1、代词分为九类：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词、不定代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。1人称代词(1)人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下四种情况：作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。Susan，go and join your sister cleaning the yard.Why me？John is sitting there doing nothing.句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格以及意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thie
2、f was thought to be he.(the thief是主格，故用he替代)They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格，故用her替代)作表语的人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。I met her in the hospital.It was her who I met in the hospital.在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me (I)但在下列句子中有区别：I like Jack as much as her.I like both Jack and h
3、er.I like Jack as much as she.I like Jack and she likes him，too.(2)两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：在并列主语中，“I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You，she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.2物主代词(1)注意名词性和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。(2)ones own.of ones own句式的转换。(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。take s
4、b.by the arm，be wounded in the leg3反身代词(1)反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。(2)反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。devote oneself to致力于dress oneself自己穿衣enjoy oneself过得快乐feel oneself觉得身体正常(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。for oneself为自己；独立地of oneself自然地；自动地by oneself独自地in oneself本身4相互代词(each other，one another)相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为eac
5、h others，one anothers，作定语。一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。5指示代词(this，that，these，those，such，same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。(1)指示代词this (these)和that (those)的区别。this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that (those)常指时间或空间上较远的人或物。This is my desk and that is yours.In those days they co
6、uld not go to school.this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。I want to tell you this：the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday.Thats why he didnt come.为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.The ears of a rabbit are
7、 longer than those of a fox.this在电话用语中用于作自我介绍；that用于询问对方；this和that还可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。Can hard work change a person that much?(2)such和same的用法。such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。Such was the story.We have never seen such a tall building.same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the。The same can be said of the oth
8、er article.Whether he can do it or not，it is all the same to me.6疑问代词(who，whom，which，what，whose)疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。(1)who/what询问姓名或关系。Who is he?He is my brother./He is Henry.询问职业或地位。What is he?He is a lawyer/teacher.what/who 作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。What is/are on the table?Who is/are in the
9、library?(2)which与who，whatwhich表示在一定范围内，而who，what则无此限制。I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?7连接代词和关系代词连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who，whom，whose，what，which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever，whomever，whatever，whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，由连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that。关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who
10、，whom，whose，which，that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。8不定代词不定代词主要有：all，each，every，both，either，neither，one，none，little，few，many，much，other，another，some，any，no等。还有由some，any，no和every构成的合成代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every，no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别：(1)some与any一般用法：some，any可与单、复
11、数可数名词及不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。特殊用法：any用于肯定句表示“任何”。Any child can do that.(定语)You may take any of them.(宾语)some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。Smith went to some place in England.(定语)在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。Would you like some bananas？(邀请)Mum，could you give me some money？(请求)some 用于否定句表示部分否定。I dont
12、 know some of the students.(宾语)some和any还有副词的词性，在句中可作状语。some意为“大约”，相当于about；而any则表示程度，意为“稍微，丝毫”。There are some 300 workers on strike.Do you feel any better today?(2)one，both，allone作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”，其复数为ones；指人时，其所有格是ones，反身代词是oneself。One should try ones best to serve the people.(主语、定语)This i
13、s not the one I want.(表语)one，ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复。one，ones前面分别可以用this，that，these，those或the，which等词修饰。These books are more interesting than those ones.Here are three pens.Which one is yours，this one or that one or the one in the pencil case?both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”。注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全
14、否定时，用neither。Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher.我们俩都不是教师。both不能放在the，these，those，my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。如：Both my parents like this film.Both the/these boys are tall.all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用；除少数情况外，一般不与单数可数名词连用；与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。注意：all 用
15、于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定用none。Not all the ants go out for food.(or：All the ants dont go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食。None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。(3)many和muchmany和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。(4)few，little，a few，a littlefew和little表示“没有多少”，含否定意义；而a few 和a lit
16、tle表示“有一些，有几个”，含肯定意义。另外，few，a few 修饰可数名词；little，a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。(5)no和nonenonot any，表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语。none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。注意：none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。(6)each和everyeach(各个)，指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个)，指三个或三个以上
17、的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调各个个体)Each of them has been there.(主语)The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)We each got a ticket.(同位语)(7)either和neithereither是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词；nei
18、ther是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句中作主语、宾语或定语。Here are two pens.You may take either of them.(宾语)Neither boy knows French.(定语)注意：either用作副词，意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesnt like tea，and I dont either.(状语)either与or连用构成连词，意为“不是就是”或“要么要么”。He is either Japanese or Chinese.neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not.either”。He ca
19、nt do it，neither can Ineither可与nor连用构成连词，意为“既不也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.(8)the other和another，the others 和othersthe other表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other复数可数名词”表示“其余(他)的”；the others表示“其他的人或物”。others及“other复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。He got two books；one is a textbook，and the other is a nov
20、el.Five of the pencils are red；the others (the other pens) are yellow.Some are singing；others are dancing.another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。This coat is too dark.Please show me another.(宾语)Please give me another book.(定语)注意：another修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又”。Please give me another ten m
21、inutes.Please give me ten more minutes.代词与语法填空代词在语法填空中考查指示代词、不定代词以及it的用法时，无提示词，而考查人称代词、物主代词与反身代词的词形变换常给出提示词。典题试做1在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内所给词的正确形式1A few hours before，Id been at home in Hong Kong，with (it) choking smog.(2015全国)答案its解析空格后面有名词smog，故要使用形容词性物主代词its来修饰限定。2Now it occurred to that his farm had
22、much potential and that the death of the cow was a bit of luck.(2015广东)答案him解析It occurred to sb.that.某人突然发现，这是一个固定的句型。根据从句中his可知，填him。3Then the driver stood up and asked，“Did anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop？” A woman on the bus shouted，“Oh dear! Its (I)”(2014新课标全国)答案me/mine解析此题答案不唯一，要根据语境仔细揣
23、摩。此处的It如果指前面的suitcase的话，那么此空需要使用名词性物主代词mine，表示“那个箱子是我的”；如果指前面的anyone的话，那么此空需要用I的宾格形式me，表示“是我在上一站丢失了手提箱”。4Last year，my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation.Some of my friends who had been there before said was a wonderful holiday destination.(2014广东)答案it解析从空后的a wonderful holiday destination可以知道
24、，这个地方就是Miami，用it指代前面提到的地点。5Raise your leg and let stay in the air for seconds.(2014辽宁)答案it解析根据句意可知此处应该填入指代leg的代词。故填it。应对策略11当句子缺主语或宾语时，填代词。要根据语境，看该空格是指人还是指物，是男还是女，是单数还是复数。为了避免重复，it，one(s)，that，those都可以用来替代上文出现的名词，要注意它们的不同用法。it可以用来代替不定式、动名词或从句作形式主语或形式宾语。还要注意不定代词one，both，neither，nor，all，none，either，an
25、other等的用法。2如是物主代词(表示某人的)，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词；在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词；反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时应与主语或宾语一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时需与主语一致。代词与短文改错高考短文改错中，对于代词的考查常会涉及人称不一致、代词混用或漏掉代词等方面出现的错误。典题试做2单句改错(每小题1处错误)1We must find ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so，well live to regret it.(2015全国)答案yourour/the解析
26、从整个语境以及句子的主语来看应该把your改为our才能讲得通，也可以改为the。2Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees around them.(2015浙江)答案themit解析with复合结构是作定语修饰park的，所以这里的代词指的是park，故them应改为it。3Five minutes later，Tony saw parents.(2015全国)答案parents前加his解析句意为：5分钟后，Tony看见了他的父母。没有限定词his句意不够完整，故在parents前加上his。4I wan
27、ted to do anything special for him at his retirement party.(2015陕西)答案anythingsomething解析句意为：我想在他的退休晚会上为他做点儿特别的事情。此处表示某件事(something)而不是任何事情(anything)。5Its been three Saturdays now and it really costs me many.(2015四川)答案manymuch解析many用来指代可数名词复数，而此处指代花费的钱，因此要用much。6In fact，I dont like to go anymore，but
28、Im afraid Ill lose their friendship.What do you think I should do？If you were me，would you talk to him？(2015四川)答案himthem解析根据上文their friendship可知，作者交了多个朋友，故用them。7My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.Neither of the arrows hit the target.Suddenly the arrows were flying dow
29、n at us from the skythey were like rain！(2014陕西)答案NeitherNone解析从后面的“they were like rain”可知，射出去的箭不止两支，因此应把Neither改为None。8We appreciate our apologies and goodwill，but we hope that you can figure out a good way of settling the matter.(2014辽宁)答案ouryour解析人称指代混乱，根据后句中“we hope that you can.”可知，前句句意为：我们感谢你的
30、道歉和友好。故our应改为your。9Then everyone in the carriage began searching for the ticket，which was eventually found under a seat several rows from his owner.(2014浙江)答案hisits/the解析搭配与人称指代混乱。根据句意，此处指前文提到的票(the ticket)的主人。故应把his改为its/the。10The understanding between two friends means both of them have similar id
31、eas and trust each other.Otherwise，it is impossible for him to help each other and to make their friendship last long.(2014大纲全国)答案himthem解析考查上下文的人称指代错误。根据句意应为“对于这两位朋友而言”，故him应改为them。应对策略2对于代词的考查，要注意以下几点：(1)顺藤摸瓜，理清短文中代词的指代关系，注意联系上下文，还要注意人称一致、单复数一致以及性别的一致等；(2)注意人称代词格的误用，以及物主代词、反身代词或疑问代词等的错用；(3)系统掌握it的
32、各种用法；(4)准确把握不定代词在文中的正确使用。书面表达中代词易错点聚焦1主格、宾格混乱，如：(误)You and us should join hands to do it.(正)You and we should join hands to do it.2语序错误，如：(误)I and my family all like playing golf.(正)My family and I all like playing golf.3称谓指代混乱，如：(误)Everyone should take an umbrella with yourself.(正)Everyone should t
33、ake an umbrella with himself or herself.单句语法填空1“But its a tiring job.I have to work whenever there are dogs at home，and no time to enjoy (I)Sometimes I want to go out for a meal or shopping，but I cant do so because I worry about them，” she said.答案myself解析联系前后句以及主语“I”可知，此处考查enjoy oneself，故用myself。2Th
34、e Jazz pioneers were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long hours：When a Negro died，his friends and relatives attended the funeral. formed a procession to carry the body to the grave.答案They解析此处缺少主语，联系上文，此处应为his friends and relatives，故用主格they。3Have you ever lived abroad？When living oversea
35、s in a place where people speak a different language， can be difficult to make yourself understood even in relatively simple but important areas of life，like shopping and getting around town.答案it解析此处考查对代词作形式主语的运用能力。此处用it替代后面真正的主语to make yourself understood.。4This year all the apples are all red.My n
36、iece and nephew are going out this morning to pick for picnic.答案some解析由句意可知，苹果都红了，我侄子和侄女要去摘“一些”用于野餐，故填some。5Walking nearer，she looked up at me and then fixed her eyes on my can.At that time，I hadnt finished my cola，so I gave several coins instead.答案her解析联系上文，该空处应指代上一句中的主语“she”，此处缺宾语，故用宾格her。6If your
37、e buying todays paper from the stand，could you get for me?答案one解析本题的关键词是paper，其作“报纸”讲时是可数名词。结合情景，说话人要对方给自己捎一份报纸，也就是a paper，因此用one来替代。7The cost of renting a house in central Xian is higher than in any other area of the city.答案that解析所填词用于比较状语从句中，指代句中的主语the cost，即指代不可数名词，用that。8To stay awake，he finishe
38、d a cup of coffee and ordered .答案another解析考查不定代词。句意为：为了保持清醒，他喝完了一杯咖啡，又点了一杯。由句意可知，是指在原来基础上“再，又一”，故用another。9Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him，but of them wants to，because they have work to do.答案neither解析but是转折连词，but前面的分句意为“Larry请Bill和Peter和他一起去野餐”，后面分句应为“但是他们两个都不想去”，neither两者都不。10I
39、 got this bicycle for ：My friend gave it to me when she bought a new one.答案nothing解析根据后半句：我朋友买了新自行车，就把这辆旧的送给我了。故用for nothing表示“免费；没花钱”。.单句改错(每小题1处错误)1If its a false alarm and there is no fire，your teacher will lead us back to the classroom.答案usyou2He had a deep voice，which set himself apart from oth
40、ers in our small town，and he was strong and powerful.答案himselfhim3We took ours fishing poles and headed for the lake.答案oursour4Yesterday afternoon，I paid a visit to Mr.Johnson.I was eager to see him，but outside her room I stopped.答案herhis5After thinking for some time，I let her copy my answers.But af
41、ter the test，all of us were called to the teachers office.答案allboth6Dad lost his job，and as Mom explained，“He was lucky to find other one.”答案otheranother7How are you those days？I have been missing you very much since I went to college a year ago.答案thosethese8Mothers Day is coming.Im sorry that I am
42、abroad and cant send your flowers，so Im writing to you.答案youryou9It is such a great hotel that I would recommend it to any friend of me who is going to Beijing.答案memine10I knew that they would be worried about myself because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.答案myselfme
43、.语法填空A(代词专练)I cant believe I made 1.it into San Francisco at long last!This morning，I went to the airport by 2.myself to catch my 10：00 am.flight.I got there early to go through security.Since I had an electronic ticket,3.which was more convenient，I then went straight to the boarding gate.When I got
44、 there，I couldnt believe 4.my eyes.The flight was put off for two hours!I made a decision to look at the flight monitors to see 5.if/whether there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.I saw that there was 6.another flight that will leave in 40 minutes，so I ran to the boarding gate of 7.that flight
45、.When I got there，I asked the gate agent if I could get on that flight instead.She said that I needed to stay in the gate area and wait for my name to be called if 8.they had a seat available.So，I waited，and waited，and waited.9.All the passengers were waiting impatiently.The gate agent began calling
46、 out names.Guess what？I found 10.nobody was behind me.The last name called was 11.mine.The last seat left on the plane was a middle seat and I usually prefer 12.one near a window，but I was just happy to get on board.I didnt want my vacation to get delayed because of a late flight.BHow difficult it i
47、s these days for us 13.to find (find) someone to come and fix our fridge，our TV set or our washing machine if 14.it breaks.Everybody wants to sell us new fridges，new TV sets or new washing machines,15.but nobody wants to fix them when they stop working.One day Mrs.Richard discovered that her washing
48、 machine didnt work,16.so she telephoned a workshop.Three days later,17.a man from the shop came to see 18.what was wrong with her washing machine.But Mrs.Richard was not too glad and said，“Well，youve finally arrived.I called you three days ago.” The man 19.paid (pay) no attention to what she said.He 20.simply (simple) took a piece of paper out of his pocket and looked at it.Then he said，“Three days ago? That was the 21st，wasnt it? Well，I am sorry.Ive come to the wrong place.Im looking for Mrs.Robbers house，not 21.yours.She telephoned me 22.on the 20th.”