1、Section Using languageGrammar构词法一、语法图解二、语法突破1构词法的定义及分类按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫作构词法。英语构词法主要有缩略法(Abbreviation)、合成法(Compounding)、派生法(Derivation)、转化法(Conversion)等。2几种常见的构词法(1)缩略法用单词首字母组成一个新词的英语构词法。这种方式构成的新词，读音有两种：各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音。缩写全称汉语BBCBritish Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司IMFInternational Monetary Fund国际货币
2、基金组织GREGraduate Record Examination美国研究生入学考试TESLTeach English as a Second Language作为第二语言的英语教学UNUnited Nations联合国即时演练1写出下列词汇的缩略词Voice of AmericaVOANational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASAWorld Trade OrganizationWTOUnited Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNESCO(2)合成法合成法
3、是把两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，有些带连字符，有些不带。以合成法构成的单词叫作合成词。分类方法举例合成名词名词名词bookmark 书签 homeowner 房主wheelchair 轮椅guidebook 指南，手册名词动名词handwriting 书法 air conditioning 空调名词动词erpainkiller 止痛药 storyteller 讲故事的人动词名词typewriter 打字机 postmark 邮戳 pushcart 手推车 workshop 研讨会，车间形容词名词gentleman 绅士greenhouse 温室名词动词handshake 握手 s
4、unset 日落介词名词overweight 超重 byproduct 副产品副词动词income 收入 output 产量，输出动词副词cleanup 打扫 closedown 停业 checkup 检查合成形容词名词形容词lifelong 终身的，毕生的snowwhite 雪白的名词动词ingEnglishspeaking 讲英语的 natureloving 热爱自然的 heartbreaking 令人心碎的 breathtaking 激动人心的名词动词edfunfilled 充满乐趣的 manmade 人造的 heartbroken 悲伤的 custommade 定制的形容词动词ingg
5、oodlooking 相貌好看的 easygoing 性格随和的形容词动词edstrongminded 意志坚强的electricpowered 电动的 whitepainted 漆成白色的 illcooked 厨艺差劲的副词动词edwelleducated 受过良好教育的newlymade 新建的 wellknown 著名的副词动词inghardworking 勤劳的介词名词/动词ingunderlying 含蓄的，潜在的动词ed副词builtin内置的，固有的合成动词形容词动词illtreat虐待whitewash刷石灰水副/介词动词overcome 战胜 overthrow 推翻合成副词
6、形容词名词hotfoot 匆忙地anyway 无论如何形容词副词everywhere 到处somehow 不知何故副词副词however 无论如何wholeheartedly 全心全意地介词副词forever 永远介词名词beforehand 预先downstairs 在楼下合成介词副词名词inside 在里outside 在外介词副词throughout 遍及within 在之内副词介词into 到里upon 在之上合成代词代词宾格selfherself 她自己himself 他自己物主代词selfmyself 我自己yourself 你自己形容词名词anything 任何东西everyth
7、ing 一切东西即时演练2写出下列单词的汉语意思greenhouse 温室sunset 日落farreaching 影响深远的heartfelt 由衷的 hotfoot 匆忙地 overcome 战胜(3)派生法在一个词根之前或之后加上某个词缀来生成一个新词的构词法，称作派生法。加在词根之前的词缀叫作前缀，加在词根之后的为后缀。前缀分类举例总结表示否定意义的前缀agree 同意disagree 不同意fair 公平的unfair 不公平的possible 可能的impossible 不可能的understand 理解misunderstand 误解correct 正确的incorrect 不正
8、确的legal 合法的illegal 非法的stop 停下nonstop 直达的regular 规则的irregular 不规则的usual 寻常的unusual 不寻常的表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis， il， im， in，ir， mis， non， un等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。其他意义的前缀see 看见foresee 预见 national 国家的international 国际的film 影片microfilm 微型胶片 night 夜晚midnight 午夜bus 公交车minibus 微型汽车write 写rewrite 重写market 市场sup
9、ermarket 超级商场scope 视界telescope 望远镜表示其他意义的前缀常用的有： anti (反对；抵抗), auto(自动), co (共同), inter(互相), re(再；又), sub(下面的；次；小), tele(强调距离)等。改变词性的前缀large 大的enlarge 扩大courage 勇气encourage 鼓励value 价值devalue 降低的价值little 小的belittle 轻视board 甲板aboard 在船上side 旁边aside 在旁边door 门outdoor 户外的break 打破outbreak 爆发改变词性的前缀有en，de，
10、be，a，out等。en前缀通常加在形容词或名词前构成动词；de前缀通常加在名词之前构成动词，其意义大多和原名词相反；be前缀可加在名词或形容词前构成动词；a前缀常加在名词或描述性动词之前，构成形容词或副词；out前缀可加在名词之前构成形容词，加在动词之前构成名词。后缀分类举例总结构成名词的后缀depend 依靠dependence 依靠China 中国Chinese 中国人，汉语clean 清扫cleaner 清洁工visit 拜访visitor 来访者art 艺术artist 艺术家agree 同意agreement 同意kind 善良的kindness 善良invent 发明invent
11、ion 发明构成名词的后缀常用的有ence，ese(表示某地人或语言)，er/or/ist(表示人)，ess(雌性)，ian(精通的人)，ist(专业人员)，ment，ness(性质；状态)，tion(动作；过程)等。构成形容词的后缀nature 自然natural 自然的reason 道理reasonable 有道理的America 美国American 美国的gold 金子golden 金的east 东eastern 东方的China 中国Chinese 中国人的child 孩子childish 孩子气的snow 雪snowy 下雪的构成形容词的后缀常用的有al，able(有能力的)，(a
12、)n(某国的)，en(多用于表示材料的名词后)，ern(方向的)，ese(某国人的)，ful，(ic)al，ish，ive，less(表示否定)，like(像的)，ly，ous，some，y(表示天气)等。构成副词的后缀angry 生气的angrily 生气地to 到towards 朝，向east 东方eastward 向东构成副词的后缀常用的有ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。构成动词的后缀wide 宽的widen 加宽beauty 美人beautify 美化pure 纯的purify 提纯real 真的realize 意识到o
13、rgan 器官organize 组织构成动词的后缀常用的有(e)n(多用于形容词之后), fy(使化), ize(使成为)。构成数词的后缀six 六sixteen 十六sixteenth 第十六four 四forty 四十fortieth 第四十构成数词的后缀有teen (十几)，ty (几十)，th(序数词)。即时演练3给下列单词加上适当的词缀incomplete 不完全的impossible 不可能的enlarge 扩大recycle 再循环，回收cooperate 合作international 国际的wooden 木制的widen 加宽scholarship 奖学金honesty 诚实
14、(4)转化法把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法。用法举例动词转化为名词I think wed better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好现在结束。He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子。名词转化为动词Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗？Hand in your papers, please.请把你们的试卷交上来。She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康。形容词转化为动词We will try our best to
15、better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。形容词转化为名词The rich do not necessarily live a happy life.富人并不一定生活得幸福。She was dressed in blue.她穿着蓝色衣服。即时演练4写出下列句中加黑词的含义He emptied the bottle.腾空，倒空Each young person must shoulder his responsibility.肩负，承担Open the windows to cool the room.使凉快，使冷却You should pictur
16、e to yourself the brilliant future ahead of us.描绘，想象The girl in black appears very beautiful.黑色的衣服1come across 偶然发现，偶然遇见(教材P17) When you open a dictionary, you often come across a lot of unfamiliar words.当你打开字典时，你经常会遇到许多不熟悉的单词。come about 发生come up with 赶上；提出，想出(主意、解决方法、计划等)come true 实现come out 出来，显露
17、；开花；出版，发表；上市(经典佳句)She came across an old diary while clearing out her drawer.她在清理抽屉的时候偶然发现了一本旧日记。练透单句语法填空The smartphonelike glasses will likely come out this year and cost between $250 and $600.Can you tell me how the accident came about?The other day I came across a friend in the street.写美补全句子她想出了增
18、加销售量的好方法。She came up with a good idea for increasing sales.巧学助记I came across an old friend in the street last Friday.He said his dream would come true soon, because his new book would come out next month.We also talked about the accident that came about that day.上周五我在街上碰见一位老朋友。他说他的梦想就要实现了，因为他的新书将于下个
19、月出版。我们还谈到了那天发生的事故。2be made up of 由组成(教材P17) And sometimes a word is made up of the first letters of several words .并且有时候一个单词由几个单词的首字母组成make up编造；化妆；组成；占比例make up for 弥补consist of 由组成be composed of 由组成(经典佳句)Food is made up of carbohydrates, proteins and fats.食物由碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪构成。练透单句语法填空I think its very
20、 unkind of you to make up stories about him.Ask for an extra compensation payment to make up for the stress you have been caused.写美一句多译这本作品是由诗、散文和短篇小说三部分组合而成的。The collection consists of three parts：poems, essays and short stories.The collection is made up of three parts：poems, essays and short stori
21、es.The collection is composed of three parts：poems, essays and short stories.名师点津be made up of, be composed of 和consist of都是表示“由组成”，但是consist of只能用主动，不可用于被动语态。3likely adj.可能的，可能发生的(2020全国卷)She also said there were likely a number of other genes that help the Bajau dive.她还说，可能还有其他一些基因帮助巴瑶人潜水。辨清likely
22、/possible/probablelikely主语可以是人也可以是物。常用于“It is likely that .或sb./sth.be likely to do .”句型中，但不能说“It is likely for sb.to do sth.”possible主语不能是人，常用句式“It is possible for sb.to do sth.”或“It is possible that .”probable不能用人或不定式作主语，常用句式为“It is probable that .”(经典佳句)The study showed that one in twelve women i
23、s likely to develop breast cancer.研究表明，十二分之一的女性可能会患上乳腺癌。练透单句语法填空This decision is likely to upset (upset) a lot of people.Would it be possible for me to leave (leave) a message for her?写美一句多译我们有可能在这么短的时间内完成这项任务吗？Is it likely/possible/probable that we can finish the task in such a short time?Is it pos
24、sible for us to finish the task in such a short time?Is the task likely to be finished in such a short time?维度一基础题型练单句语法填空1On a stormy (storm) night, his son was missing on the way back home.2He didnt like his work; he did it simply (simple) for the money.3Martin was very helpful (help); we couldnt
25、have finished the work on time without him.4Mr Lee said that the smiles and happiness (happy) of the children gave him great courage every day.5I can never find the difference (differ) between the twins.6Tim will come back on the twelfth (twelve) of next month.7This is a new programme to enable (abl
26、e) older people to study at college.8Our foreign teacher Michael has mapped (map) out a plan of his bicycle trip already.9Surprisingly (surprise), he should lose his temper in public.10It is illegal (legal) to drive after drinking alcohol in most countries.维度二语法与写作补全句子1这些树上的新鲜水果从一个国家运到另一个国家。Fresh fr
27、uit from these trees is shipped from one country to another.2这间公寓能容纳六个人和一条狗。This apartment can house six people and a dog.3为了避免膝盖疼痛，做运动来加强你的腿部肌肉。To avoid knee pain, do exercises to strengthen your leg muscles.4他的父母完全误解了他，还狠狠地批评了他。His parents completely misunderstood him and criticized him heavily.5汤
28、姆很沮丧，因为他父亲不允许他参加歌唱比赛。Tom was discouraged because his father didnt allow him to take part in the singing competition.6你在公共场合问女士一些私人问题是不礼貌的。Its impolite of you to ask a lady some personal questions in public.维度三以语段形式练习语法利用构词法知识补全短文Li Hua, my 1.classmate (同班同学), is 2.hardworking (勤奋的)To improve his listening skill, every day he gets up at six and listens to 3.VOA (美国之音)Whats more, he is also 4.warmhearted (热情的) and willing to help others.On his way to school yesterday, he came across a 5.homeless (home) person and 6.handed (递给) 100 yuan to him.He set an example to us students.