1、Grammar 形容词：用来修饰描述名词或代词的词,在简单句中，作定语、表语、补足语.定语从句：是一个句子，在复合句中,由关系词引导，相当于一个形容词，修饰名词或代词(先行词)。This is the best film that I have seen.先行词关系词定语从句先行词：被修饰的名词或代词，在定语从句之前.定语从句：先行词之后,修饰先行词.关系词:引导从句,在从句中代替先行词，充当句子成分.定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。它和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。在限制性定语从句中作
2、宾语的关系代词常可省略。Toronto is a city(that)I ve always wanted to visit.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作些附加说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。它和主句关系不十分密切，它与主句之间常用逗号分开,一般不用that引导。l在非限制性定语从句中关系词不可省略。She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.Ive got some personal affairs that I have to deal with.注意：that，why不能在非限制性定语从句中使用。as引导
3、非限制性定语从句，可以用在主句前，也可以用在主句后，指代整个主句的内容。常译为“正如，好像”。注意：在某些场合，非限制性定语从句的先行词可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。A middle-aged woman killed her husband,whichfrightened me very much.A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages,which surprises all the people present.as 和 which引导非限定性定语从句,都可指一句话内容，区别在于which只能放在它所指
4、那句话的后面，而as可以在前面,也可以在后面。which as在引导非限制性定语从句时的区别：1.which可以代指主句的部分内容，也可以代指整个主句的内容。as代指整个主句。2.as引导的非限制性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后。which引导的非限制性定于从句只能跟在主句后，不能放在句首。3.当非限制性定语从句为否定句或者具有否定意义时用which,不用as。4.as表达”正如,就像”之意.如何判断用关系副词还是关系代词?选用定语从句的关系词时，需注意两点：1.先行词2.关系词在从句中充当的成分。做主语、宾语、表语、定语关系代词做状语关系副词the usage of the
5、relative adverb关系副词指代所充当的句子成分whenwherewhytimeplacereason状语状语状语定语从句引导词的选择 取决于先行词在定语从句中的位置、成分。1.The people whomwhothat you met in the campus are from Australia.（从句中作宾语）2.This was the time whenat which she left for Beijing.(从句中作状语)The place which he often visits is always full of artists.(从句中作宾语)使用要点1.
6、关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略。The classroom that is on the fourth floor is poorly equipped.2.关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面没有介词时，常可省略,且that前不能有介词。This is the girl with whom he works.3.关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。I have come to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.The people whomwhothat you met in the campusare from Australi
7、a.（作宾语）1.The boy _ is standing near the door is my brother.that/who(主语)2.I like the book _ you lent to me.that/which(宾语)3.China is no longer the country _ it was.that/which(表语)4.They planted the flowers_didnt need much water.which/that(主语)5.The dictionary_ my father bought for me is very useful to m
8、e.which/that(宾语)6.The teacher _ went to see me yesterday is Mr.Zhang.7.Here is the man _you want to see.whom/that/who(宾语)who/that(主语)thatI know the girl _ face is red.whose(定语)Id like the room _ windows are big.whose(定语)whose注意：whose的先行词指物时,可用of which代替,但词序不同，即whose+名词=the+n+of which =of which+the+n
9、.He lives in the room whose window faces south.=He lives in the room,faces south.=He lives in the room,faces south.the window of which of which the window 关系代词 as引导定语从句,用于固定搭配,先行词与 as、so、such、the same 连用。1.Do you want to buy the same radio as was shown on TV.(主语)2.He has as good a pen as I have.(宾语)
10、3.Beijing is not the same as it used to be.(表语)14.This is the same pen _I lost yesterday.A.as B.that C.the one D.A&B D比较：.the same pen as I lost.the same pen that I lost.表示这支笔与我不见的那支很像，但不一定就是它表示这支笔就是我不见的那支.关系副词when,where,why 和介词+which之间的关系关系副词when,where,why可以用适当的介词+which来替代。如：when=in/on/at+which,whe
11、re=in/on/at+which,why=for+which。介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后。1.I wont forget the date when(on which)I was born.2.This is the room where(in which)I lived.=This is the room which I lived in.3.I dont know the reason why(for which)he havent come today.4.Tom still remembers the days when(in which)they l
12、ived in Tianjin.!注意:介词+which（指物),不可省介词+whom（指人),不可省介词后不用who、thatThe city which she lives in is far away.The man whom you spoke to is our headmaster.The farm on which we worked ten years ago is beautiful.This is the tree under which we used to play games.Hangzhou is the place where/to which I went la
13、st summer.I remember the day when/on which my father died.I was only ten years old at that time.14 1.介词的确定方法The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone.He will never forget the day on which he failed in the exam.根据先行词来确定 We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions
14、.The West Lake,for which Hangzhou is famous,is a beautiful place.根据定语从句中的谓语动词或形容词确定15Air,without which man cant live,is really important.根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定The pen with which he is writing now was bought yesterday.2.介词的位置 一般情况下，介词放在关系代词which和whom之前，也可放在动词后。固定搭配的动词短语中的介词一般不能提前.常见的这类动词短语有:look for/after/f
15、orward to、care for、take care of、hear of/about/from,等.This is the right place Im looking for.The girl whom he is looking after is his sister.161.Do you like the book on which she spent$10?2.Do you like the book for which she paid$10?3.Do you like the book form which she learned a lot?4.Do you like th
16、e book about which she often talks?介词+关系代词的使用5.The man to whom I spoke on the phone last night is very good at writing.6.Glasses,without which I cant see clearly,are really important for me.7.China is a beautiful country,of which we are proud.8.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?17
17、This is the teacher whose daughter is a famous doctor.=This is the teacher the daughter of whom is a famous doctor.1.名词+介词+关系代词 We have three foreign teachers,two of whom are from Canada.2.数词+介词+关系代词(含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数）3.代词+介词+关系代词（代词有all、both、none、neither、either、some、any等）The old woman has two sons,bo
18、th of whom are teachers.184.形容词最高级+介词+关系代词 China has thousands of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan Island.5.介词+关系代词+名词 He spent four years in college,during which time he studied medicine.19 I will never forget the day _ I first went to school.状语 I will never forget the day _ we spent in Beiji
19、ng.宾语 The house _ we visited is being repaired now.宾语 The house _ Luxun once lived is being repaired now.状语when(which/that)(which/that)whereThe reason _ he didnt come to school yesterday is that he was ill.The reason_he gave isnt believable.宾语whythat whichx1.This is all _ I know about the matter.A.t
20、hat B.what C.who D.whether A2.Is there anything else _ you require?A.which B.that C.who D.what B考点一考点一:that 与which 的区别先行词为all,little,much,everything,nothing,no,something,anything等不定代词时，关系代词用 that4.He talked happily about the men and books _ interested him greatly in the school.B A.which B.that C.it
21、D.whomu 先行词为人和物的组合，关系代词用that。u 若主句中有疑问代词 who 或 which，为了避免重复,关系代词用 that。7.Which was the hotel _ was recommended to you?A.that B.which C.where D.it A6.Is oxygen the only gas _ helps fire burn?A.that B./C.which D.it Au先行词被序数词或最高级修饰，先行词前有序数词(the first),形容词最高级(the best),the last,the very,the only 等时，关系代词
22、用that。5.The last place _ we visited was the Great Wall.A.which B.that C.where D.it B23 1.先行词为all,little,much,everything,nothing,something,anything等不定代词.2.先行词被all,little,much,every,no,等修饰时。3.先行词被序数词或最高级修饰，先行词前有序数词(the first),形容词最高级(the best),the last,the very,the only 等时。4.先行词为人和物的组合。5.若主句中有疑问代词 who
23、或者 which，为了避免重复,关系代词用 that。只用that的情况:考点一考点一:that 与which 的区别 1.Jim passed the driving test,_ surprised everybody in the office.A.which B that C this D.it A只用which的情况:1.逗号后面2.介词后面2.The day _ he was born was Aug.20,1952.A on which B that C which D.this Au一个句子,两个定语从句,为避免重复,一个用that,另一个用which.Let me show
24、you the novel that I borrowed from the library _ was newly open to us.A that B which C where D as BAnyone _breaks the law is punished.Those _ break the law are punished.He _ breaks the law is punished.在one,anyone,those 指人时一般用“who”。he/she/I/they作先行词时,用“who”代替“that”.考点二:that 与who的区别whowhowho考点三:介词+关系代
25、词提醒:介词关系代词引导的定语从句,关键是判断介词的选择.方法一:根据从句中动词与先行词习惯搭配；方法二:根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。注意：关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。此时关系代词只能用which 或 whom;不可用that 或who 代替。1.The man with whom you shook hands just now is our headmaster.2.The room in which my family live used to be a garage.The man is from Beijing University.I
26、talked about him at the meeting.The man(who/whom/that)I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.关系代词紧跟在介词后面时，不能用that，也不能省略，常用which或whom。该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。但遇固定词组时，介词一般紧跟词组主体，不作前置。Is this the book(which/that)y
27、ou are looking for?考点四：as与which引导的定语从句两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换,但下列情况多用as。1.当与such或the same、so、as连用时，一般用as。Such books as you tell me are interesting.I have the same plan as you.2.as 引导的从句可以放在句首,as本身有“正如,正象”之意，与之连用的词有 know、see、expect、Announce、point out 等。As we all know,the earth is round.1._ Engels point
28、ed out,labour created man himself.A.Which B.That C.This D.As D2.They said they were French._wasnt true.A.Which B.That C.This D.As C 3.The clock struck thirteen,_ made everyone laugh.A.Which B.What C.That D.As A4.We do the same work _ they do.A.which B.as C.than D.like B 考点五:定语从句中主谓一致问题定语从句中的动词在人称和数方
29、面应该与它的先行词保持一致。1.I am not one who is afraid of difficulty2.Don t choose me,who am not fit for this job 3.This is one of the best books _.A.that have ever been written B.that has ever been written C.that has written D.that have written A 4.She is the only one of the girls _ well in class.!A.which sing
30、s B.who sing C.who sings D.who to sing C1.Is this factory _ we visited last week?!Is this the factory _ we visited last week?A.where B.thatC.to which D.the oneD B解题关键：如果是疑问句式，将其转化为陈述句式。Exercises2.Let me think of a proper situation _ this sentence can be used.!A.whereB.thatC.of whomD.whichA先行词是situation,case,scene时，一般用where,最佳选择则是in which.15.Here are players from Japan,some of _ are our old friends.Here are some players from Japan and some of _ are our old friends.!A.which B.that C.whom D.them C D非限制性定语从句并列句
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