own
34、likes, but their followers wont know the count.CNN Business previously spoke with users in countries with the test. The majority felt this move would improve well-being on the app. Instagram is the most detrimental（不利的，有害的）social networking app for young peoples mental health, such as negatively imp
35、acting body image, according to one study.But other users and psychologists said hiding likes wont fix everything. The test doesnt address some of the key ways that activity on Instagram can impact the well-being of users, including bullying, feeling left out and thinking other peoples lives are bet
36、ter than their own.Renee Engeln, a psychology professor at Northwestern University, voiced his opinion that the biggest impact of Instagram is the content and the exposure to this constant stream of perfected images is what seems to hurt psychologically. Plus, users can still see their own likes and
37、 feel badly if their posts dont perform well.9. How do users experience Instagram in this passage?A. By giving likes.B. By hiding likes.C. By selecting platforms.D. By showing off talents.10. The underlined word “toxic” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “ ”.A. profitable B. poisonous C. popular D.
38、positive11. What can we infer from the passage?A. Instagram has affected youngsters mental health.B. The account owners wont know the count o likes.C Instagram tested hiding likes in seven countries first.D. The majority think Instagram has been a well-being app.12. What could be the best title of t
39、he passage?A. Instagram Misuses LikesB. More People Are Against LikesC. Likes Cause Mental ProblemsD. Likes will Be Hidden on InstagramDIf humans ever settle on Mars, they will need water. There is just one problem-there seems to be only huge sheets of ice. Luckily, we know how to drill(钻孔） ice for
40、water. Such methods are already used in Antarctica, and researchers now think they could get them to work on the Red Planet, too. The atmosphere of Mars is too dry to make extracting water vapour from it possible. So ice seems the best bet. But the obvious ice sheets are in the unlivable polar ice c
41、aps and would be difficult to reach for drilling.However, in 2018, at the edge of the cliffs, NASAs Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted relatively accessible water ice that is probably at least 130metres thick and covered in just a few metres of rock and dust. These may be the best place to get the
42、water needed for future exploration of the planet.The drilling techniques needed have already been developed for cold areas on Earth where we need to melt buried ice for water. In the early 1960s the US Army used a type of subsurface reservoir(水库)called Rod Well, in army camps in Greenland. The meth
43、od works by drilling through the ground into the ice, melting the ice to create a pool, and then pumping water up. By supplying heat continuously, they create a reservoir and a steady water supply. It has been used in remote areas such as the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station Stephen Hoffman at the
44、Aerospace Corporation in Texas and his colleagues simulated(模拟)how a Rod Well would do on Mars. They found that with the power of 9 kilowatts (千瓦)to melt ice, it could in theory produce about 380 litres of water each day and maintain a reservoir of constant size at the bottom of a borehole(钻孔). That
45、 is close to the average daily water use each person in the US, but about 10 times what each astronaut on the International Space Station uses daily.13. Which of the following can replace the underlined word extracting in the first paragraph ?A. obtainingB. protectingC. PreventingD. choosing14. Why
46、does the author mention the Rod Well in Paragraph 3?A. To explain how water ice is drilled on Mars.B. To tell about the history of water ice drilling techniques.C. To prove the importance of water ice drilling techniquesD. To show techniques for drilling water wells in Martian ice exist.15. On avera
47、ge, how much water does an astronaut on the International Space Station use daily?A. 10 litresB. 38 litresC. 160 litresD. 380 litres16. What would be the best title for the text?A. Preparing to settle on the Red Planet one day.B. Finding water on the Red Planet for survival.C. Using some ways to cre
48、ate a livable environment on Mars.D. Drilling water wells in Martian ice to survive on Mars.A 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C【解析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和丈夫曾经有过婚烟问题，但双方均未想要离婚，而是努力解决双方之间的问题。当作者提出和丈夫一起去买永恒戒指的时候，由戒指除垢感悟到平凡的婚烟也应该像戒指一样经常除垢，让它重新生机勃勃。【1题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Deep down we knew we still loved each other, so we det
49、ermined to work it out.”，作者和丈夫仍然相互爱对方，都不想结束他们的婚烟，不想使孩子们伤心，所以他们决定要解决他们之间的问题。故B项正确。【2题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“Through countless discussions, we began to close the gulf. The more honest we were, the closer we became.”可知，作者和丈夫解决了他们之间的问题，关系越来越融治。再根据画线部分所在句子中的“I asked my husband to give me an “eternity (永恒) ri
50、ng”可推知，作者感觉她和丈夫的关系已经很好了，他们已经和好如初了。故D项正确。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“On the drive home, I didnt take my eyes off it.”可知，作者在回家的路上眼睛一直盯着那枚结婚戒指，因为它经过擦拭后重新放出了光芒，犹如丈夫刚给她的那天一样。早已忘记他们是要去买“永恒戒指”。故C项正确。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“And thats the way it is with a marriage. You have to work at keeping it polished and new, or
51、else the grime (污垢) of the passing years will hide the joy.”可知，作者认为对待婚姻也应该像对待那枚戒指一样，经常除垢，经常发现婚姻生活中的闪光点，使婚姻保持新鲜。故C项正确。【点睛】本文小题2考查了词义猜测题，由第二段最后一句可知“作者和丈夫解决了他们之间的问题。他们的关系已经恢复了”，可知该短语意为“in good relationship”。本题主要运用上下文语境猜测参与。通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。B【答案】5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位
52、71岁的老人孔振兰几十年如一日地收养孤儿。尽管她自己只有很少的钱, 但是她还是尽力让那些孤儿过上健康快乐的生活。【5题详解】词义猜测题。根据第二段中The modest woman started adopting these abandoned children and nurturing them as her own. Over the last 47 years, she has adopted 45 orphans, some of whom grew up to become doctors and lawyers. 这位谦逊的妇女开始收养这些被遗弃的孩子，并把他们当作自己的孩子抚
53、养。在过去的47年里，她收养了45名孤儿，其中一些人后来成为了医生和律师。由此可知，孔振兰老人收养那些被遗弃的孩子并把他们抚养长大。故划线词的词义与“Raising”的意思一致。故选C。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中Today, her adult children donate some of their monthly salaries to help bring up their younger siblings（兄弟姐妹）如今，她的成年子女将每月工资的一部分捐给抚养弟弟妹妹。由此可知, 孔振兰的长大的孩子们在经济上支持她。故选A。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段She has
54、 gotten used to it and said that a short sleep was a small price to pay for making sure the children grow up healthy and happy. 她已经习惯了，她说，为了确保孩子们健康快乐地成长，短暂的睡眠是一个小小的代价。由此,让孩子们健康快乐地生活是孔振兰不辞辛苦养育这些孤儿的动力。故选D。【8题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段中Kong Zhenlan, a 71-year-old woman from Chinas Shanxi Province, has devoted th
55、e last four decades of her life to adopting orphans（孤儿）, making sure that they had food on the table and got access to education. 71岁的孔振兰(音译)来自中国山西省，她把自己过去40年的时间都用来收养孤儿，确保他们有饭吃，有受教育的机会。由此可知，孔振兰老人能四十年如一日地抚养孤儿说明她是一个善良的人。故选B。C【答案】9. A 10. B 11. A 12. D【解析】本文为说明文。Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上移除“点赞”。因为“点赞”让平
56、台变得更“有毒”的，几个月来 Instagram一直尝试在一些国际市场隐藏“点赞”功能。【9题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段中“For years, likes have been central to how celebrities, brands, politicians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebook.” 多年来，“点赞”一直是名人、品牌、政客和普通用户体验Instagram和Facebook的核心。由此可知，体验Instagram是通过点赞的形式，故选A，【10题详解】猜测词义题。根据划线词的上文“For year
57、s, likes have been central to how celebrities, brands, politicians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebook. Its a way of measuring popularity and success.”多年来，点赞一直是名人、品牌、政客和日常用户体验Instagram和Facebook的核心重点。点赞是衡量受欢迎程度和成功的一种方法。接着用转折连词but引出下文 “But in recent months, Instagram has been rethinki
58、ng how likes contribute to making its platform more toxic. ”可知，最近几个月，Instagram一直在反思“点赞”是如何让自己的平台变得更“toxic”。But表示与前文相反的意思。可知，前文叙述“点赞”是一种有用方法，那“toxic”是与之相反的，不好的。再结合“Instagram is about to take its biggest step toward removing likes from its platform.” Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上去除点赞。可推断出，去除点赞可能是因为它的不好的一面
59、。分析选项A. profitable有利可图的；B. poisonous有毒的；C. popular受欢迎的；D. positive积极的。可知A、C和D都是好的一面，只有B项是不好的。由此推断出“toxic”是有毒的。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段“The majority felt this move would improve well-being on the app. Instagram is the most detrimental（不利的，有害的）social networking app for young peoples mental health, such as n
60、egatively impacting body image, according to one study.” 大多数认为此举将提高app的健康。一项研究显示，Instagram是对年轻人心理健康最有害的社交网络应用，比如对身体形象产生负面影响。由此可推断出Instagram影响了青少年的心理健康。故选A。【12题详解】主旨大意题。本文第一段叙述了Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上移除“点赞”。几个月来 Instagram一直在尝试在一些国际市场隐藏“点赞”功能。因为“点赞”平台变得更“有毒”的。接着下文具体分析了“点赞”造成的不好的影响，从而正要隐藏“点赞”。文章分析“点赞
61、”带来的不好的影响，所以要在Instagram隐藏“点赞”功能。因此D项是最最佳题目。故选D。【点睛】在阅读中我们经常会考查猜测词义题。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式，这要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文（各种已知信息）并结合具体的语境推测、判断某些词或短语的词义。例如第2小题词意猜测题。根据划线词的上文“For years, likes have been central to how celebrities, brands, politicians and everyday use
62、rs experience Instagram and Facebook. Its a way of measuring popularity and success.”多年来，点赞一直是名人、品牌、政客和日常用户体验Instagram和Facebook的核心重点。点赞是衡量受欢迎程度和成功的一种方法。接着用转折连词but引出下文 “But in recent months, Instagram has been rethinking how likes contribute to making its platform more toxic. ”可知，最近几个月，Instagram一直在反思
63、“点赞”是如何让自己的平台变得更“toxic”。But表示与前文相反的意思。可知，前文叙述“点赞”是一种有用方法，那“toxic”是与之相反的，不好的。再结合“Instagram is about to take its biggest step toward removing likes from its platform.” Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上去除点赞。可推断出，去除点赞可能是因为它的不好的一面。分析选项A. profitable有利可图的；B. poisonous有毒的；C. popular受欢迎的；D. positive积极的。可知A、C和D都是好的一面
64、，只有B项是不好的。由此推断出“toxic”是有毒的。D【答案】13. A 14. D 15. B 16. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章告诉我们如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。【13题详解】词义猜测题。根据第一段The atmosphere of Mars is too dry to make extracting water vapour from it possible（火星的大气层太干燥，无法从其中_水蒸气）可知，依据划线前提到了火星的大气层太干燥可推出从大气层“获取”水蒸气是不可能的。A. obtaining 获取；B. protecting
65、保护；C. preventing 阻止；D. choosing 选择。故选A项。【14题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段The drilling techniques needed have already been developed for cold areas on Earth where we need to melt buried ice for water. In the early 1960s the US Army used a type of subsurface reservoir called Rod Well, in army camps in Greenland（在地球上
66、寒冷的地区，我们需要融化地下的冰以获得水，而所需的钻探技术已经开发出来。在20世纪60年代早期，美国军队在格陵兰的军营中使用了一种叫做Rod Well的地下水库）可知融化地下冰已获得水的技术已经开发出来了。文章第一段中提及人类是无法从火星的大气层中获得水的，只能从巨大的冰层中钻冰取水。第三段告知我们钻冰取水的技术已经有了，将来可用于火星开发中。故选D项。【15题详解】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段They found that with the power of 9 kilowatts （千瓦）to melt ice, it could in theory produce about 380 l
67、iters of water each day and maintain a reservoir of constant size at the bottom of a borehole(钻孔）. That is close to the average daily water use each person in the US, but about 10 times what each astronaut on the International Space Station uses daily.他们发现，用9千瓦的能量融化冰，理论上每天可以产生380升的水，并在一个钻孔底部维持一个恒定大小
68、的蓄水池。这接近于美国人均日用水量，但大约是国际空间站每位宇航员日用水量的10倍）可知，美国人均日用水量是380升的水，这个用水量是每位宇航员日用水量的10倍。因此可以算出宇航员日用水量38升左右。故选B 项。【16题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段If humans ever settle on Mars, they will need water. There is just one problem-there seems to be only huge sheets of ice. Luckily, we know how to drill ice for water. Such methods are already used in Antarctica, and researchers now think they could get them to work on the Red Planet, too.（如果人类在火星定居，他们将需要水。只有一个问题这里似乎只有巨大冰层。幸运的是，我们知道如何钻冰取水。这种方法已经在南极洲使用，研究人员现在认为他们也可以在这颗红色星球上使用）可知，如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。在文章第二段提到，在火星上找到了可被人类利用的冰。文章第三段提到了现有的“钻冰取水”的技术。综合分析，故选D项。
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