1、第10讲定语从句观察意义对等的英汉句子，找出句子的对应部分People,A who take medicine to lose weight,B are most likely to harm their health,C.服用药物减肥的,a 人,b 很可能损害他们的健康,c。1英语和汉语中定语从句有什么区别？【答案】Ab;Ba;Cc。1英语中定语从句放修饰词后，作后置定语，以引导词作为标志；汉语中定语从句放修饰词前，以“的”为标志。翻译下列句子，把定语从句的引导词进行分类1.All that glitters isnt gold.2.Vienna is a place where top m
2、usicians gather.2定语从句有哪些引导词，引导词分为几类？发光的不一定都是金子。引导词that 是关系代词维也纳是顶尖音乐家的聚集地。引导词that，those是关系代词3.God helps those who help themselves.4.Gone are the days when teachers were looked down upon.2自助者天助。引导词where是关系副词。老师受歧视的日子一去不复返了。引导词where，when是关系副词。2定语从句的引导词分为两类，即关系代词和关系副词。常见的关系代词有that，which,who，whom，whose，
3、as；常见的关系副词有when,why,where。使用规范的答题步骤，确定各个定语从句的引导词1.This is the school_ I visited ten years ago.3怎样确定引导词？That/which/省略【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为I visited ten years ago，从句的谓语动词为visited，先行词在从句中作visited的宾语，因先行词为物，故引导词用that，which或省略。2.This is the school_ I worked ten years ago.3Where/in which【解析】先行词为the sch
4、ool，定语从句为I worked ten years ago，从句的谓语动词为worked，先行词在从句中作worked的状语，因先行词为地点，故用where或in which。3.This is the school_ has a good reputation in and out of China.3which/that【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为has a good reputation in and out of China，从句的谓语动词为has，先行词在从句中作has的主语，因先行词为物，故用 which/that。4.This is the school_
5、 teaching buildings are of ancient style.3whose【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为teaching buildings are of ancient style，从句的谓语动词为are，先行词在从句中既不单独作主语，也不作宾语，也不作状语，但与主语teaching buildings有所属关系，故用whose。5.This is the school_ I visited the headmaster ten years ago.3Where/in which【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为I visited the
6、headmaster ten years ago，从 句 的 谓 语 动 词 为visited，先行词在从句中作地点状语，故用where或in which。6.This is the school_ I worked in ten years ago.3【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为I worked in ten years ago，从句的谓语动词为work in，先行词在从句中作work in 的宾语，因先行词为物，故用that，which或省略。that/which/省略7.This is the school_made a speech at the forum.3wh
7、o/that【解析】先行词为the school，定语从句为made a speech at the forum，从句的谓语动词为made，先行词在从句中作made的主语，但能够演讲的一定是“人”，故用who/that。3定语从句的引导词的确定可以概括为：“三找两定一证”。“三找”：找先行词找定语从句找定语从句的谓语动词；“两定”：判定先行词与从句谓语动词的关系确定关系代词或关系副词(兼顾人/物)。如先行词在从句中作主语，表语，宾语，定语(先行词与谓语动词无直接关系，先行词与其后的名词有所属关3系)，主补，或宾补，用关系代词；如先行词在从句中作状语，用关系副词；“一证”：把定语从句还原成独立的
8、句子，验证其句子结构的完整性。根据汉语提示完成句子(每空一词)1.我想买套窗户朝南的房子。Id like to buy a flat _ windows face south.Id like to buy a flat _ _ _ windows face south.Id like to buy a flat _ windows_ _face south.4关系代词 whose 怎么使用？whoseof which the the of which2.单身汉就是未成家的男人。A bachelor is a man _ cap covers his family.A bachelor is a
9、 man _ _ _ cap covers his family.A bachelor is a man _ cap _ _ covers his family.4 whose of whom the thewhomof4先行词后的名词从属于先行词，用关系代词whose。whose n then.ofwhichof which then.，如先行词是人，其中的which改为whom。5关系代词中that和which在用法上有什么区别？填写定语从句的引导词1.Students_ have a wide range of knowledge have advantages in exams.2.T
10、he joint venture _has brought a lot of jobs to the locals plays an important role in the development of the city.that/whothat/which3.Please inform me of anything_ you find unusual.4.All measures _can be taken should be taken to reduce environmental pollution.5.The building in front of_ there is a dr
11、ug store dates back 500 years.6.China,_ covers an area of over 9.6 million square kilometers,is the third largest country in the globe.5that/省略which whichthat5当引导词确定为关系代词时，that和which用法上的区别可以分为三种情况：1用that(四种情况)：先行词为特定词 all,much，anything，nothing，everything，which，who等不定代词或疑问代词等；先行词前有特定词如形容词最高级，序数词，any，
12、only，few，much,no，some，very等修饰；先行词既有人又有物时；先行词是人；52用which，即在介词关系代词结构中，介词提前时或先行词是物的非限制性定语从句中只用which；3that和which 可以互换，即当先行词是物时，且不是特殊的先行词或先行词前没有特殊的词修饰时。用“介词关系代词”结构翻译下列句子。1.刚才我对他说话的那个人是个销售经理。6“介词关系代词”句式怎么使用？The man to whom I spoke just now is a sales manager.The man(who/that/whom/省略)I spoke to just now is
13、 a sales manager.2.这就是我经常借书的图书馆。6This is the library from which I often borrow books.This is the library(which/that/省略)I often borrow books from.6在“介词关系代词”句式中，当先行词为人时，此时关系代词只能用whom；当先行词为物时，关系代词只能用which。填写适当的介词和关系代词完成句子1.All the vegetables are said to be from the farm _ my parents worked.2.The studen
14、t _ I often lent reference books was accepted by a key university.7“介词关系代词”句式中介词怎么确定？on whichto whom3.80 km/h is the speed limit _ drivers will be fined.4.You should carry your ID card _ youll possibly get into trouble.5.This is the key point_ we should pay more attention.7 beyond whichwithout which
15、to which7在关系代词前需要介词的定语从句中，介词的选用遵循“还原搭配”原则，即把定语从句还原成单独的一个句子，然后把先行词放在句末，再考虑在先行词前选用符合句意，搭配正确的介词。上述定语从句还原成单独的句子分别为：1.My parents worked on the farm.2.I often lent reference books to the student.3.Drivers will be fined beyond the speed limit.74.Youll possibly get into trouble without your ID card.5.We sho
16、uld pay more attention to the key point.填写适当的介词和关系代词完成句子1.Lets just discuss such questions_ are about current education system.2.This is so difficult a problem _ none of us here can work out.8限制性定语从句中关系代词as怎么使用？asas3.This is so difficult a problem _none of us here can work it out.4.Id like the same
17、car _ _my colleague has.as句意为“我想要辆与我同事的车相同的车”(如填that，则表示“我想要我同事那辆车”)。8that(that引导的是结果状语从句)8as作为关系代词，在限制性定语从句中主要用于固定搭配such/so/the same/asas中。注意：such/sothat中that引导结果状语从句，意为“以致”。the same that表示同一事物，而the sameas表示类似的事物。指出下列句子中有逻辑错误的句子1.My brother who works on China Daily is in his 30s.2.My brother,who wo
18、rks on China Daily,is in his 30s.3.China which is located in East Asia is on the way to greater success.9非限制性定语从句有什么特点？【答案】句3，句4有逻辑错误。“中国”是独一无二的国家，无所谓“地处东亚的中国”一说，换言之，不能使用限制性定语从句修饰“中国”，只能使用非限制性定语从句补充，说明“中国”的有关属性。同样，“妈妈”是独一无二的，“体贴入微和好帮助他人的妈妈”让人产生误解。用限制性定语从句修饰独一无二的人或事物会产生歧义。4.My mother who is considera
19、te and helpful wins respect from all.99非限制性定语从句有两大特点：形式上有逗号，从句与主句分开；意义上，从句不修饰限定先行词，而是补充说明先行词的属性，通常单独翻译成一个句子。10关系代词代替整个句子或句子的一部分内容时，which和 as在用法上有何区别？选用as 或which填空 1.Mother usually brings fruits to my classroom,_embarrasses me a lot.2.The air show being held in Zhuhai is fantastic,_ can be seen.which
20、as3.Some American troops are being withdrawn from the Middle East,_ we have learnt from the newspaper.4.Some American troops,_ we have learnt from the newspaper,are being withdrawn from the Middle East.5._ we have learnt from the newspaper,some American troops are being withdrawn from the Middle Eas
21、t.10as/whichasAs6.The young lady married an old man with a lot of money，_ is disgraceful.7.The material resists heat，_ shown in the experiment.8.It never rains but pours in this area,_ is often the case.10which asas关系代词代替整个句子或句子的一部分内容时，which和 as在用法上有很大区别。1从先行词在从句中充当的句子成分角度：在主谓宾(补)结构的定语从句中作主语，只能用whic
22、h(如例1)；2从定语从句的位置角度：放句首或句中引导从句，只能用as(如例4,5);10从句在句末，无其他限制条件时，既可用which，也可用as(如例3)。句型模式为：as；主语 谓语；主语，as，谓语；主语 谓语，as/which 3从固定搭配角度：在引导词be done 结构中省略be时，只能用as(如例7)；10常见固定用法as is well known,as is often the case,as often happens,as has been said before,as has been pointed out,as can be seen等常用as(如例2,8)。4从
23、定语从句的肯、否定意义角度：从句内容为否定意义时，常用which(如例6)。其他情况可互换(如例3)。1011关系副词where前面的先行词是否一定为地点名词？填写定语从句的引导词1.This is the teacher_ I often ask advice on how to improve my English.2.I have never come across such a situation _ customers have to pay in cash.where where3.0 is the freezing point _ water turns into ice.4.A
24、 party is an occasion _ participants should dress formally.5.This is a rare case_ lost money can be found again.11wherewhen/where/on which where当先行词表达的意义为处所，程度，状态，情况时，引导词的确定需要采用“还原搭配”原则。上述五个定语从句可还原为：1.I often ask advice on how to improve my English from the teacher.2.Customers have to pay in cash in
25、 such a situation.3.Water turns into ice at the freezing point.114.Participants should dress formally on the occasion.5.Lost money can be found again in a rare case.定语从句使用上的错误类型大致为五类：赘余，残缺，相悖，歧义，混淆。11翻译下列句子，并指出省略的关系词1.Who is the man you were talking to?2.China is not the country it was.3.Ill never f
26、orget the day we met.4.This is the place they met yesterday.5.Thats the reason(why,for which,that)he came.12定语从句中关系词的省略有几种情形？【点拨】1刚才和你讲话的人是谁？省略 the man后面的that/who/whom。2中国已不是过去的中国了。省略the country后面的that。关系代词在定语从句中作表语。3我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。省略the day 后面的that/when。4这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。省略the place后面的where/that。5这就是他
27、来的原因。省略the reason后的why/for which/that。12关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中；在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。归纳起来，关系词(关系代词和关系副词)的省略有以下5种情形：1关系代词作宾语时的省略当关系代词who,whom,which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末的介词宾语时，可以省略。122关系代词作表语时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。3关系副词when的省略用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于day,year,time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成tha
28、t)。124关系副词where的省略用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place,somewhere,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略，也可换成that。5.关系副词why的省略关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。12用适当的关系代词填空1.The baby _ is lying in bed is my younger brother.2.He became a promising player,_ made his mother ver
29、y happy.3.He talked like a teacher _ he hardly was.4.We should take a great pride in the Chinese people _ has a long history,a rich culture and glorious revolutionary tradition.13定语从句中关系代词有哪些特殊用法？5.Professor Wang is a gentleman _ our headmaster isnt.6.There is no one of us _ wishes to help you.13定语从
30、句中关系代词有哪些特殊用法？【答案】1.which2.which3.which4.which5.which6.but13一、中学阶段关系代词which指人的用法并不多见，在下列5种情况下关系代词which指人：1当先行词是婴儿或小孩时。2当强调职业时。3当强调人的性格、身份和地位时。4当集体名词被看作一个整体时。5当强调品德或素质时。13二、but用作关系代词，既可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中充当主语，且只能用于限制性定语从句。but本 身 含“否 定”的 意 思，其 作 用 相 当 于“that/which/whonot”。此外，but前面的主句通常带有否定词或具有否定意义的词(如no,not,little,few,hardly等)。13
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