1、Albert Einstein was born in Ulm，Germany in 1879.When he was a boy，he liked to ask questions.By the time he was fourteen years old，he had learned advanced mathematics all by himself.He wanted to be a physicist and devote himself to abstract (抽象的) research.However, his family could not pay for the adv
2、anced education that young Albert needed.But his parents did manage to send him to a technical school.After graduation，he went to work.With the pay that he received，he was later able to go on with his education at the University of Zurich，where he received a doctors degree in 1905.This was the perio
3、d when he first began the research and studies which led to his famous “Theory of Relativity”Einstein cared little for money.He once refused to speak on the radio for $1，000 a minute.Another time he was seen using a check for $1，500 as a bookmark.Then he lost the book!Besides his work in physics，he
4、spent much time working for human rights and progress.理解(True or False)1Albert Einstein learned advanced mathematics with the help of others.(F)2Albert Einstein would like to be a physicist when young.(T)3Albert Einstein spent much time making money.(F)积累 advanced adj.先进的；高级的physicist n.物理学家devote o
5、neself to全身心投入于manage to达成；设法graduation n.毕业(典礼)Theory of Relativity相对论refuse v.拒绝；回绝Section Reading and Thinkingcholera n霍乱used to 过去常常severe adj.极为恶劣的；十分严重的；严厉的diarrhoea n腹泻dehydration n脱水outbreak n爆发frustrated adj.懊恼的；沮丧的；失意的attend to照顾once and for all 最终地；彻底地in general一般来说contradictory adj.相互矛盾的
6、；对立的；不一致的infection n感染；传染infect vt.使感染；传染germ n微生物；细菌；病菌subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)subscribe to同意；赞同proof n证据；证明；检验consequently adv.因此；所以investigate v调查multiple adj.数量多的；多种多样的pump n泵；抽水机；打气筒water pump 水泵household n一家人；家庭；同住一所(套)房子的人suspect vt.& vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任n犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象blame vt.把归咎于；责怪；指责n责备；指责d
7、eliver vt.运送；传递as a result of由于；因为accordingly adv.相应地handle n把手；拉手；柄vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)remove v移走intervention n介入；出面；干涉track n轨道；足迹link n联系；纽带vt.把连接起来；相关联case n病例raw adj.未煮的；生的；未经处理的；原始的pure adj.干净的；纯的；纯粹的tireless efforts不懈的努力substantial adj.大量的；价值巨大的；重大的decrease n减少；降低；减少量vt.& vi.(使大小、数量等)减少；减小；
8、降低thanks to幸亏；由于statistic npl.统计数字；统计资料；统计学transform vt.使改观；使改变形态vi.改变；转变epidemiology n流行病学JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world, until a British doctor, John Snow, showed how it could be overcome.1 This illness causes severe diarrhoea， dehyd
9、ration， and even death.In the early 19th century, when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, millions of people died from the disease.As a young doctor, John Snow became frustrated because no one knew how to prevent or treat cholera.2 In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to Que
10、en Victoria when she gave birth3.However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all.1这是一个主从复合句。until在句中引导时间状语从句；how引导的从句作动词showed的宾语；过去分词feared作定语修饰名词diseases；John Snow是a British doctor的同位语。2这是一个主从复合句。because引导原因状语从句；“疑问词how不定式短语”作动词knew的宾语。3when引导时间状语从句。In general， doctors in tho
11、se days had two contradictory theories to explain how cholera spread.One theory was that bad air caused the disease.4 The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water. 5 Snow subscribed to the second theory.It was correct, but he still needed proof.Consequently， when
12、 an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854, Snow began to investigate.He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.6 He was determined to find out why.45两句中that在句中引导表语从句，that不作任何成分，只起连接作用，且不可省略。6第一个that引导的从句作动词discovered的宾
13、语；在该从句中含有一个so .that .句型结构，该结构中that引导结果状语从句。Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.7 There were multiple deaths near the water pump in Broad Street (especially house numbers 16, 37, 38, and 40).However, some households (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street, and 8
14、 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths.These people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street.They had been given free beer, and so had not drunk the water from the pump.Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.8 What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of
15、cholera after moving away from Broad Street.It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.9 As a result of this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.Accordingly， he had the handle of the p
16、ump removed so that it could not be used10.Through this intervention， the disease was stopped in its tracks.7 该句中的介词短语by marking on a map作方式状语修饰动词began；where和who引导定语从句，分别修饰先行词places和those。8that引导的从句作动词suspected的宾语；be to blame意为“该受责备”，常用主动形式表示被动意义。9句型It seemed that .意为“好像”；so .that .句型结构中that引导结果状语从句
17、；had it delivered是“have宾语过去分词”结构，过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“主语让别人做某事”。10so that在句中引导目的状语从句。The truth was that the water from the Broad Street pump had been infected by waste11.Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.Some companies so
18、ld water from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste12.The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water13.11连接词that在句中引导表语从句。12关系代词that在句中引导定语从句，修饰先行词the River Thames。13句子主干使用了一个比较级结构；句中两个关系代词who都引导定语从句，分别修饰先行词people和those; be li
19、kely to do sth”意为“有可能做某事”。Through Snows tireless efforts， water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease 14.However, cholera is still a problem.Each year, millions of people around the world get cholera and many die from it.Fortunatel
20、y, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics， Snow transformed the way scientists study diseases15.For this reason, Snow is considered the father of modern epidemiology.14该句谓语动词是saw，使用了拟人的修辞手法，意为“见证；目睹”。15这是一个定语从句，修饰先行词the way，此处省
21、略了that或in which。约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”在英国医生约翰斯诺向人们展示如何战胜霍乱之前，霍乱曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之一。它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡。十九世纪初，霍乱暴发，肆虐欧洲，数百万人丧命。由于当时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰斯诺医生很沮丧。后来，他成了一位名医，甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女王。然而，他始终没有放弃彻底根除霍乱的愿望。关于霍乱的蔓延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法。一种看法是空气污染引发，另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。斯诺赞同第二种看法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍需要证据。因此，1854年伦敦暴发霍乱时，斯诺便开始调查。他发现
22、霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查明原因。斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)，但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧工作，酒吧为他们提供免费啤酒，因此没有喝水泵抽上来的水。斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。此外，在伦敦的另一个区域，一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱。该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。有了这个证据，约翰斯诺就能够宣布水泵抽上来的水携带霍乱病菌。于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不
23、成了。这一干预举措遏制了疾病的蔓延。事情的真相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弃物污染了。此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。有些公司出售的水取自被未处理的废弃物污染的泰晤士河。与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上霍乱。经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。然而，霍乱仍是问题。每年全球有数百万人感染霍乱，其中许多人因此丧生。幸运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。此外，通过使用地图和数据，斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。因此，斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。Step One：Prereading Acco
24、rding to the following pictures, can you tell how scientists affect the world?Answers may vary.Step Two：Whilereading.Read for the main idea1Whats the main idea of the passage?AKing Cholera.BThe life of John Snow.CJohn Snows defeat of “King Cholera”DThe use of John Snows map in his research.答案：C2Matc
25、h the main idea with each paragraph.Para.1 ASnows investigationPara.2 Bthe comment on SnowPara.3 Cthe introduction of cholera in the pastPara.4 Dthe two theories of choleras spreadingPara.5 ESnows conclusion答案：Paras.15CDAEB.Read for details阅读文章第一段，完成第1题。1Why was the disease called “King Cholera”？Bec
26、ause cholera was the most deadly disease of its day.阅读文章第二至四段，完成第2至5题。2判断正(T)误(F)。Other doctors found out how Cholera spread.(F)选择最佳选项3How did John Snow do the research?ABy using maps and statistics.BBy drinking the water himself.CBy questioning the patients.DBy experimenting with himself.答案：A4How d
27、id John Snow stop the people from using the water from the pump?A.By telling people that the water was polluted.BBy asking water companies to sell pure water.CBy removing the handle of the water pump.DBy drinking more free beer.答案：C回答下面问题5What caused choleras outbreak in the Broad Street?The infecte
28、d water from the Broad Street pump.阅读文章第五段，完成第6题。6Why is Snow considered the father of modern epidemiology?ABecause he changed the way to study diseases.BBecause he knew how to prevent and treat cholera.CBecause he made cholera disappear in the world.DBecause he announced the pump water carried chol
29、era germs.答案：A.Read for the structureRead the passage again and fill in the blanks.Step Three：Postreading.课文语法填空John Snow was a wellknown doctor in London in the 19th century.He wanted 1.to find (find) the cause of cholera in order to help people 2.infected (infect) with it.In 1854 when a cholera 3.
30、hit (hit) London, he began to gather information 4.immediately (immediate).He marked on a map 5.where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who 6.had drunk (drink) the dirty water 7.from the pump died.So he announced that the pump water 8.carried (carry) cholera germs.He sugges
31、ted that the source of all water supplies 9.(should) be examined (examine) and new methods of 10.dealing (deal) with polluted water be found.Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated.讨论1According to your own experience, list several national great scientists of our country.Zhong Nanshan, Tu Youyou, Huang
32、 Wenxiu, Qian Xuesen，etc.2What do you think a senior high school student should do when facing a disease like cholera? (Answers may vary.)A high school student should be brave enough to face the disease while obeying the measures taken by the government to control epidemic diseases, such as wearing
33、masks, washing hands more often, and etc.长难句分析1Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived.句式分析本句是一个复合句。主句为 Snow began by marking on a map the exact places。where引导定语从句，修饰先行词the exact places；who引导定语从句，修饰先行词those。自主翻译斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。2It seemed that the woma
34、n liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.句式分析本句中so . that .意为“如此以至于”引导结果状语从句。had it delivered为“have sth done”结构，意为“让某事被做”。自主翻译该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。.重点单词1two contradictory theories 两个相互矛盾的理论2an infection from germs in food or water 由食物或水中的细
35、菌引起的感染3need proof 需要证据4multiple deaths near the water pump 水泵附近的很多死亡病例5some households having no deaths 没有死亡病例的一些家庭6suspect the evidence 怀疑这个证据7blame him for his coming late again 责备他又一次迟到8remove the handle of the pump 拆掉水泵的手柄9through this intervention 通过这一干预10show a link between other cases 证明其他病例之
36、间的联系11a substantial decrease 大幅度减少12the use of maps and statistics 地图标注和统计数据的使用13the father of modern epidemiology 现代流行病学之父掌握规律 巧记单词1合成词household n.一家人overcome v.克服outbreak n.爆发 2后缀ly的副词consequent adj.随之发生的 consequently adv.因此；所以fortunate adj.幸运的 fortunately adv.幸运地.重点短语1Thick fog and irresponsible
37、driving were to blame (应受责备) for the serious accident.2In time, he rose to become a famous doctor, and even attended to (照顾) Queen Victoria when she gave birth.3However, he never lost his desire to destroy cholera once and for all (最终地；彻底地).4Snow subscribed to (赞同；同意) the second theory. 5As a result
38、 of (由于) this evidence, John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs. 6Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to (幸亏) the work of John Snow. .典型句式1教材原句He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 peopl
39、e died in ten days.他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。句式分析so . that .如此以至于。佳句仿写起初，学英语看上去那么难以至于我甚至还没尝试就想放弃。At the beginning, learning English seemed so difficult that I wanted to give up without even trying.2教材原句It seemed that the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to h
40、er house every day.该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那里打水运到家里来。句式分析It seemed that .好像；似乎。佳句仿写似乎这位女子拥有的一切都在这里面。It seemed that everything the woman owned was in them. 3教材原句Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。句式分析在“have宾语过去分词(短语)”结构中，过去分词(短语)作宾
41、语补足语。佳句仿写在飞机起飞一小时前，克莱尔让她的行李进行了安检。Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane took off.4教材原句Through Snows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。句式分析see在此处的主语为物
42、，意为“见证；目睹”，是一种拟人的用法。佳句仿写这座古庙见证了过去二百年里这个村庄的巨大变迁。The old temple has seen great changes of the village in the past two hundred years.1infection n感染；传染(教材p.2) The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from germs in food or water.另一种看法是食物或饮用水中的细菌感染导致霍乱。(1)prevent infection防止感染skin infection 皮
43、肤感染(2)infect vt. 使感染；传染(3)infected adj. 感染的be infected with/by 被感染(4)infectious adj. 传染性的佳句Surgeons wear masks to prevent the spread of infection.外科医生戴着口罩以防止传染(病)的传播。练透单句语法填空/补全句子There is a virus that infects (infect) word processing documents recently.Her cheerful spirits and laughter infected (inf
44、ect) the whole class yesterday.Measles is a highly infectious disease that causes deaths, but is fully preventable by vaccination.麻疹是一种传染性很强的疾病，会造成死亡，但通过接种疫苗是完全可以预防的。写美句型转换(把句改为强调句)It was her cheerful spirits and laughter that infected the whole class yesterday.2subscribe vi.认购(股份)；定期订购；定期交纳(会费)(教材p
45、.2)Snow subscribed to the second theory.斯诺赞同第二种看法。(1)subscribe to同意；赞同subscribe for认购(股份)subscribe . to .把捐赠给；把签署在上(2)subscriber n.订阅者佳句I have never subscribed to the view that schooldays are the happiest days of your life.我从来没有同意过这样的观点：学生时代是你一生中最快乐的日子。练透单句语法填空Most scientists subscribe to the view t
46、hat the earth is becoming warmer because of human activities.写美补全句子Each employee may subscribe for up to $2，000 worth of shares.每个雇员可以认购价值不超过2，000美元的股票。3suspect vt.&vi.怀疑；疑有；不信任 n.犯罪嫌疑人；可疑对象(教材p.2)Snow suspected that the water pump was to blame.斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首。suspect sb of doing/having done sth怀疑某人做过某
47、事suspect sb/sth to be . 怀疑某人/某物是佳句If you suspect a gas leak, do not strike a match or even turn on an electric light.如果你怀疑煤气泄漏，不要划火柴，甚至不要打开电灯。练透单句语法填空What made you suspect her of having taken the money?写美补全句子Judging from his abnormal behaviour，I suspected him to be a thief从他不正常的行为来判断，我怀疑他是个小偷。Suspec
48、ting nothing, he walked right into the trap.什么也没怀疑，他径直走进了陷阱。4blame vt.把归咎于；责怪；指责 n.责备；指责(1)be to blame (for sth) 该(为)受责备；应该(为)负责blame sth on sb把某事归咎于某人blame sb for (doing) sth因(做)某事责备某人be blamed for因受谴责/责备(2)accept/bear/take the blame for sth对某事负责任put the blame on把责任归咎于佳句 What a mess！You are always
49、so lazy! Im not to blame，Mum.I am what you have made me.真是一团糟！你总是那么懒！我不该受责备，妈妈。我是你培养的。练透单句语法填空/句型转换Many children were blamed for making mistakes in the exam.Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning，and put the blame on the alarm clock.She blamed her husband for the failure of their marri
50、age.She blamed the failure of their marriage on her husband.写美补全句子Joe is proud and stubborn, never admitting he is wrong and always looking for someone else to blame乔既骄傲又固执，从不承认自己错了，总是找别人来责怪。点津be to blame意为“该受谴责，该受责备”，用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。5handle n把手；拉手；柄 vt.处理；搬动；操纵(车辆、动物、工具等)(教材p.2)Accordingly，he had t
51、he handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used.于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。(1)handle a machine操纵机器handle a problem处理问题handle the paperwork处理文书工作handle the data处理数据(2)the handle of the door门把手get a handle on sth开始了解/掌握某事佳句He turned the handle and opened the door.他转动把手，打开了门。练透单句语法填空/熟词生义As no
52、body here knows what is wrong with the machine，we must send for an engineer to handle (handle) the problem.We all have to learn to handle pressure.调节写美补全句子Then，handle the most important tasks first and youll feel a real sense of achievement.然后，先处理最重要的任务，这样你会感到真正的成就感。6link n联系；纽带 vt.把连接起来；相关联 (教材p.3)
53、Moreover, Snow was later able to show a link between other cases of cholera and the different water companies in London.此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起霍乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。link . to .将和联系或连接起来link up with与联合；使与衔接佳句A chain is no stronger than its weakest link.(谚语)一环薄弱，全链易断。练透单句语法填空Your innovations should be linked to ou
54、r school life and be able to make our life better and more convenient.They went on to the next town, where they linked up with the other party.7decrease n减少；降低；减少量 vt.& vi. (使大小、数量等)减少；减小；降低 (教材p.3)Through Snows tireless efforts, water companies began to sell clean water, and the threat of cholera a
55、round the world saw a substantial decrease.经过斯诺的不懈努力，饮用水公司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。(1)decrease to .减少到decrease by .减少了decrease from . to .从减少到(2)on the decrease 正在减少佳句The number of people aged 50 and under will decrease by more than 30% during the time.在此期间，五十岁和五十岁以下的人口将减少30%多。练透单句语法填空The traffic accid
56、ents in the city decreased by 40% last year.The number of new students in this school decreased from 2，100 to 1，600 this year.写美补全句子Because of human activities, the number of some rare animals is on the decrease/is decreasing由于人类活动，一些稀有动物的数目正在减少。点津decrease的反义词为increase，其搭配有：increase to . 增加(长)到；incr
57、ease by . 增加(长)了；on the increase 正在增加。8thanks to幸亏；由于 (教材p.3)Fortunately, we now know how to prevent cholera, thanks to the work of John Snow.幸运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知道了如何预防霍乱。佳句 Thanks to our joint efforts, new advances have been made in the cooperation of BRICS this year.今年由于我们的共同努力，金砖经济合作迈出了新步伐。练透补全句子
58、It was all a great success thanks to a lot of hard work由于许多艰辛工作，这才大获成功。写美翻译句子多亏了你及时的帮助，我按时完成了工作。Thanks to your timely help, I managed to finish the work on time.点津表示“因为；由于”的短语还有：owing to, due to, because of, as a result of, on account of等。9transform vt.使改观；使改变形态 vi.改变；转变(教材p.3). Snow transformed the
59、 way scientists study diseases.斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。(1)transform . into .把变成transform into转变成；转化成；改造为be transformed from . into .由变成(2)transformation n.改变；转换；改观佳句It was an event that would transform my life.那是能够改变我生活的一件事。练透单句语法填空She was transformed from a commonlooking adolescent into a pretty young woma
60、n.The way in which we work has undergone a complete transformation (transform) in the past decade.写美补全句子It is a surprise that the city has been transformed from a small town into a modern industrial center in recent ten years.真令人惊奇，在近十年中，这个城市由一个小乡镇转变成了一个现代化的工业中心。1句型公式so .that .如此以至于(教材p.2)He discove
61、red that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. 他发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严重，十天内就有500多人死亡。so . that .意为“如此以至于”，引导结果状语从句，在此结构中so为副词，后面跟形容词或副词。具体用法如下：so练透选词填空(so/such)/句型转换Usually, its so crowded on the bus that I cant find anywhere to sit.There w
62、as so much work to do that everybody got bored.He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.This is such an interesting book that we all enjoy reading it.This is so interesting a book that we all enjoy reading it. (so .that .)点津such . that .与so . that .意思相同，但用法不同，“such . th
63、at .”句型结构可分为以下三种：such2句型公式“have宾语过去分词(短语)”结构中，过去分词(短语)作宾语补足语(教材p.2)Accordingly, he had the handle of the pump removed so that it could not be used. 于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。在该句型中宾语补足语和宾语之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，有两种常见用法：(1)使某事被做(可能是主语自己做，也可能是让别人做)；(2)遭遇或经历某种不幸的事情。练透单句语法填空/句型转换The boss had me set (set) down what
64、people present at the meeting said.He was very funny and had us laughing (laugh) all the way.I must finish my homework before going to bed.I must have my homework finished before going to bed.His right leg was injured during the training.He had his right leg injured during the training.点津have sb do . 让某人做have sb/sth doing让某人/某物一直做have sth to do有某事要做