1、专题七情态动词和虚拟语气(一)语法讲练过知识关要点一情态动词的基本用法情态动词具有一定的词义，没有人称和数的变化，必须和其他动词一起构成谓语，用来表示愿望、态度和推测等。1表示能力(1)表示现在的能力(2)表示将来的能力：will be able to(3)表示过去的能力The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.尽管这场大火迅速蔓延到了这个宾馆，但是每个人都逃了出去。(表示过去有能力做并且成功地做了)I could have worked out the problem, bu
2、t I was too nervous.我本来可以解出这道题，但我太紧张了。(表示本来有能力做但未做)2表示推测(可能性)可能性可分为客观的可能性和具体事情实际发生的可能性两种。(1)客观的可能性并不表示具体某事是否会发生，而用来说明人或事物的特征。情态动词can可用于肯定句中表示客观的(或理论的)可能性，而表示具体事情实际发生的可能性时，can一般不用于肯定句。Accidents can happen on such rainy days.在这样的多雨天气里可能会发生事故。(表示客观的可能性)We may go to the cinema tonight, but we are not su
3、re yet.今晚我们可能去看电影，但还没确定。(表示实际可能性，不用can)(2)表示具体事情实际发生的可能性表示具体事情实际发生的可能性的层次(由强及弱)比较：在肯定句中表示推测(must/have to, should/ought to, may, might, could)a当说话者表达怀疑或犹豫之意时，需用may，might或could，其中might，could比may所表达的怀疑或犹豫之意更强。That may be our taxi now!现在那辆可能就是我们的出租车了！That could/might be our taxi (but I doubt it)那辆有可能是我们
4、的出租车(但我有所怀疑)。b当说话者表达毫无疑问的结论时，需用must和have to(较通俗)，意为“一定，肯定”；should和ought to所表达的程度不如must强，但比may，might和could强，should/ought to表示推测出合乎理想的情况或结果，意为“按说应该”。He must/has to be the wanted man: Hes exactly like the one in this picture.他一定是被通缉的那个男子：他和这张照片上的人一模一样。He ought to/should be here on timehe started early
5、enough.他应该按时到这里他出发得够早的。在否定句中表示推测(may not, might not, shouldnt, cant, couldnt)否定语气较弱时，常用should not(应该不会)，或用may not, might not(可能不，也许不)；否定语气较强时，则用cant 或couldnt(不可能)。Dont worry. Your father may not have been hurt seriously.别担心，你父亲也许伤得不厉害。There shouldnt be any difficulty in getting you a visa.给你弄个签证应该不会
6、有什么困难。在疑问句中表示推测(can, could)can, could在疑问句中，常表示困惑、不相信等。Theres someone outsidewho can it be?外面有人会是谁呢？What can they be doing?他们可能在干些什么呢？Could he be serious?他是当真的吗？Where can she have put it?她能把它放在哪儿呢？3表示必要性、义务、责任(1)表示必要性You neednt have worked that late last night. It was harmful to your health.你昨晚本来不必工作
7、到那么晚的。那对你的健康有害。Must I give up smoking?Yes, you must. /No, you neednt.我必须戒烟吗？是的，你必须。/不，你不必。(2)表示义务、责任should意为“(义务上)应该”，在语气上比must(必须)弱。“should动词原形”表示现在或将来应该；“shouldhave过去分词”表示过去本该。I should go and visit him this afternoon, but I wonder if I will be free.今天下午我应该去看望他，但我不知道我是否有空。(表示将来应该)You should have co
8、me to the conference yesterday. What was the reason for your absence?你昨天本应该参加那个会议。你缺席的原因是什么？(表示过去本该)4表示请求、建议、命令、允许、禁止(1)表示请求、建议表示请求许可或提出建议时用：May I sit down?No, you mustnt.我可以坐下吗？不，你不可以。Shall the driver wait outside?司机在外边等着可以吗？Would you do me a favor?请帮我一下，好吗？名师指津请求对方许可时，could表示委婉的语气，回答时要用can。Could I
9、 use your bike tomorrow morning?Yes, you can.(否定：No, Im afraid not.)明天早晨我用一下你的自行车，行吗？行，你用吧。(否定：不，恐怕不行。)主动提出帮忙时用：Shall I/we.?Whats your name?Aaron. Shall I spell it for you?你叫什么？Aaron。我为你拼出来好吗？(2)表示命令、允许、禁止must(必须)，mustnt(禁止)可以表示说话者的命令或指令，语气比较强烈；should/ought to(应该)，shouldnt/oughtnt to(不应该)也可表示说话者的命令、
10、指令，但暗含对对方是否听从并无把握；may/might, can表示允许。The children must be back by 4 oclock.孩子们必须在4点钟以前回来。You mustnt leave the gate open.你不要让大门敞开着。You ought to/should apologize.你应该道歉(虽然我不知道你是否会这样做)。You oughtnt to/shouldnt neglect the garden.你不应该疏于照管花园。You may/can/might come if you wish.你想来就来吧。Passengers may/can/migh
11、t cross by the footbridge.乘客可通过步行桥穿过去。5表示意愿、意志、决心、允诺(1)shall与第二、三人称连用，用于陈述句中，表示说话者的意志，用来表达说话者给对方以命令、指示或允诺。此外，当宣布法律、规定时，也用shall来表达。It has been announced that candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected.已宣布，在所有试卷收上来之前，应试者必须留在自己的座位上。(规则或规定)(2)will，would与各种人称连用，用于陈述句，
12、表示主语的意愿、意志或决心。You can stay here as long as you can, if you will.如果你愿意，你想在这里待多长时间就待多长时间。(表示主语的意愿)Mr. Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Dont you forget it!OK, I wont.戈登先生让我提醒你今天下午有会议。你可别忘了！好的，我不会忘的。(表示决心)6表示习惯和倾向will (wont)可用来叙述真理，还可叙述目前的习惯，would (wouldnt)可以用来叙述过去的习惯。Engines
13、 wont run without lubricant.没有润滑剂发动机就不能运转。He would spend hours in the bathroom or on the telephone.他以前一进洗澡间或是一打电话，往往就是几个小时。名师指津would和used to都可表示过去的习惯，但前者表示过去反复的动作，常与every day，often，frequently等连用；后者表示过去的状态或过去的习惯，但现在已不存在。When he was abroad, he would read as many books as possible.在国外时，他总是尽可能多读书。She do
14、esnt get up so early as she used to.她不像以前那样起得那么早了。7need和dare的用法He neednt do it.(情态动词)He doesnt need to do it.(实义动词)他不必做这件事。I didnt know whether he dared say that to him.(情态动词，有时态变化)我不知道他是否敢对他说那些。名师指津(1)dare作情态动词时，还可用于条件状语从句中，过去式为dared。(2)作实义动词时，dare用于疑问句或否定句，后面的to也可省略。(3)I dare say是习惯说法，意为“我想，大概”。(4
15、)need作实义动词时，还可表示“需要”，后接动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式表示被动含义。热点即训.单句语法填空1(2015陕西卷改编)You _ feel all the training a waste of time, but Im a hundred percent sure later youll be grateful you did it.解析根据题干中的but Im a hundred percent sure later可知，设空处表示“可能”，一种不确定的推测。故填may或might。答案may/might2(2013江西卷改编)When I was a child,
16、I _ watch TV whenever I wanted to.解析此处用情态动词could表示能够，被允许，相当于be allowed to。答案could3(2013全国卷改编)Since nobody gave him any help, he _ have done the research on his own.解析must have done表示对过去情况的肯定推测，意为“一定做了某事”，符合句意。答案must4(2013安徽卷改编)I _(go) to my cousins birthday party last night, but I was not available.
17、解析由语境可知此处可以用should have done结构，意为“本应该做某事但实际上没做”，也可以用would have done结构，意为“本要做某事但实际上没做”。答案should/would have gone.单句改错1(2016全国卷)Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby._解析demand, desire, require, request, suggest.表示“要求”、“建议”、“命令”的动词，其后宾语从句的谓语通常用虚拟语气“(should)动词原形”。答案canshould或去掉ca
18、n2(2015全国卷)We must found ways to protect our environment._解析情态动词后接动词原形。答案foundfind要点二虚拟语气1虚拟语气用于条件状语从句中(1)虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的运用If my brother were here, everything would be all right.要是我哥哥在这儿的话，一切都没问题了。If it should rain this afternoon, the basketball match would be put off.要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就会被推迟。If you had tak
19、en my advice, you would not have failed in the exams.如果你早听了我的建议，你考试就能通过了。(2)虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装如果虚拟条件句中含有were/had/should，有时可把if省略，把were/had/should提到主语之前形成倒装；若为否定形式，not不可提前。Had he caught the morning train, he would not have been late for the meeting.要是他赶上了早晨的火车，那他就不会开会迟到了。(3)错综时间条件句有时条件句的动作与主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时动
20、词的形式应根据它们各自表示的时间加以调整。If we had booked a table earlier, we wouldnt be standing here in a queue.如果我们早些订位子，现在也就不用站在这里排队了。(if条件句是对过去的虚拟，而主句是对现在的虚拟。)(4)含蓄条件句有时假设的情况不用条件句表达，而是用but for, without等介词(短语)或上下文来表示。We wouldnt have finished the project on time without your timely help.如果没有你的及时帮助，我们就不能按时完成那项工程了。用连词
21、otherwise，or等暗示后文与前面的情况相反，从而引出后文的虚拟语气。I was ill that day. Otherwise, I would have taken part in the sports meeting.我那天病了，否则，我就参加运动会了。虚拟条件通过but暗示出来，模式为“虚拟情况but真实情况”。I would have delivered a speech, but I had a cold that day.我本来可以做演讲，但是那天我感冒了。2虚拟语气用于名词性从句中(1)在“It isimportant/necessary/natural/strange/
22、essential/vital/a pitythat.”句型中，that从句中谓语动词用“(should)动词原形”。lts vital that we (should) take our safety driving along the road seriously.认真对待我们在路上开车时的安全非常重要。(2)在would rather (that)后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词如果表示现在或将来要发生的动作，从句用一般过去时；如果表示过去发生的动作，从句用过去完成时。Id rather he had gone to the seaside with me the day before y
23、esterday.要是他前天和我去海边就好了。(3)句中含有以下单词或变形时，该句中的名词性从句(宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句)部分常用虚拟语气，其谓语动词形式为“should动词原形”，其中should可以省略。He suggested that we (should) start off early the next day.他建议我们第二天早点出发。名师指津当suggest表示“暗示，表明”之意，insist表示“坚持说”之意时，suggest/insist后的宾语从句不使用虚拟语气，而使用陈述语气。The smile on his face suggested that h
24、e was satisfied with our work.他脸上的微笑表明他对我们的工作很满意。The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.那个人坚持说他从没有偷过那笔钱。(4)wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气从句谓语动词与现在事实相反过去式(be动词一般用were)与过去事实相反had过去分词与将来事实相反would/could动词原形I wish (that) I were ten years younger.但愿我能年轻十岁。I wish (that) I had met that film star yesterday
25、.我多希望昨天见到了那个影星。(5)as if/though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中的虚拟语气as if/though引导的从句中的谓语动词形式及使用情况与wish后宾语从句中的谓语动词及使用情况相同。She looks as if nothing had happened to her.她看起来好像什么事都没有发生似的。名师指津如果从句中描述的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。It sounds as if it is raining.听起来像是在下雨。32个特定句式中的虚拟语气If only I had seen the film.要是我看过那部电影就好了。It is
26、 high time that we should start/started out.我们该出发了。热点即训.单句语法填空1(2018江苏卷改编)There is a good social life in the village, and I wish I _(have) a second chance to become more involved.解析考查虚拟语气。根据“There is a good social life in the village”可知，时间的着眼点是现在，因此wish后的从句中的虚拟语气是对现在的虚拟，故填had。答案had2(2018北京卷改编)They m
27、ight have found a better hotel if they _(drive) a few more kilometers.解析考查虚拟语气。根据句意：如果他们再开几公里，他们可能会找到更好的旅馆。根据语境可知，此处表示对过去事实的假设，从句中应该用过去完成时。答案had driven3(2015北京卷改编)If I _(not, see) it with my own eyes, I wouldnt have believed it.解析根据语境及主句谓语为would have done形式判断，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故if引导的条件状语从句中的谓语动词应用had d
28、one形式。答案hadnt seen4(2015重庆卷改编)Without his wartime experiences, Hemingway _(not, write) his famous novel A Farewell to Arms.解析此处是含蓄条件虚拟语气句，without为标志词：根据语境可知，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句的谓语应用would/could/might/should have done结构。答案wouldnt/couldnt/mightnt/shouldnt have written5(2015天津卷改编)I wish I _(be) at my sist
29、ers wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.解析根据句中的but可知“参加妹妹的婚礼”只是一种假设，根据空后的时间状语last Tuesday可知，此处表示与过去事实相反的假设，故谓语用“had过去分词”结构。答案had been.单句改错1(2018天津卷改编)If we caught the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now._解析考查虚拟语气。根据句意和句中的时间状语可知，这是一个主从条件
30、句的虚拟语气，条件从句中有时间状语，因此表示与过去事实相反的假设，从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时。答案在caught前加had2(2015四川卷)If you are me, would you talk to them？_解析条件状语从句中的虚拟语气，应注意表示与现在、过去、将来事实相反时从句谓语动词的形式。答案arewere3(2014陕西卷改编)We would rather our daughter stay at home with us, but it is her choice, and she is not a child any longer._解析考查would rather
31、的虚拟语气，would rather从句表示现在，从句要用一般过去时。答案staystayed4(2013陕西卷改编)My mom suggests that we eating out for a change this weekend._解析考查宾语从句中的虚拟语气。表示“坚持、命令、建议、要求”等词后的宾语从句中谓语动词常用“(should)动词原形”，被动式则为“(should) be过去分词”。答案eatingeat5(2012辽宁卷改编)Jack is a great talker. Its high time that he do something instead of jus
32、t talking._解析Its (high) time (that)后的从句谓语动词用一般过去时或“should动词原形”，此时should一般不省略。答案dodid或在do前加should(二)语法写作过应用关一、情态动词在书面表达中的增分点增分技法1使用情态动词推测现在、将来、过去的用法我家乡春天的天气相当暖和，但有时也会极其地冷。The weather in my hometown is fairly warm in spring, but it can be extremely cold sometimes.那天上学我迟到了。我可能把闹钟关上后又睡着了。I was late for
33、school that day. I might have turned off the alarm clock and fallen asleep again.2掌握情态动词用于虚拟语气的情况我本想给你写封信，但有事耽误了。I had wanted to write to you, but something unexpected came up.我不该把这件事告诉他。他现在很心烦。I shouldnt have told him about it. He is upset now.巧用增分你在山路上开车时一定要小心，因为有时可能很危险。(drive down the mountainous
34、 road)You_must_be_careful_when_you_drive_down_the_mountainous_road,_because_it_can_be_dangerous.我明天或许不会去看你，因为我的叔叔明天可能来。(might, call on, drop in)I_might_not_call_on_you_tomorrow,_because_my_uncle_might_drop_in.我多么后悔那些本该用在学习上的时间啊。(regret, should have spent)How_I_regret_the_time_I_should_have_spent_on_
35、my_studies.我到家后发现我的钱包不见了。或许我把它遗忘在你的出租车上了。(cant find my wallet, leave, taxi)I_couldnt_find_my_wallet_when_I_got_home._I_might_have_left_it_in_your_taxi.她不可能已经走了，因为她的手提包还在这里。(leave, handbag, lie)She_cant_have_left,_because_her_handbag_is_still_lying_here.二、虚拟语气在书面表达中的增分点增分技法1用相应的过去时态来表达“愿望”我希望他们能够安全回来
36、。I hope they come back safe and sound.我多么希望我能更聪明一些，更精力充沛一些。How I wish I were more intelligent and more energetic.2用虚拟条件句提升句子档次要是我是你，我肯定会充分利用时间来提高成绩，为未来做好充分准备。If I were you, I would certainly make good use of the time to improve my performance at school and prepare myself well for the future.如果当时我身上钱
37、不够的话，我就把那本书买下来了。If I had had enough money with me, I would have bought the book.3学会熟练使用含蓄条件句在竞赛中他本可以得金牌，但他却在比赛开始时就摔倒了。He could have won a gold medal, but he fell over immediately the race began.如果没有电，生活对于许多人来说将是痛苦的。Without electricity, life would be miserable for many people.4用“(should)动词原形”来表达“想让某人
38、做某事”他坚持说他从来没有见过那支钢笔，并坚持要她道歉。He insisted that he had never seen the pen and insisted she made an apology.医生脸上吃惊的表情表明我母亲的病很严重，医生建议她马上动手术。The surprised look on the doctors face suggested that my mothers illness was serious and he suggested she be operated on at once.巧用增分我祝愿你生日快乐。(wish)I_wish_you_a_happ
39、y_birthday.要是我上初中时没把时间浪费在看小说上该多好啊。(if only, waste time in doing, read novels, in junior high school)If_only_I_hadnt_wasted_the_time_in_reading_novels_when_I_was_in_junior_high_school.要不是因为你懒，你的作业昨天可能就完成了。(if it, for your laziness, assignment)If_it_hadnt_been_for_your_laziness,_you_would_have_finishe
40、d_your_assignment_yesterday.要求每个学生在听报告时要记笔记。(request, take notes, while)It_is_requested_that_every_student_take_notes_while_listening_to_the_report.专题过关训练.单句语法填空1When I was a child, I _ watch TV whenever I wanted to.答案could2What are you doing this Saturday?Im not sure, but I _ go to the Rolling Ston
41、es concert.答案might3The door _(not) open, no matter how hard she pushed.答案wont4One of our rules is that every student _ wear school uniform while at school.答案shall5Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?I am afraid you _， in case he comes late for the meeting.答案must6We _(not) have
42、 bought so much food now that Suzie wont be with us for dinner.答案neednt.用所给动词的正确形式填空1The national smog serves as a constant reminder, indicating that its high time we _(reflect) on ourselves.答案reflected2It _(be) cool if I won this contest. I dont think Im good enough, though.Give it a shot. You neve
43、r know.答案would be3The Antarctica is so mystically described by some people. If only I _(be) there before.答案had been4Did you make it at last?Yes. But for your help, it _(cause) a serious loss.答案would/could have caused5Most citizens in Hong Kong strongly insisted that those who attacked the police wit
44、h violence _(put) into prison.答案(should) be put6I wish I _(share) the car journey home with my friends. Now they are watching the football match at home.答案had shared.写作训练1运用语法写靓句12岁以下的孩子在公共图书馆要有父母的监管。(under adult supervision)_如果你不帮助我，我或许已经失败了。(fail, help)_她不敢单独在夜里出去。(dare)_现在，他不可能正在和他的同学一起旅游。相反，他一定是
45、在家里学习。(tour with)_是因为我学习不够努力，还是因为我学习方法不当？(work hard, in the right way)_你这是什么意思，只有十张票吗？应该有十二人。(mean )_答案Children under 12 years of age in that country must be under adult supervision when in a public library. I could might have failed if you hadnt helped me.She darent go out at night alone./She doesn
46、t dare to go out at night alone.At the moment, he cant be touring with his friends. On the contrary, he must be studying at home.Can it be because I havent worked hard enough or because I havent studied in the right way?What do you mean, there are only ten tickets? There should be twelve. 2语法填空(2018
47、广东潮州模拟)Etiquette(礼仪) is to society _ clothing is to the individual. Without clothes men would go in shameful nudity which would _(certain) lead to the corruption of morals, and without etiquette society would be in a pitiable state and the necessary _(communicate) between its members would be distur
48、bed by needless offence and troubles.If society moved like a train, the etiquette would be the _(track), along which only the train could go forth; if society _(be) a coach, the etiquette would be the wheels, on which only the coach could roll forward.The lack of etiquette would make _ best friends
49、turn to be the most decided enemies and the _(friend) countries declare war against each other. We can find many examples in the history of mankind. Therefore I _(advice) you to stand on ceremony before anyone else and to take pains not _(do) anything against etiquette _ case you give offence or mak
50、e enemies.答案whatcertainlycommunicationtrackswerethefriendlyadviseto doin3短文改错(2018自贡模拟)Its a pleasure for me give a short speech here today. Recently Ive found that some of classmates study too lately into the night. Nor do they spare enough time for a rest during the day. No wonder they often cant
51、fall asleep in class. Also, some classmates seldom have a breakfast. Certainly, which will surely do harm to their healthy. In my opinion, having enough sleep and a proper diet are extremely important. We must learn to make wisely use of our time. Only in this way can we keep fit or study well. Do y
52、ou agree with me? Thanks to listening.答案4写一篇短文(2018广西贵港联考)假定你是李华。你是光明高中的足球队的队长。目前在球队发展上遇到困难，你想寻求帮助，于是向足球协会写一封求助信，内容包括：1球队的基本情况；2目前的困难；3请求帮助。注意：1.词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。_答案Dear Sir or Madam，I am Li Hua, captain of the football team in Guangming High School. Im writing to seek help from you. There a
53、re 50 members in our football team including 32 boys and 18 girls, who are keen on football. We hold a variety of activities on a regular basis such as holding football matches every two weeks, having formal practice every other day, watching live football matches on TV every weekend and so on.However, we are facing some difficulty in developing our football team. We lack enough coaches and we need more formal practice. So we sincerely hope that you can send some coaches to guide us and teach us more about football.Im looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely，Li Hua
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