1、Unit 5 PoemsPeriod 3Learning About Language语法精析课 语法精讲透析关系代词和关系副词引导的定语从句【体验悟】阅读下面课文原句,分析黑体单词在句中的语法功能1.There are various reasons why people compose poetry.2.One of the simplest kinds of poem is the“list poem”,which contains a list of things,people,ideas,or descriptions that develop a particular theme.
2、3.List poems have a flexible line length and repeated phrases which give both a pattern and a rhythm to the poem.4.Another simple form of poem that amateurs can easily write is the cinquain,whichis made up of five lines.5.The haiku poem(E)on the right is a translation from Japanese,which shows a mom
3、ent in the life of delicate butterfly.6.The sonnets were written during the time when she was in love with Robert Browning.【生成得】1.句2,3,4,5是由关系代词_引导的定语从句,修饰名词或代词,置于被修饰词的_。2.关系副词_在定语从句中作原因状语(句1);关系副词_在定语从句中作时间状语(句6)。which,that后面whywhen【研学析】一、关系代词引导定语从句(一)基本概念1.在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰、说明的
4、名词或代词叫先行词。2.定语从句由关系代词which,that,who,whom,whose,as或关系副词when,where,why引导。关系代词或关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,它在意义上指代先行词,在语法上作定语从句的某个成分。3.定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面。有时出于平衡句子结构的需要,可能不紧跟在先行词后面,而放在更后面的地方。(二)关系代词的用法1.who指人,在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。Here comes the girl who wants to see you.想见你的那个女孩过来了。2.whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略,也可用who代替。
5、Rose is the person(whom/who)you should look after.罗丝是你应该照顾的人。3.whose一般指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作定语。whose=the+n.+of which/whom。I know the man whose company produces computers.我认识那个人,他的公司生产电脑。4.which指事物,在定语从句中作主语或宾语,作宾语时常可省略。China is a country which has a long history.中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。5.that既可指人,也可指物,在定语从句中作主语、宾语或
6、表语,作宾语时常可省略。that可以代替who,whom,which,但习惯上常用who,whom指人,用which指物。The woman that spoke to me in the bookstore used to live next door.在书店里跟我说话的那位妇女以前住在隔壁。6.as用作关系代词,既可指人,也可指物。在定语从句中可作主语、宾语和表语。它常用在the same.as.,such.as.,as.as.,so.as.等结构中,as不能省略,此时为限制性定语从句。另外,as还可引导非限制性定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,解释说明整个句子,一般放在主句之前。
7、I want to have such a computer as he has.我想有一台和他(的电脑)一样的电脑。As we all know,China has a large population.众所周知,中国人口众多。(三)定语从句中需注意的事项1.只用that不用which的情况(1)当先行词是all,much,anything,everything,nothing,little,none等不定代词时。She told me everything that she knew.她把她知道的一切都告诉了我。(2)当先行词为序数词或被序数词修饰,或先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修
8、饰时。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill.在桂林他们参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。(3)先行词被the only,the very,the right,the last等修饰时。This is the very book that I left on the playground last week.这就是上个星期我落在操场上的那本书。(4)先行词既有人又有物时。He talked happily of the things and persons that he remembered studyi
9、ng in the school.他高兴地谈论着在这所学校上学时所记得的人和事。(5)当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。Which is the true story that he told us?他给我们讲的故事哪一个是真的?(6)当关系代词本身在定语从句中也作表语时。He isnt the boy that he was.他不再是过去的那个男孩了。2.关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、定语或表语,因此定语从句中不能再出现关系代词所代替的名词或代词。昨天晚上我们看的那部电影非常感人。【误】The film(that/which)we saw it last nig
10、ht is very moving.【正】The film(that/which)we saw last night is very moving.3.关系代词的省略:在限制性定语从句中,关系代词作动词宾语或介词宾语时(这时介词不能在关系代词前)常可省略。Is that the girl(whom/that/who)you spoke of the other day?那就是你前几天提到的女孩吗?4.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,要根据先行词的单复数决定从句谓语动词的单复数。He is the only one of the students who knows French.(the onl
11、y one为先行词)他是唯一懂法语的学生。He is one of the students who know French.(students为先行词)他是懂法语的学生之一。二、关系副词引导定语从句关系副词先行词功能when表示时间的名词时间状语where表示地点的名词地点状语whyreason原因状语1.关系副词when引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中作时间状语。I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane.我仍然记得我第一次坐飞机旅行的时候。Ill always remember the year
12、s when we worked on the farm.我将永远记住我们在农场工作的那些年。2.关系副词where引导定语从句时,先行词应是表示地点或抽象地点的名词,关系词在从句中作地点状语。The hotel where we stayed was very clean.我们住的那个旅馆很干净。Finally,we got to a factory,where many mobile phones of high quality were produced.最后,我们来到一家工厂,在那里许多高质量的手机被生产出来。3.关系副词why引导定语从句时,先行词常常为reason,关系词在从句中作
13、原因状语。Can you explain the reason why you dont help him?你能解释一下你不帮助他的原因吗?The reason why he was late was that he missed his train.他迟到的原因是他错过了他那班火车。注意:表示时间、地点及原因的名词作先行词时,定语从句可用关系代词引导,也可用关系副词引导。若先行词在定语从句中作状语时,应用关系副词;若先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语时,则应用关系代词。试比较:Do you remember the days when we chatted with each other
14、all night?你还记得我们整夜聊天的那些日子吗?(when在从句中作状语)Do you remember the days that/which we spent together on the farm?你还记得我们在农场一起度过的那些日子吗?(that/which在从句中作spent的宾语)This is the factory where he used to work.这是他以前工作过的那家工厂。(where在从句中作状语)This is the factory that/which I visited last year.这是我去年参观过的那家工厂。(that/which在从句
15、中作visited的宾语)I dont know the reason why he didnt turn to his good friend for help yesterday.我不知道昨天他为什么没向他的好朋友求助。(why作原因状语)I wont listen to the reason that/which you have given us.我坚决不听你给我们提供的那个理由。(定语从句中缺少宾语,所以用that/which,不用why)【内化用】用关系代词或关系副词填空1.This is the theatre _well visit a well-known pianist.2
16、.I still remember the night _she left the house.3.I wish to thank Professor Smith,without _help I would never have got this far.4.The scientist about _we are talking has gone abroad.5.The ice on _you skate must be very hard.6.The reason _she changed her mind is quite clear.7.The days _they travelled
17、 together meant a lot to him.wherewhenwhosewhomwhichwhywhen8.This is the building _windows were all painted green.9.The author _ you criticized in your review has written a reply.10.That is one of the most interesting books _are sold in the bookshop.whosewhom/who/thatthat.单句语法填空1.Self-driving is an
18、area _China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.2.The ring was spread over the garden,_it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted(生长)through it.3.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,_I was the first Western TV report
19、er permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas.4.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,_the weather may be better.课时素养达标wherewherewhenwhen5.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of _has been proved.6.Many young people,most of _were well-
20、educated,headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.7.Opposite is St.Pauls Church,_you can hear some lovely music.8.Creating an atmosphere in _employees feel part of a team is a big challenge.whichwhomwherewhich9.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere _his employees enjo
21、y their work.10.As the smallest child of his family,Alex is always longing for the time _he should be able to be independent.wherewhen.根据汉语提示补全句子1.这就是我在这儿旅行时住过的旅馆。This is the very hotel _when I was travelling here.2.杰克是她最好的朋友,从他那里她借了一辆车去旅行。Jack was her best friend _.3.这就是我正在找的那本书。This is the very bo
22、ok _.(that)I stayed atfrom whom she borrowed a car to travelthat I am looking for4.我们将学习一些写于唐朝的中国诗歌。We are going to learn some Chinese poems _in the Tang Dynasty.5.She is one of the girls _.她是通过那个考试的女孩之一。6.他工作的那个工厂是这个城市最大的一家工厂。The factory _is the largest one in this city.that/which were writtenwho h
23、ave passed the examwhere/in which he works7.父亲从国外回来的那天是这个男孩一生中最幸福的日子。The day _is the happiest day in the boys life.8.我不知道他今天缺席的原因。I dont know the reason _.when/on which his father returned from abroadwhy/for which he was absent today.语篇填空Almost everyone has friends,but ideas about friendship are dif
24、ferent.For some,a friend is a person 1._ talks with you on the Internet.For others,a friend is one 2._has known you all your life.A friend is also someone 3._family knows you too.A friend is also someone 4._ you share your secrets with.who/thatwhowhosethat/who/whomAlthough there are different featur
25、es of friendship,there is one thing 5._is always present.That is the freedom(自由)to choose our friends.We may not be able 6._(select)our families,our co-workers,or even the people 7._ take the bus with us,but we can pick our friends.As a scientist Margaret Mead once 8._(say),“A friend is someone 9._chooses and is chosen.”This freedom of choice is exactly the very reason 10._makes friendship such a special relationship.that/whichto selectwho/thatsaidwho/thatthat
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