1、三、语法解读现在分词的时态、语态和否定形式1.分词有两种时态:一般式和完成式。一般式通常表示与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作无先后;完成式则强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作。Being too old,he couldnt walk that far.由于年纪大了他走不了那么远。While reading the book,he nodded from time to time.他读书时,不时地点头。Standing on the building,you can see the whole city.如果你站在楼顶上,就能看到整个城市。Having received a letter
2、,I knew everything is all right.收到一封信后,我知道一切都很好。Having had my supper,I went out for a walk.晚饭后,我出去散步了。Having known that he won the match,he threw the cap into the sky.他知道自己比赛获胜,高兴地把帽子扔上了天。Hearing the news,he jumped with joy.听到这个消息,他欣喜若狂。注意:短暂性动词的一般式也可以表示先后,常是紧接着发生两个动作。此句若用完成式,反而显得听话者反应迟钝。如：Arriving
3、there,they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。2.现在分词的被动语态:当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时,分词用被动语态;如果强调分词的动作先于谓语的动作,就用分词完成式的被动形式。The question being discussed is important.正在讨论的问题很重要。Having been criticized by the teacher,Li Ming gave up smoking.受到了老师的斥责,李明戒了烟。3.现在分词的否定形式:not doing;no having been done。如:Not knowing
4、what to do next,she stopped to wait.不知道下一步该怎么做,她停下来等着。Not having finished the homework,the pupil doesnt dare to go to school.没有完成作业,这个学生不敢上学。单项填空(1)_the idiom,he looked it up in the dictionary.A.Not learningB.Having not learned C.Not learnedD.Not having learned 提示:句意为“没有学这个习语,他查了字典”。空格处的动词与主语he是主动关系
5、,在时间上发生在谓语动作之前,所以要用现在分词的完成式。答案:D (2)_to understand what he doesnt,he makes a fool of himself.A.Always pretendingB.Always pretendedC.Having always pretendedD.Always being pretended提示:pretend与主语he是主动关系,句意为“总是假装知道他不知道的东西,所以他总是在愚弄自己”。答案:A (3)Mcgrady performed amazingly well,_ an average of 31.5 points e
6、ach game.A.scoringB.scoredC.having scoredD.to score提示:score作动词用表示“得分”,与主语Mcgrady是主动关系,又因为score与谓语动词performed同时进行,所以选项A为最佳答案。答案:A (4)The poor man,_,ran out of the dark cave.A.trembled and frightened B.trembling and frightened C.trembled and frightening D.trembling and frightening 提示:tremble用现在分词形式表示主
7、动关系;frightened表示“感到害怕的”,多叙述人。答案:B动名词作宾语某些动词或短语只能用动名词作宾语,不能用不定式。常见的此类动词有:advise,allow,permit,avoid,consider,enjoy,finish,give up,cannot help,imagine,include,keep,keep on,mind,miss,put off,delay,practise,resist,suggest,depend on,think about,set about,succeed in,worry about,burst out,insist on,cant sta
8、nd,be used to,get used to,devote.to.,look forward to,pay attention to,get down to等。如:I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.我建议在海滨城镇度过我们的暑假。You must give up smoking,for it does too much harm to your health.你必须戒烟,因为吸烟对你的健康危害很大。We got down to helping the farmers with their harvest im
9、mediately we arrived on the farm.我们一到农场就帮着农民收庄稼了。单项填空(5)We cant imagine _ in the entrance examination,for she has never been to school.A.she succeedingB.her succeedingC.she succeedD.her to succeed提示:句意为“我很难想像她在高考中成功了,因为她从来没上过学”。imagine后面接动名词或动名词的复合结构作宾语。答案:B (6)With apples at 25 cents a pound,we cou
10、ldnt resist _four pounds.A.to takeB.tookC.takingD.have taken提示:苹果一磅25分,所以我们忍不住要了四磅。resist doing忍住做某事。答案:C动词不定式作宾语以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等。例如:I decided to ask for my money back.我决定
11、要回我的钱。 The boy refused to say where he was from.这个小孩拒绝说出他来自什么地方。单项填空(7)She offered _us with our painting exhibit but refused _any reward.A.to help;to takeB.helping;takingC.helping;to takeD.to help;taking提示:句意为“她主动帮助我们搞画展,但拒绝要任何的报酬”。offer和refuse都接不定式作宾语。答案:A动名词和动词不定式作宾语的区别有些动词既可接动名词,也可接不定式作宾语,这两种结构有时
12、没有区别或区别很小,有时却区别较大。现举例如下:1.remember doing sth./remember to do sth.remember doing sth.表示“记得曾经做过或发生过的事”(动作已发生)。例如:I remember turning off the light before I left home.我记得离家前已经关了灯。remember to do sth.表示“记得要去做某事”(动作尚未发生)。例如:Please remember to call me after you get home.到家后请记得给我打电话。2.forget doing sth./forge
13、t to do sth.forget doing sth.表示“忘记曾经做过的事”(事情已做但忘记了)。例如:Ill never forget going to the Summer Palace with you last week.我绝不会忘记上星期曾和你一起去过颐和园。forget to do sth.表示“忘记要做某事”(由于忘记而未做某事)。例如:I have forgotten to tell him my name.我忘了告诉他我的名字。3.go on doing sth./go on to do sth.go on doing sth.表示“继续做同一件事”(一直在做某事)。例
14、如:If you go on eating too much,you will get even fatter.如果你继续吃得那么多,你会变得更胖。go on to do sth.表示“接着去做别的事情”(从一件事转到另一件事)。例如:After finishing her homework,my sister went on to do some housework.我姐姐完成作业后,又做了一些家务活。4.stop doing sth./stop to do sth.stop doing sth.表示“停止正在或一直在做的事”。例如:You really should stop smokin
15、g now.你现在真该戒烟了。stop to do sth.表示“停止做某事”(转而去做别的事情)。例如:When he saw me,he stopped to talk with me.当他看到我时,便停下来和我谈话。5.try doing sth./try to do sth.try doing sth.表示“试着做某事”(尝试着做某事看看会发生什么)。例如:Why not try using a new method to solve the problem ?为何不尝试用一种新方法来解决这道难题呢?try to do sth.表示“尽力去做某事”(设法去做较困难的事情)。例如:We
16、should try to understand the meaning of the passage,although its a bit difficult.我们应尽力领会这篇短文的含义,尽管有点难度。6.mean doing sth./mean to do sth.mean doing sth.表示“意味着做某事”。例如:Giving up just means failing.放弃就意味着失败。mean to do sth.表示“计划做某事”。例如:Im sorry I didnt mean to hurt your feelings.对不起,我并非故意伤害你的感情。注意:(1)nee
17、d用作实义动词时,后面既可接不定式,也可接动名词。接动名词时形式上虽为主动却表示被动的含义,相当于不定式的被动形式。例如:Something is wrong with my bike.It needs repairing.(=It needs to be repaired.)我的自行车坏了,需要修理一下。(2)begin 和start后面既可接动名词,又可接不定式,两者通常无实质性区别,但是如果表示“开始”进行长期的或习惯性的动作,往往要用动名词。如:When did you begin/start playing the piano?你何时开始拉小提琴的?如果begin和start用于进行
18、时态,后面只能接不定式作宾语。例如:I was just beginning/starting to read this book.我刚开始读这本书。单项填空(8)If I had remembered _ the door,the things would not have been stolen.A.to lockB.lockingC.to have locked D.having locked提示:句意为“如果我记着锁门的话,东西就不会被偷了”。答案:A (9)Your shirt needs _.Youd better have it done today.A.ironB.to iro
19、nC.ironingD.being ironed提示:句意为“你的衬衣需要熨一熨了。你最好今天就这样做”。need doing=need to be done。答案:C (10)You cant help _ commercials;every few minutes the program is interrupted to give you one advertisement or another.A.to hearB.to be heardC.hearingD.with hearing提示:cant help在此句中表示“情不自禁”,所以后面要接动名词作宾语。答案:C (11)John
20、regretted _ to the meeting last week.A.not goingB.not to go C.not having been going D.not to be going提示:在此句中regret要接动名词作宾语,表示对上一周没有去开会感到后悔。C项形式错误。答案:A (12)Missing the first bus means_two hours for the next one,so I mean_at 5 next morning.A.to wait;to get upB.to wait;to get upC.waiting;to get upD.to
21、wait;getting up提示:句意为“错过第一班公共汽车就意味着要等上两个小时,所以我打算第二天早晨五点起床”。答案:C (13)I have been tired of the city noise and crowdedness.Why not_to the country?A.trying movingB.try movingC.to try to moveD.try to move提示:句意为“我已厌烦了城市中的噪音和拥挤。为什么不搬往乡村试一试呢?”Why not后面要接动词原形,向对方提出建议;try doing表示“试着做某事”。答案:B (14)I was just be
22、ginning _the office _it began to snow.A.leaving;when B.to leave;whileC.to leave;when D.leaving;as提示:句意为“我刚想离开办公室这时天下起雨来。”begin用于进行时中,后面要接不定式作宾语;when作并列连词用,意为“这时”。答案:C (15)Have you remember _for your forgetting_ the lights when you left the classroom and kept it on all the night?A.to be scolded;to tu
23、rn off B.being scolded;to turn offC.being scolded;turning offD.to be scolded;turning off提示:句意为“你还记得上一次由于你离开教室时忘了关灯,使灯着了整整一个晚上而受到责备的事吗?”答案:B课文浓缩下面的一段文章为课文原文的浓缩，仔细阅读，根据原文章内容将其补充完整，并尽量背诵。1 I met Roy,I thought him a 2 boy among his classmates,for he liked to 3 which make others laugh.Being a new student
24、,I felt shy and 4.It was Roy who was kind to me and helped me 5 my new classmates by attending his 6 group.We became good friends,who could share each others inner feelings.It was all his fathers suddent death 7 of being 8 by a car that changed Roy so much.He became silent and 9 and 10 in his school
25、 work,furthermore we are 11 close.One day,I caught Roy 12 the pockets of peoples coats in the 13,a wallet in his hand.My mouth 14 and I just looked at him without being able to say a word.Last week,we had 15 500 for a charity,but it was stolen the next morning.I thought it might be Roy,so 16 about the situation for a while,I decided to confront him about the theft.And I went to see him.答案:1.The first time2.popular3.tell jokes4.lonely 5.get to know6.particular7.as a result8.knocked over9.moody10.lost interest11.no longer12.going through13.cloakroom14.fell open15.raised16.having thought
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