1、Unit 4Public transport课前预习导学课标导航句型动名词作主语which引导非限制性定语从句现在分词作状语反意疑问句，表示提出建议it作形式主语when引导时间状语从句语法短语动词写作写一封关于旅行计划的电子邮件考向which引导非限制性定语从句；现在分词作状语主题导读阅读下面的文章，试着完成下列问题Road safety：a public health issueAt the inquest into the worlds first road traffic death in 1896，the coroner was reported to have said “this
2、 must never happen again”More than a century later,1.2 million people are killed on roads every year and up to 50 million more are injured.These casualties of the road will increase if action is not taken.Throughout the world，roads are bustling with cars，buses，trucks，motorcycles，mopeds and other typ
3、es of twoand threewheelers.By making the transportation of goods and people faster and more efficient，these vehicles support economic and social development in many countries.But while motorized travel provides many benefits，it can also do serious harm unless safety is made a priority.Pedestrians an
4、d cyclists using roads are particularly at risk.Crashes are frequent.Deaths and injuries are common.If current trends continue，the number of people killed and injured on the worlds roads will rise by more than 60% between 2000 and 2020.Most of these injuries will occur in developing countries where
5、more and more people are using motorized transport，in these countries，cyclists，motorcyclists，users of public transport，and pedestrians are especially vulnerable to road traffic injuries.Road deaths and injuries are preventableThere are solutions to the road safety problem.A wide range of effective i
6、nterventions exist，and experience in countries with long histories of motorised travel has shown that a scientific and systematic approach to road safety is essential to tackling the problem.This approach addresses the traffic system as a whole and looks at the interactions between vehicles，road use
7、rs and the road infrastructure to identify solutions.There is no single blueprint for road safety.Interventions and strategies that work in one setting may need to be adapted elsewhere.During the coming months，WHO will focus specifically on interventions relating to five of the many factors that cau
8、se road traffic deaths and injuries.Making our roads saferWorld Health Day 2004 is dedicated to the theme of road safety.On this day 7 April WHO and the World Bank will launch the World report on road traffic injury prevention，which presents the current knowledge of the global road traffic injury pr
9、oblem and offers sciencebased evidence and solutions to address it.WHO and partners are also launching a oneyear global road safety campaign，which aims to promote action to prevent road injuries.The loss and suffering associated with road traffic deaths and injuries are preventable.With firm politic
10、al will and an integrated approach that addresses vehicles，the people who use roads，and the road infrastructure，roads can be made safer.Questions：1How many people are killed on roads every year now according to the text?答案：2 million people（are killed on roads every year）.2How can people prevent road
11、 traffic deaths and injuries?答案：With firm political will and an integrated approach that addresses vehicles，the people who use roads，and the road infrastructure，roads can be made safer.诱思探究Do you know any effective approach that can make our roads safer?答案：The answer is various.基础导练词汇拓展1_adv.遗憾地，不幸地
12、_ adv.幸运地_ adj.幸运的答案：unfortunately；fortunately；fortunate2_ adj.难以置信的_ adj.可信的 _ v.相信，认为_ n.相信，信赖，信念答案：unbelievable；believable；believe；belief3_ v.承担，从事_ n.承担者，承办人答案：undertake；undertaker4_n.所有权，产权_ n.主人_ v.拥有adj.自己的答案：ownership；owner；own5_ v.扩大，扩展_ adj.大的，多数的答案：enlarge；large6_ n.周年纪念日 _ adj.每年的，一年一次的答
13、案：anniversary；annual7_ n.增加，增长 _ v.种植，生长答案：growth；grow8_ n.询问，咨询 _ v.询问，调查答案：enquiry；enquire9_ n.少量的人或物；一把的量_n.手vt.传递答案：handful；hand10_v.分割，分开_（过去分词）答案：split；split11_n.接待员_ n.接待，接收_ v.接待；收到答案：receptionist；reception；receive12_ n.预定，预约_ v.预约，储备，保留答案：reservation；reserve13_n.离开，出发_ v.离开，出发答案：departure；d
14、epart14_ adj.好斗的，挑衅的_v.侵犯，挑衅答案：aggressive；aggress15_ adj.喝醉的n.醉汉 _ v.喝酒，喝答案：drunk；drink短语互译1convey sth.to sb._答案：向某人传达某事2pull through _答案：渡过难关；恢复健康3accelerate the pace of _答案：加快的步伐4postpone doing sth._答案：推迟做某事5link up_答案：会合；连接；联系6function as_答案：具有功能7in total_答案：总计8come up with_答案：提出；想出；赶上9try out_答案
15、：试验；考验10make out_答案：理解；辨认出11put through_答案：接通；完成；使经受12decide on_答案：决定；选定13split up_答案：分裂，分离14make the arrangements_答案：安排15arise from_答案：由引起，起因于16be aimed at_答案：旨在，为了；以为目的17be true of_答案：符合于；对适用18in connection with_答案：与有关；与相连重点句型1However，most trains to London only went to the outer city limits，becaus
16、e _ _ _ _ _ _ would have damaged many old buildings.但大部分通往伦敦的火车只到外伦敦的边界，因为在市区修建铁路会损坏许多古建筑。答案：building railway tracks into the city2Passengers were transported in carriages without windows，_ were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines.旅客乘坐的都是没有窗户的车厢，这些车厢由蒸汽机驱动，穿梭于狭窄的隧道。答案：which 3_ _ the s
17、ituation，a wealthy American businessman，Charles Yerkes，undertook improving the system in 1902 by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London.看到这种情况，一名叫查尔斯耶基斯的美国富商于1902年承担起了改善地铁系统的工程，他买下许多不同的地铁线，创立了伦敦电力地铁公司。答案：Having seen4So，_ _ t
18、ake a trip on the oldest underground system today?所以，今天为什么不乘坐最古老的地铁观光一番呢？答案：why not5_ was interesting to read about how the London Underground developed.阅读伦敦地铁发展史是很有趣的。答案：It6_ _ _ _，cyclists should walk next to their bicycles to avoid causing any accidents.当在人行道上时，骑自行车的人应该靠近自行车旁走，避免造成任何事故。答案：When on
19、 the pavement7Carrying more than a light load on your bicycle _ _ _ _ _ _.用自行车带上重物使得车子难以控制。答案：makes it more difficult to control在预习中还有哪些问题需要你在听课时加以关注？请在下列表格中做个备忘吧！课堂合作探究Section Welcome to the unit，Reading & Word power文本感知阅读The first underground in the world，回答下列问题1Why did most trains to London only
20、go to the outer city limits?ABecause building railway tracks into the city would have needed much money.BBecause building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings.CBecause the British government didnt approve the plan.DBecause the technology was not so advanced then.答案：B2If
21、 you travelled on the underground in 1884，you would _.Alook out of the window of your carriage to enjoy the sceneryBsee the smoke caused by steam enginesCsuffer from noiseDgo to the south in London答案：B3Why are travelling on the underground lines inconvenient in the 1880s?ABecause the price of the ti
22、ckets was very high.BBecause you should queue up.CBecause the speed of the underground was slow.DBecause each line was separately owned and many were very far from each other.答案：D4The underground stations were functioned as the following EXCEPT _.Abomb sheltersBan underground airplane factoryCmeetin
23、g roomsDfield hospitals答案：D5What is TRUE about Victoria Line?AIt links with some lines of London.BIt is the last line added.CIt was built in honour of the twentyfifth anniversary of Queen Elizabeths crowning.DIt helps make the underground system more userfriendly.答案：D6This year is the _ anniversary
24、of Queen Elizabeths crowning.A25th B50th C58th D60th答案：C7From the passage，we learn that _.Aif you buy a travel card，you can travel all over LondonBthree million people travel on the underground every yearCthe network of the underground system includes 12 lines and people can go sixtytwo miles out of
25、 LondonDthe London underground is the oldest and most complex system in the world答案：D8What is the main idea of the passage?AIt tells the history and the development of London underground.BIt tells the function of the London underground in World War.CWhy London underground was built.DMany people cont
26、ributed to the building of London underground.答案：A阅读The first underground in the world，完成下列短文London Underground has the _1_ of being the oldest and most complex underground system in the world.Rail services to London were developed early；unfortunately，the number of _2_ on the road choked off traffic
27、.This problem _3_ the development of the underground system.The first _4_ were opened in 1863.Better ways for digging tunnels _5_ the pace of the London Undergrounds development，more independent underground lines were made.However，travelling on these lines was not _6_ as each line was owned by a dif
28、ferent company and many were very far from each other.Later，a wealthy American businessman _7_ the system.During World War ，many underground stations _8_ bomb shelters.After World War ，more people travelled on the underground，so more lines were _9_，which helped make the system more _10_.Today，the Lo
29、ndon underground system is working to _11_ millions of people effectively as it has done for many years.答案：1distinction2vehicles3led to4tunnels5accelerated6convenient7improved8functioned as9added10userfriendly11transport导学互动1They pick up and drop off people at different stops on the route.（Page 49）它
30、们在沿途不同的站点上下客。（1）pick up用汽车搭载某人或接某人Ill pick you up at 7 oclock.七点钟我开车来接你。He picked up a hitchhiker.他中途让一个搭便车的人上了车。联想拓展pick up还可表示很多意思，如：“好转，改善”；“重新开始，继续，站起来”；“举起，拿起，拾起”；“（电台、电视机等）接收到（信号等）”；“（偶然）得到，听到，学会”。（2）drop off中途下客或卸货Could you drop me（off）near the post office?你可以在邮局附近让我下车吗？You left your jacket，b
31、ut I can drop it off on my way to work tomorrow.你忘了拿你的夹克衫，不过我可以在明天上班的路上顺便捎给你。联想拓展drop across 偶然遇见drop away 离开，散去drop back 退后，后撤drop behind 落伍，落在之后drop by（美）顺便访问一下drop in（on sb.）顺便走访（某人）drop out 退学，退出drop into 顺便进入（某处），不知不觉形成（习惯）；不知不觉进入（某种状态）联想拓展辨析：drop off/get off二者都表示“下车”，但drop off的宾语是人；而get off是从车
32、上下来，其宾语多为the bus，the train等。单项填空（1）Ill have to_ my spoken English before I have an interview to be an interpreter.Atake upBturn upCbring up Dpick up答案：D解析：pick up在此句中是“改善”的意思。（2）Under careful treatment，Mary is _ and will soon recover.Apicking up Bmaking upCtaking up Dspeeding up答案：A解析：根据“under caref
33、ul treatment”可知“玛丽正在恢复”，故A项正确。（3）By communicating with the native girl，the foreign tourist _ several sentences expressing surprise.Apicked up Blooked upCdressed up Ddid up答案：A解析：pick up“（偶然）学会”。完成句子（4）我将让你在书店附近下车。Ill _ _ _ near the bookstore.答案：drop you off（5）他们在公交车站下了车。They _ _ _ _ at the bus stop.
34、答案：got off the bus2However，most trains to London only went to the outer city limits，because building railway tracks into the city would have damaged many old buildings.（Page 50，Lines 46）但大部分通往伦敦的火车只到外伦敦的边界，因为在市区修建铁路会损坏许多古建筑。（1）句中building railway tracks into the city是动名词短语，在because引导的原因状语从句中作主语。该原因状语
35、从句中使用了虚拟语气，相当于：“if railway tracks had been built into the city，it would have damaged many old buildings.”。Going to a British high school one year was a very enjoyable and exciting experience for me.在英国上了一年的中学对我来说是一段非常令人愉快和兴奋的经历。Walking after a meal is a very good habit.饭后散步是一个很好的习惯。联想拓展有时候可以用it作形式主语
36、，而动名词短语作真正的主语。类似用语有：Its no use/good/fun/worth动名词的结构。Its no use crying over the split milk.（谚语）覆水难收。Its no good going on diets.节食是毫无益处的。（2）limit n. 极限；界限；限度vt. 限制；限定She knew the limits of her power.她知道自己的权限。That fence shows the limit of my garden.那篱笆就是我的花园的边界。The amount of money you have to spend wil
37、l limit your choice.你要消费的金额会限制你的选择。All speeches were limited to 10 minutes.所有发言一律限定在十分钟内。联想拓展limited adj. 有限的limitless adj. 无限的be/go over/beyond the limit超过限度set a limit/limits on 对加以限制完成句子（1）他限制自己一天喝三杯啤酒。He limits himself _ _ three cups of beer a day.答案：to drinking（2）车速限制是多少？What is the _ _？答案：spee
38、d limit（3）必须把数目限制在五个。The number must be _ _ _.答案：limited to five3Horsedrawn buses，trams，cabs and carriages were used to convey people to and around the city centre.（Page 50，Lines 67）马拉的公交车、有轨电车、出租车和马车用来运送人们到城市中心或者城市周围。convey vt.运送，输送；表达We convey oil from Middle East.我们从中东运输石油。Words cant convey my fe
39、elings.言语无法表达我的心情。单项填空More often than not，it is difficult to _ the exact meaning of a Tang poem in English.AconveyBexchangeCtransfer Dconsult答案：A解析：convey在此是“表达”的意思。4.so the digging was postponed until 1860.（Page 50，Line 15）于是（地铁的）挖掘工作推迟到1860年。postpone vt.延迟，延期The conference was postponed to Monday.
40、会议被延迟至星期一。The commander decided to postpone the big push until the spring.司令官决定把大规模的进攻推迟到春天进行。They postponed sending an answer to a request.他们耽搁了对一项请求的答复。联想拓展（1）“推迟（耽搁）做某事”要用postpone doing sth.（2）同义短语：put offShe keeps putting off going to the dentist.她老是拖延着不去看牙医。完成句子（1）我得把我们的约会延期。I have to _ our app
41、ointment.答案：postpone同义句转换（每空一词）（2）Just because of the rain，the sports meet was put off.Just because of the rain，the sports meet was _.答案：postponed5Passengers were transported in carriages without windows，which were pulled through the narrow tunnels by steam engines.（Page 50，Lines 1718）旅客乘坐的都是没有窗户的车厢
42、，这些车厢由蒸汽机驱动，穿梭于狭窄的隧道。这是一个复合句，其中which代替先行词carriages，引导非限制性定语从句。He lives in Beijing，which is the capital of China.他住在中国的首都北京。He gave me a book，which is very interesting.他给了我一本很有趣的书。联想拓展which在定语从句中的用法小结：（1）代替一个名词或代词，引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语或宾语。（2）关系代词as和which都能引导非限制性定语从句，用来指代修饰整个句子，其区别如下：as引导的定语从句可放在主句前
43、，也可放在主句后，意为“正如，正像”，从句的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，announce等。which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后，意为“这一点”。As is known to all，he is an honest person.He is an honest person，as is known to all.众所周知，他是一个诚实的人。He was late for school again，which made the teacher very angry.他又迟到了，这件事使老师很生气。He turned out to
44、be very successful，which was more than we could expect.出乎我们的意料，他成功了。用which和as完成句子（1）_ we all know，Galileos theory of falling objects is right.答案：As（2）He failed once more in the match，_ was a great pity.答案：which（3）_ is announced in todays newspapers，all schools will reopen on September 1.答案：As（4）Doro
45、thy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，_，of course，made the others unhappy.答案：which（5）His English，_ used to be poor，is now excellent.答案：which6Because of the smoke from the steam engines，early underground lines needed large holes leading to the surface at regular intervals，so that peo
46、ple could get fresh air and would not choke.（Page 50，Lines 2325）因为发动机的烟，早期的地铁线需要大量的通到地表的有规则间隔的洞，以便人们能够呼吸到新鲜的空气而不至于窒息。choke vi.& vt.（使）窒息；（使）哽咽；塞满，堵塞The road was choked off by a broken car.路被一辆坏了的车堵塞了。Be aware that the infant will cough，sputter，and choke during feedings.注意幼儿在吃奶时会咳嗽、喷溅或呛噎。I wonder why
47、 he always tries to choke me off from going to see him.我不知道为什么他总是不让我去看他。联想拓展choke off限制，阻止choke back 抑制choke with（尤指感情激动）说不出话来完成句子（1）女孩讲个没完，她的母亲不得不加以阻止。The girl talked endlessly and her mother had to _ _ _.答案：choke her off（2）他气得声音哽咽。His voice was _ _ rage.答案：choking with7These new ways of digging ac
48、celerated the pace of the London Undergrounds development.（Page 50，Lines 2728）这些新的隧道挖掘方法加快了伦敦地铁发展的步伐。（1）accelerate vt.& vi.（使）加速；促进；加快The car accelerated as it overtook me.那辆车一加速就超过我了。They use special chemicals to accelerate the growth of crops.他们使用特殊的化学药物促进庄稼生长。（2）pace n. 步伐；速度She walked at a slow
49、pace.她慢步行走。She works so fast that I cant keep pace with her.她干得太快，我跟不上她。I was only a few paces behind the winner.我比获胜者只落后了几步。句子翻译（1）Inflation continues to accelerate._答案：通货膨胀不断加速。翻译下列词组（2）跟上的步伐 _答案：keep pace with（3）the pace of life _答案：生活节奏（4）at ones own pace _答案：按自己的节奏8Having seen the situation，a w
50、ealthy American businessman，Charles Yerkes，undertook improving the system in 1902 by obtaining ownership of the many different lines and setting up the Underground Electric Railways Company of London.（Page 51，Lines 3336）看到这种情况，一名叫查尔斯耶基斯的美国富商于1902年承担起了改善地铁系统的工程，他买下许多不同的地铁线，创立了伦敦电力地铁公司。（1）Having seen
51、the situation为现在分词作状语当分词表示的动作与其逻辑主语为主动关系时，常用作状语，表示原因、时间、方式、结果、条件或伴随情况。分词的否定形式直接在分词前加not。如果分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，分词往往用完成式。Having lit a candle，she went out.点燃蜡烛后，她就出去了。Having heard this，the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction.听到这一点，那位女宇航员表示满意。Not knowing her telephone number，I couldnt ring her up.由
52、于不知道她的电话号码，我无法打电话给她。Opening the door，he found nobody in.打开门后，他发现里面没人。（2）undertake vt.& vi. 承担，从事；承诺，答应They began to undertake a big enterprise.他们已着手开创一番大事业。University professors both teach and undertake research.大学教授既要教学又要从事研究工作。She undertook the responsibilities for the reform.她承担了这次改革的责任。She under
53、took to pay back the money within six months.她答应在6个月内还清款项。联想拓展undertake a task/project/research/an investigation 承担任务/项目；从事研究；进行调查undertake sth.承担某事；着手某事undertake to do/that 担保做某事用现在分词短语改写下列句子（1）Because he didnt know how to do it，he turned to her for help._答案：Not knowing how to do it，he turned to he
54、r for help.（2）Li Ming sat at the desk and wrote an article in English._答案：Li Ming sat at the desk writing an article in English.（3）As soon as she had made the bed，she started making breakfast._答案：Having made the bed，she started making breakfast.完成句子（4）他答应星期五之前完成这项工作。He _ _ finish the job by Friday.答
55、案：undertook to（5）我不能担保你会获利。I cant _ _ you will make a profit.答案：undertake that（6）谁会承担这项任务？Who will _ _ _？答案：undertake the task9.all the different bus and train lines were placed under the authority of the Board.（Page 51，Lines 3839）所有不同的公交、火车线路都归该董事会掌管。authority n. 权力，权威；官方，当权者；批准，授权She now has autho
56、rity over the people who used to be her bosses.她现在管着过去是她上司的人。Nothing will be done because no one in authority takes the matter seriously.什么也办不了，因为掌权的人谁也不认真对待这个问题。He is an authority on grammar.他是语法方面的权威。联想拓展be in authoritybe in power 掌权under the authority of 经批准have the authority for/to do 有的权力完成句子（1
57、）我们是经联合国授权行动的。We acted _ _ _ _ the UN.答案：under the authority of（2）我得向官方报告此事。I have to report this _ _ _.答案：to the authority（3）现在谁掌权？Who is _ _ now?答案：in authority/power10This helped make the system more userfriendly.（Page 51，Lines 5152）这使得（地铁）系统更加方便使用。userfriendly adj. 方便用户的，便于使用的This program is muc
58、h more userfriendly.这个程序更加方便使用。联想拓展（1）userfriendly是由user和friendly合成的，注意friendly是形容词。类似的单词还有：environmentfriendly环境友好的，有利于环境的。类似的有下列短语：userfriendly computers 容易操作的计算机；a consumerfriendly policy 一项对消费者有利的政策；a readerfriendly novel 一本容易读懂的小说（2）user n.使用者；用户userfriendliness n.方便使用完成句子（1）电脑程序更容易使用了。Computer
59、 programs have become _ _.答案：more userfriendly（2）这是一本电脑操作便利指南。This is _ _ _ to operate the computer.答案：a userfriendly guide11So，why not take a trip on the oldest underground system today？（Page 51，Lines 5859）所以今天为什么不乘坐最古老的地铁观光一番呢？“why not动词原形”用于提出建议Why not introduce her to your parents?你为什么不介绍她给你父母认识
60、？Why not come and see me tomorrow?明天来看我好吗？I wont go for a picnic.我不去野餐。Why not?为什么不去？Lets go to the movies.我们去看电影吧。Why not？好啊！联想拓展（1）Why not do .？Why dont you do .？用来表示提出建议，意为“为什么不做呢？”。（2）Why not .？还可用于询问不做某事的原因，意为“为什么不呢？”。（3）Why not？可表示赞成对方意见，意为“好啊”。（4）Why do sth.？Why do you do .？表示谴责，意为“为什么要做？”。单项
61、填空（1）How about the two of us chatting online?_ Its much cheaper than talking on the phone.ANo way.BWhy not?CNever mind.DNo matter.答案：B解析：no way “没门”；why not“好啊”；never mind “没关系；不用担心”。（2）Jewelry？Do you need jewelry？_ not just a flower?AWhy BWhatCWhich DHow答案：A解析：Why not just a flower？相当于“Why dont you
62、 just wear a flower？”。12It was interesting to read about how the London Underground developed.（Page 53）阅读伦敦地铁发展史是很有趣的。在本句中，it作形式主语，真正的主语是不定式；it作形式主语，真正的主语还可由that引导的从句充当。It is hard to persuade him to give up smoking.劝他戒烟很难。It is suggested that the meeting（should）be put off.有人建议会议应该延期。It is believed t
63、hat everything will go smoothly.人们相信一切都会顺利进行。联想拓展（1）it作形式主语或形式宾语时，常常代替不定式、动名词或从句。（2）it作形式主语的常用句式有：It isadj.that .It isadj.for/of sb.to do sth.It is no use/good doing sth.It seems/appears/happens that .It isn.（a shame，a pity）that .It isv.ed（said/reported/believed/hoped/thought .）that .单项填空（1）_ in the
64、 regulations that you should not tell other people the password of your email account.AWhat is requiredBWhat requiresCIt is requiredDIt requires答案：C解析：it作形式主语，真正的主语是that引导的从句。（2）Its important for the figures _ regularly.Ato be updated Bto have been updatedCto update Dto have updated答案：A解析：the figures与update之间为被动关系，所以用不定式的被动式。提示：用最精练的语言把你当堂掌握的核心知识的精华部分和基本技能的要领部分写下来并进行识记。
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