1、2021届高考英语二轮复习专题讲义全程跟踪 专题四 介词和介词短语命题规律：2020年新高考I卷及近五年课标卷在语篇型填空中对介词的考查形式为非提示型，主要考查常见介词（如than, as, from, in, with, by, to, for, of, on）的基本用法。命题趋势：未来高考语篇型对介词的考查会呈现出语境复杂化、结构综合化的特点。一、方位介词1. 方位介词图解介词图示意义例句1in 在之内The students are reading in the classroom.学生们在教师里读书。2on在上面The boat is on the river.那条船在河上。3over
2、在（正）上方There are several bridges over the river.河上有好几座桥。4under在（正）下方The boat sailed under the river.船行驶在河上。5above在上方The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。6below在下方The sun sinks below the horizon.太阳沉没在地平线下。7by 在旁边Our house is by the river.我们的房子在河边。besideCome and sit beside me.过来坐在我旁边。8near在附近I dont
3、need a car because I live near the city centre.我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心。9next to 紧挨My best friend sits next to me in class.上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。10behind在后面Olive hid behind a tree.奥列弗藏在一棵树后面.11before在之前He made a speech before a large audience.他在许多观众面前发表了讲话。12outside 在外面He parked his car outside the heater.他把汽车停在
4、剧场外面。13(a)round围绕All sat around the table.所有的人围绕着桌子坐。2. between, among介词用法图解例句between在两者之间There was a fight between the two boys.这两个男孩子打过一架。among在三者或三者以上之间They hid themselves among the tree.他们躲在树林里。练习：用介词between，among填空1、Some students often listen to music classes to refresh themselves.2、Four Chines
5、e models were the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition.答案：1、between2、among3. in, on, to, off1) in一般指在较大的地方或某一范围内；打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时常用介词in例：Shandong Province is in the east of China.山东省位于中国东部。2）on侧重于表面接触或毗邻、接壤；打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时常用介词on例：Russia is on the northeast of
6、China.俄罗斯与中国东北部接壤。3）表示在某范围外不接壤例：Shandong Province is to the northeast of Hubei Province.山东省位于湖北省东北边。4）off 强调两地间隔着一小段距离例：Lily lives in a flat just off Park Avenue.莉莉住在离帕克大街不远的一处公寓里。练习：用介词in，on，to，off填空1、There is a map of the world the wall.2、 Birds are singing the tree.3、 Japan is/lies the east of Ch
7、ina4、 Beijing lies the north of China.5、 The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place the main road at the far end of the lake.答案：1、on 2、in 3、to 4、in 5、off4. across, throughacross 与介词on有关，从的表面穿过，从一边到另一边；与静态动词连用时表示“在（街、河等）对面”或“在（身体某部位）上。例：He walked across the fields.他从田野上走过。through 与介词in有关，从的内部穿过例：He walke
8、d through the door.他从门中穿过。练习：用介词across，through填空1、My house is just the street.2、Water will be pumped a pipe.3、Do you think this shirt is too tight the shoulders？答案：1、across 2、through 3、across5. over, above1）over表示“在的正上方”，其反义词为under；表示“（部分或全部覆盖）在上面”或“控制、掌握、优越”；还可表示“越过”。例：There is a bridge over the ri
9、ver.河上有座桥。You cant wear a blue jacket over that shirt.你不能把一件蓝夹克穿在那件衬衫外面。He has no control over his emotions.他控制不住自己的感情。2）above表示“在的斜上方”，其反义词为below；above还可表示“级别、地位、重要性等高于”。例：There is a picture above the table.桌子上方有一幅画。He always put his students above everything.他总是把自己的学生置于一切事情之上。练习：用介词over，above填空1、S
10、hes been here for two hours.2、A great person is always putting others interests his own.3、He is average intelligence.答案：1、over2、above3、above6. to, for, toward(s)1) to用于go，come，walk，run，dash，rush，move，fly，return，lead，take等表示来往行动的动词后，意为“到”等于toward（s），意为“朝”。例：The garden extends to the riverbank.这个花园伸展到
11、河岸。Turn to the left and you cant miss it.向左拐，你不会找不到的。2) for 用于表示“起程”“出发”“离开”的动词（词组）如leave，set off，start 之后，表示“去某地”例：After the soldiers got well prepared，they set off for the front.当这些士兵准备好后，他们向前出发了。3）toward(s) 表示“朝，向”例：It is reported that the sandstorm is moving toward（s）the south.据报道，沙尘暴正向南方蔓延。练习：用
12、for，toward（s）或to填空1、The door opens the mountain.2、He is leaving Beijing tomorrow.3、What time do you start school in the morning？答案：1、to/toward(s)2、for3、for二、时间介词1、at, on, in1)at表示时间的一点、时刻等。表示较短暂的一段时间，用于某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子例： at 12:00，at noon，at night，at midnight, at dawn，at dusk, at daybreak，at sunri
13、se，at the weekend，at Christmas, at the beginning, at the end2)on表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间（如：某日、某节日、星期几等）用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上准时，按时：on time例：on October 1st，on a rainy day，on National Day，on the morning of January the third，on the afternoon of his arrival3)in表示在某段较长的时间内（如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等）及时：in timein the Tang
14、 Dynasty，in September，in the morning/afternoon/evening， in the 1980s/1980s练习：翻译下列词组：1、在星期天上午2、在三月初3、在儿童节4、在19世纪20年代答案：1、on Sunday morning(s)2、at the beginning of March3、on Childrens day4、in the 1820s/1820s2、in, after, within1）in表时间，常表示“在之内”，有时in还有“在之后”的意思，但表示此意时，必须具备两个条件：所在句子的谓语动词必须表将来；后面必须是一段时间。这两个
15、条件缺一不可，否则用after或later例： My father will be back in three days.我父亲将在3天以后回来。2）用after时有两种情况：可用于一般过去时和一般将来时。例：My father will be back after three oclock.我父亲将在3点后回来。My father came back after three days/three days later.我父亲是3天后回来的。3）within表示“在之内”，强调事情发生的全过程不超出某一段时间，没有时态的限制。例：I can finish it within 3 days.我在
16、三天之内可以把它完成。练习：用in，after，later填空1、It will be finished an hour.2、He returned a few days.3、They finished their lessons at four and a little while they went out to take a walk.答案：1、in2、after3、later3. for, from, since1)for 后接时间段，表示行为或状态持续了多久。例：Mr. Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost
17、 fifteen years after his retirement.布朗先生喜欢乡村生活，退休后他在那里生活了差不多15年。2）from 后接时间点，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续时间的长短。例：My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five.我妹妹从5岁开始学习舞蹈。3）since 后接时间点，不仅表示行为或状态的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到说话的时刻，因而常与延续性动词的完成时连用。例：Tom has been doing his homework since seven oclock.
18、汤姆从7点开始就一直在做他的家庭作业。练习：用for，from，since填空1、 then on she knew she would win.2、I lost my money and I have been worried then.3、The meeting lasted three hours yesterday.答案：1、From2、since3、for4. during, through, over1)during的用法during指某个动作在某个时间段里或整个过程中断断续续发生过多次，或在整个时间段里的某一点发生过，起止时间比较明显。例：He often falls aslee
19、p during the class.他在课堂上常常打瞌睡。He swims every day during the summer.夏季他每天都游泳。2)through的用法through：在期间；从开头到结尾（所指时间包括在内，此时与throughout相同）。例：Tom bore up well under the strain of supporting his family through his fathers illness.汤姆在父亲生病期间顽强的顶住了养家的压力。3）over的用法over：在期间。例：We had a pleasant chat over a cup of
20、tea.我们一边喝茶一边愉快地聊天。此外，over还有throughout（a period）贯穿（一时间段）的意思，相当于during 。例：He will stay in Wales over/during Christmas and the New Year.他将在威尔士度过圣诞和新年。练习：用during，over填空1、Lets discuss it lunch.2、 the past 10 years，great changes have taken place in this area.答案：1、over2、Over/During5. before, by, till, unti
21、l1）before的用法before：早于；在之前。例：The new road will be completed before the end of the year.这条新道路将在年底以前建成。2）by的用法表示“不迟于，在之前”。例：All of you have to arrive at school by seven oclock.你们所有人必须在7点前到校。表示“在期间”。例：He worked by night and slept by day.他晚上工作，白天睡觉。3）until和till的用法until比较正式。在肯定句中和延续性动词连用，表示动作一直持续到until后面的
22、时间为止；在否定句中和非延续性动词连用，表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。例：I shall wait until ten oclock.我将等到10点钟。I didnt go to sleep until midnight.直到半夜我才睡觉。till意义与until相同。例：He works from morning till night，day after day.他日复一日从早到晚地工作。练习：用before，by，until填空1、Well have finished the work ten oclock tomorrow.2、I usually take a bath ha
23、ving my breakfast.3、Up last year，they didnt even own a car.答案：1、by 2、before3、until三、表工具、手段、方式的介词1. 表示出行方式的by, in, on1)by不涉及交通工具的名词且名词前不带冠词、物主代词。例：by sea, by water, by land, by air涉及交通工具的单数名词且该名词前不加冠词等修饰语。例：by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship/boat, by train, by spaceship2）in, on当出行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in
24、，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。例：travel to New York on this plane, go to school in my car步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on例：on foot, on horseback/on a horse, on a camel练习：同义句转换1、He went to Beijing by car.He went to Beijing .2、I prefer to travel by ship.I prefer to travel .答案：1、in his/a car2、by water/sea/boat2. with, in1) with用
25、于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。例：They are digging with a pick/spade.他们正用一把镐/铲挖。2）in后加原料、语言、钢笔、铅笔等；in后加大小写字母例：Please answer me in English.请用英语回答我。Please write in capital letters.请用大写字母写。3. 注意以下固定短语on/over the telephone/radio 通过电话/广播in this/that wayby this/that means 用这/那种方式with this/that method用这/
26、那种方式练习：用by, over, in, on填空1、This form is to be filled in ink.2、This toy is mot machine-made. It is made hand.3、In the morning I usually listen to the news the radio.答案：1、in2、by3、over/on四. 表示“原因、理由”的介词1）with 常与表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”等的抽象名词连用，强调随着心理变化而产生的情感变化。例：His face went red with anger.他气得脸都红了。2）for常与表示闻名、奖罚、
27、害怕等意义的形容词或动词连用，如famous，known，praise，punish，tremble 等。例：The West Lake is famous for its scenery.西湖因它的景色而闻名。3）at常与表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”等的形容词或过去分词（如 happy，angry，delighted，surprised）连用，表示产生这种情感的原因例：I am surprised at the news.听到这则消息我大吃一惊。4）over常用于带有感情色彩的动词，如cry，quarrel，laugh，sigh 等词之后，叙述所发生事情的原因例：She would not cry
28、 over split milk.她从不吃后悔药。5）常与die连用，用of时通常指死于疾病、衰老、过度悲伤等，而用from则常指由于外部原因而死，如交通事故、地震等例：Around fifty people die of hunger every day in the camp.集中营里每天大约有五十人饿死。Tom died from the traffic accident.汤姆死于交通事故。五、表示支持、反对的介词againt意为“反对，指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取对立的态度。此外，against还有“倚靠，逆着，相反，在的衬托下，与比赛”等意思。for指在观点或主张等方面与某人采取一
29、致的态度，意思是“支持，赞成，与in favor of同义。例：Are you for or against the new road scheme？你对修建新道路的计划是赞成还是反对？Thats against the law.那是违法的。The skiers red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.滑雪者的红衣服在雪的衬托下显得分外醒目。练习：1、An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are it.2、Tired
30、, Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.答案：1、against2、against六、其他常考介词1. besides, except, buy, except for1) besides意为“除了以外（还有），与in addition to同义。例：People choose jobs for other factors besides money.人们选择工作时除了钱之外还会考虑其他因素。2) except意为“除了以外（没有），可接名词、代词、副词、介词短语和从句，其前常有all，any，every，no及复合不定代词。例：I kno
31、w nothing about Tom except that he comes from Beijing.除了知道汤姆来自北京之外，我对他一无所知。3）but相当于except，可接名词、代词和动词不定式（but前有实义动词do及其各种形式时，省略不定式中的to）例：I could do nothing but wait at that time.那时，我除了等待什么也做不了。4）except for意为“除了”，用以补充说明或修正例：Your article is excellent except for a few grammar mistakes.除了几处语法错误，你的文章很出色。练习
32、：用except，except for，besides填空1、I know nothing about the young lady that she is from Beijing.2、We have lots of things in common music.3、The car is nice the color.答案：1、except2、besides3、except for2. for与to接后置的间接宾语1）buy/cook/fetch/find/get/make/order/save+sth.+for+sb.2) bring/give/lend/offer/pay/pass/pr
33、omise/read/return/send/show/tell/throw/write+sth.+to+sb.3.形容词后的for与to英语中经常遇见一些形容词与介词for或to搭配。这种搭配非常灵活，现将几种常见的搭配情况简述如下：1）当形容词被副词too或enough修饰时，其后只能用for。例：The shirt is too large for me.这件衬衫对于我来说太大了。2）当侧重于与别人比较，有“对于而言”之意时，常用for。例：Chinese is very difficult for me. I cant learn it.中文对于我来说太难了，我学不会。3）当侧重于主观
34、看法或感觉，有“在看来”之意时，常用to。例：Chinese is very difficult to me，but Ill try my best to learn it.在我看来中文很难，但是我会尽全力学习的。练习：1、These math problems are too difficult me.2、The house is big enough us two.答案：1、for2、for4、with的用法1）和在一起，和，同，跟例：Mr. and Mrs. Smith were there，with their three little children.史密斯夫妇和他们三个年幼的孩子
35、都在那儿。2）表示两种事物之间的相应关系或齐头并进，意为“随着”例：With time passing by，they have grown into big boys.随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子了。3）表示“带有，表伴随例：The waiter arrived with a cup of coffee.服务员端着一杯咖啡来了。4）表示某人的行为方式或某事的发生方式例：The stranger spoke with a foreign accent.那个陌生人说话带外国口音。5）指原因或理由例：She was shivering with cold.她冷得直发抖。练习：1、 produ
36、ction up by 60% the company has had another excellent year.2、It is very stuffy in the room， all the windows closed.答案：1、With2、with5.by的用法如前所述，by可表示“不迟于”“在期间”，除此之外，by还有以下用法：1）表示触及或抓住人体或物体的某一部分。例：He seized me by the arm.他抓住了我的胳膊。2）表示“由于 凭借”。例：He succeeded by hard work.他凭借努力工作取得了成功。3）含有“以的幅度，差的意思。例：Thi
37、s one is shorter than the other by three inches.这一个比另一个短三英寸。We lost the match by one goal.我们以一球之差输了那场比赛。4）表示买卖东西所按以计算的数或量，或付酬所按以计算的时间。例：Milk is sold by the pint，butter by the pound，and eggs by the dozen.牛奶论品脱卖，黄油论磅卖，鸡蛋论打卖。5）表示“按照”或从看”例：By my watch it is half past eleven.我的表是十一点半。By the expression on
38、 his face，he seemed to be displeased.从他的面部表情来看，他似乎不高兴。练习：翻译下列句子1、Can you finish the work by five oclock？2、The bullet missed him by two inches.3、We sell ice creams by the thousand in summer.答案：1、你能在五点钟以前完成这项工作吗？2、那颗钉子差两英寸就打中他了。3、我们在夏天出售的冰激淋数以千计。6. beyong的用法1）表示“（时间）过了，比晚，迟于”。例：They arrived beyond nin
39、e oclock.他们过了9点才到。He delayed the matter beyond the fixed time.他把那件事拖过了规定的时间。2）表示“（位置）在的那边，在以外”例：The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.那个小村庄在离城20英里以外的地方。The village is beyond the mountain.村庄在山的那边。These students came from beyond the seas.这些学生来自海外。（3）表示“（范围）超过，为所不及”。例：This book is beyond me.这本书
40、我看不懂。He is living beyond his income.他的生活入不敷出。Her work is beyond praise.她的工作令人赞不绝口。Good health is beyond price.健康的身体是无价之宝。It was a case beyond the doctors skill.那位医生治不了这种病。练习：Sorry, Madam. Youd better come tomorrow because its the visiting hours.答案：beyond7、表示“关于”的介词：about，on, ofabout指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事，其谈论
41、的内容也较为普通；而on则指比较有系统地或理论性较强地论述某事，其论述的内容较正式或较严肃。在与tell，read，know，think等动词连用时，of侧重于粗略涉及，而about涉及的情况则详细得多。例：He wrote on mathematics.他撰写数学著作。He wrote about the school.他编写有关这所学校的情况。It is a book on birds.那是一本论及鸟类的书。（可能是一本学术著作）It is a book about birds.那是一本关于鸟的书。（可能是一本供小孩看的关于鸟类的故事书）I know of him.我对他有所了解。（只是大
42、致了解）练习：用about，on，of填空1、He usually tells me some stories Lei Feng.2、Tell me him 3、They talked you at the meeting yesterday.4、He is reading a book the history of China.答案：1、about2、about3、about/of4、on8.表示所用的原料的介词：of, from(常与be made连用)of 表示从成品仍可看出原材料例：The house is made of glass.这个房子是用玻璃做的。from表示从成品中已看不出
43、原材料例：Steel is made from iron.钢是由铁炼的。练习：Obviously, the top of the table is made glass.Its difficult for me to tell what the box is made .答案：1、of2、from9. because of, owing to, due to, thanks to1) because of一般作状语，不作表语，位于句首或句尾例：He walked slowly because of his bad leg.他因为腿不方便而行走缓慢。2) owing to通常作状语，一般不作表语
44、例：The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain.这场比赛因大雨被取消了。3) due to通常作表语或状语，一般不放于句首例：The teams success was largely due to her efforts.这个队的成功很大程度上是她努力的结果。4) thanks to“因为，幸亏，只能作状语，多表示正面的意义，有时也表示讽刺含义例：It was all a great successthanks to a lot of hard work.由于尽心竭力，这才大获成功。练习：1、由于大雨，昨天的运动会被推迟了。2、这次成功很大
45、程度上是由于他们的及时帮助。3、多亏你的帮助，我才取得了这么大的进步答案：1、Because of/Owing to the heavy rain, the sports meeting was put off yesterday.2、The success is largely due to their timely help.3、Thanks to your help, I have made so much progress.10.名词与介词的固定搭配1）要求用to的名词：access，approach，attention，key，answer，apology，introduction，
46、attitude，monument，devotion，journey，entrance，visit等。2）要求用in的名词：interest，expert，pride，trouble等。3）要求用on的名词：congratulations，effect，influence等。4）要求用其他介词的名词：prize（for），respect（for），victory（over），struggle（with），excuse（for），（for）fear（of）等。5）to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”to ones +delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy
47、/regret+ to the+delight/surprise/horror/sorrow/joy/regret+of sb.这种表达法表示结果，用作状语，位于句前、句中、句后皆可，意为“使某人的是”。为了强调，可在to前面加much.练习：1、In order to change attitudes employing women, the government is bringing in new laws.2、I sent them my sincere congratulations their marriage.3、 my anger, all of them went to th
48、e cinema without me.答案：1、to2、on3、To七、介词运用的两个难点问题（一）介词的省略1. 当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等词时，介词常省略。例：He thought it was possible that she would come back that day.他认为她那天有可能回来。2. 表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一讲时，前面不用介词。例：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃个苹果，医生远离我。3. 习惯搭配中介词的省略一些常
49、和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的词类搭配有：spend/waste time（in）doing sth.，have difficulty/trouble（in）doing sth.，be busy（in）doing sth.，stop/prevent sb.（from）doing sth.。（二）介词不可遗漏的情况1. 含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable，dangerous，nice等后面作状语，且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在被动关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。例：The man is hard
50、to deal with.这个人很难对付。This is a good place to live in.这是个居住的好地方。2. 在 too.to，enough to., soas to等结构中，含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语，构成不定式的动词为不及物动词，且该动词与句子的主语构成被动关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不可遗漏。例：The ice is too thin to skate on.冰太薄了，不能在上面滑。The house is too small to live in.这所房子太小了，不能在里面居住。3. 在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。例：All the b
51、abies have been taken good care of in the hospital.所有的婴儿在这家医院里受到了很好的照料。4. 当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。例：The place is well worth paying a visit to.这个地方很值得参观。5. 在定语从句中，当从句的谓语动词和先行词构成被动关系且从句谓语动词为不及物动词时，介词不可遗漏。例：The person who Tom is talking to is my uncle.汤姆正在说话的那个人是我的叔叔。练习：1、That day you shouldnt have spe
52、nt so much time （read）so boring a novel.2、With the final exam approaching，everyone is busy （go）over lessons.3、You cant imagine what difficulty I had （solve）the tough problem.4、The research which he devotes himself is of great importance.5、The math problem is too tough to deal .答案：1、reading2、going3、s
53、olving4、to5、with八、常见介词搭配1.“介词+名词”型（1）in+名词in advance提前，事先，预先in charge主管，掌管，看管；负责in demand有需要的in effect 实际上；生效in order按照顺序，井然有序；情况良好；恰当in return作为回报in vain 徒劳，白费力气的in case如果，万一in common共有，共同in doubt感到疑惑的，难以确定的in fact事实上in progress进行中in turn依次，替换地；相应地，转而（2）on+名词on guard在值勤on holiday在度假on sale出售on leav
54、e在休假on strike罢工on loan 借贷（3）on+the+名词on the move在移动，搬迁；离开on the flow在涨潮on the go正在活动，正在奔走on the fly在飞行on the march在行军on the increase正在增加on the air正在广播（4）beyond+名词beyond ones power是某人力不能及的beyond ones reach够不着beyond words无法用语言形容beyond ones understanding无法理解beyond praise夸不胜夸beyond description难以形容beyond
55、 doubt无疑；肯定（5）under+名词under development在发展中under observation在观察中under test在测试中under construction在建设中under examination在检查（调查）中under consideration在考虑中under repair 在修理中 （6）at+名词at length详细地；长时间地at will任意地at lunch在吃午饭at table在吃饭at sea茫然at work在上班at rest在休息at school上学at peace处于和平状态at church做礼拜（7）out of+名
56、词out of breath上气不接下气地out of date过时out of control失去控制out of style过时，不时髦out of balance失去平衡out of patience不耐烦out of business破产out of the ordinary不寻常的out of touch失去联系（8）in+名词+of in favour of同意，赞成in memory of为纪念in need of需要in charge of负责in honour of为纪念，为庆祝in face of面对in search of寻找in view of由于，鉴于in terms
57、 of在方面in case of如果，万一练习：1. The people in flooded areas are need of food and water.2. We are proud our school where the teachers are strict the students.3.To succeed，youll need to work hard； addition，youll need to be patient and cautious.4. He is aware his shortcomings.5. behalf of my family，I expressed my thanks to her.答案:1.in in need of 需要2.of；with be proud of 以 骄傲；be strict with sb. 对某人严格3.in in addition另外，而且。4.of be aware of 知道，意识到5.On on behalf of 代表