1、Period ThreeGrammar & Writing一、动词不定式的时态和语态语态时态主动语态被动语态一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/1.若不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，不定式用一般式。I hope that Ill see you again.I hope to see you again.我希望再见到你。 2.若不定式的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，并强调动作正在进行或持续进行，不定式用进行式。 I am v
2、ery glad to be working with you.我很高兴和你一起工作。3.若不定式的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前或强调动作已经发生，不定式用完成式。 I am sorry to have cheated on you.很抱歉欺骗了你。4.当不定式的逻辑主语与不定式是被动关系时，不定式一般用被动式。The novel is said to have been translated into several languages.据说这部小说已被译成了好几种语言。 二、不定式的语法功能不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和宾语补足语。高考侧重考查不定式作定语、宾语和状语的用法。
3、1.不定式作定语(1)不定式作定语通常要放在所修饰的词后，往往表示未发生的动作。The weather will keep warm in the days to come.在未来几天内，天气将持续保持暖和。(2)中心词是序数词、形容词最高级、the last/the only/the next或被这些词修饰时，用不定式作定语。Zhang Jian is the first Chinese to swim across the Bohai Sea.张健是第一个横渡渤海的中国人。He was the only one to finish the task on time.他是唯一一个按时完成任务
4、的人。2.不定式作宾语(1)有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语，如：agree，ask，aim，attempt，choose，decide，demand，expect，fail，help，learn，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，seem，hope，wish等。I decided to buy a walkman to learn English.我决定买个随身听来学英语。His brother wished to win the first prize.他哥哥希望获得一等奖。(2)有些动词(短语)常用“疑问词不定式”作宾语，如：as
5、k，wonder，teach，know，tell，see，learn，hear，explain，decide，show，forget，remember，discuss，find out等。Mr.Smith didnt know when to leave there.史密斯先生不知道何时离开那里。I asked Professor Li how to learn English well.我请教李教授如何学好英语。3.不定式作状语(1)不定式作目的状语。强调时可用in order to do或so as to do。To conceal my emotion，I buried my face
6、in my hands.为了掩饰我的情绪，我用手捂着脸。The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下来以便让乘客上车。(2)不定式作结果状语。“only动词不定式”常表示未预料到的、令人沮丧的结果；so.as to.，such.as to.，enough to以及too.to.等结构中的不定式也表结果。He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。The house is so high and narrow as to resemble a tower.这房子又
7、高又窄，像一座塔。He is too young to have seen the bloody war.他年龄小，没有见过那场血腥的战争。(3)不定式作原因状语。主要用在表示喜怒哀乐等情感的形容词或过去分词后。I am very sorry to hear that your mother is ill.听到你母亲病了，我很难过。即时跟踪1(1)写出下列句子中不定式(短语)所作的成分To love and to be loved are the greatest happiness one can seek.主语I cant afford to buy the house.宾语His job
8、 is to teach English.表语I believe him to be honest.宾补He worked hard to pass the exam.目的状语(2)用所给动词的正确形式填空The ability to express(express) an idea is as important as the idea itself.Father will not allow us to play(play) in the street.To stay(stay) warm at night，I would fill the woodstove，then set my al
9、arm clock for midnight so I could refill it.三、复合结构不定式“for名词(或代词宾格)动词不定式”即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语或状语。It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest.为收获的季节准备好一切对我们来说很重要。当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good，nice，kind
10、，wise，silly，stupid，foolish，right，wrong，careless，impolite等。It is very kind of you to help him every day.你真是太好了，每天都帮他。四、but不定式1.不定式在介词but，except，besides，other than后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do (而非助动词)的各种形式。那么这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则带to。She could do nothing but cry.她除了哭别无办法。I have no choice but to wait.我除了等待别无选择。I had n
11、othing to do but watch TV.我除了看电视外无事可做。She wanted nothing but to cry.她什么都不想做，只想哭一场。2.当句子的谓语动词是cant，cant help，cant choose 等结构时，but，except，besides 后的不定式也省略to。 We cant but admire his bravery.我们只能敬佩他的勇敢。I cant but tell her the truth.我不得不告诉她真相。We cant choose but wait.我们只能等待。She is such a lovely girl that
12、I cant help but love her.她是一个如此可爱的女孩，我禁不住爱上了她。We couldnt help but laugh when we heard his story.听了他的故事，我们忍不住大笑起来。What could he do but forgive her?他不原谅她又能怎么办呢？即时跟踪2(1)用所给动词的正确形式填空The enemy had no choice but to lay(lie) down their arms and give in.He had no choice but to give(give) in.She cant help bu
13、t obey(obey) the agreement.We cant choose but return(return) unwillingly.It was silly of you to believe(believe) him.(2)单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)He does nothing but .I cant help but to hope that they will succeed.Its necessary us to make a plan for studies before a new term.用所给动词的正确形式填空1.For 25 days，she never
14、 left her baby，not even to find something to eat(eat)！(2016四川)2.To make(make) it easier to get in touch with us，youd better keep this card at hand.(2016北京)3.Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal to create(create) special designs.(2016全国)4.After receiving the Oscar for Best Support
15、ing Actress，Anne Benedict went on to thank(thank) all the people who had helped in her career.(2015陕西)5.When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool(cool) the house during the hot day.(2015全国)6.Group activities will be organized after class to help(help) c
16、hildren develop team spirit.(2014重庆)7.There are still many problems to be solved(solve) before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.(2014北京)8.It took years of work to reduce(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014新课标全国)9.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver，but
17、 he refused to stop(stop) until we reached the next stop.(2014新课标全国)10.Anxiously，she took the dress out of the package and tried it on，only to find(find) it didnt fit.(2014天津).单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.The position of the classroom with its view made me like I was dreaming.(2015浙江，短文改错)2.Its been a month sin
18、ce I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing.(2015四川，短文改错)3.I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits. (2015陕西，短文改错)4.The commanding officer，Wayne Tyler，who was directly responsible for the study of all
19、such reports，decided to his findings known.(2011辽宁，短文改错)5.My brother was so fond of the museums there that he begged my parents to another couple of days.(2011大纲全国，短文改错)文体指导关于环境保护方面的议论文一般应注意以下几个方面：1.观点明确，论据充分，时态正确。2.条理清晰，内容连贯；可以使用It is wellknown/As we all know/As is known，however/but，on the other ha
20、nd等过渡性词汇。3.环保类议论文一般按照“三段论”来写：介绍现象(提出问题)提出相关应对措施呼吁人们增强环保意识，自觉保护环境。常用句式1.Air pollution has become a danger to peoples life.2.Environmental problems are becoming more and more serious all over the world.3.One major environmental problem is.4.is harmful to us.5.There are several reasons for this.6.It ha
21、s more disadvantages than advantages.7.We should take some effective measures.8.We should try our best to overcome the difficulties.9.We should solve the problems that we are faced with.10.From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that.11.In order to reduce air pollution，we ha
22、d better.12.In order to solve the problem，we should.写作任务环保问题是摆在人类面前的一个严峻问题，为了保护好环境，世界各国的人们都付出了努力，请你就下面三个方面的问题谈一谈环保问题。1.目前的环境保护还存在着许多问题；2.为了保护环境，各国政府做了大量的工作；3.你的看法：注意：词数100左右。审题谋篇第一步明确要求本文要求写环保类议论文，要注意环保类文章常用的词汇和句型。本文应以现在时态为主。第二步确定段落本文可以采用三段式：Para.1：环境的现状及危害；Para.2：各国政府在环境保护方面所做的工作；Para.3：你的看法。第三步词汇热
23、身1.环境保护environmental protection2.对有害do harm to/be harmful to3.导致，引起cause/lead to4.在中起重要作用play an important part/role in5.采取措施take measures6.意识到的重要性realize the importance of7.努力做某事make an effort to do sth.8.将付诸实施put.into practice第四步句式升级1.在我看来，政府应采取更加切实的措施保护环境。(一般表达)In my opinion，our government should
24、 do more to protect the environment.(句式升级)In my opinion，to protect the environment，the government must take even more practical measures.2.我们应付出更多努力实施计划生育政策，因为人多意味着更多污染。(一般表达)We should carry out the population planning policy，or there are more pollution.(句式升级)Much more efforts should be made to put
25、the population planning policy into practice，because more people mean more pollution.3.那些故意破坏环境的人应该受到惩罚。(一般表达)Some people destroy the environment intentionally and they should be punished.(句式升级)Those who destroy the environment intentionally should be punished.连句成篇There are still many problems of en
26、vironmental protection in recent years.One of the most serious problems in the world is the serious pollution of air，water and soil.What is more，vegetation has been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities.To protect the environment，many countries have done a lot.Many steps have been i
27、ntroduced to control air pollution，to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution.Therefore，governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.In my opinion，to protect environment，the government must take even more practical measure
28、s.First，it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education.Second，much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice，because more people mean more pollution.Finally，those who destroy the environment intentionally should b
29、e severely punished.We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.单元语法A)用所给动词的正确形式填空1.Passengers are permitted to carry(carry) only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.2.He is strong enough to lift(lift) that rock.3.It made us very angry to hear(hear) h
30、im talk like that.4.Simon made a big bamboo box to keep(keep) the little sick bird till it could fly.5.Li Na was proud to have won(win) several champions at home and abroad.B)完成句子6.他要求被派往农村工作。He asked to be sent to work in the countryside.7.你真是愚蠢把老师说的每件事都记下来。It is stupid of you to write down everyth
31、ing the teacher says.8.布朗一家有一所舒服的房子可住。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.9.明天举行的会议是关于控制污染的。The meeting to be held tomorrow is about how to stop the pollution.10.他不得不面对失去儿子的现实。He cant help but face the fact that he has lost his son.阅读理解AWhat is the most popular way to travel in the whole
32、world，not counting a human beings two legs？You say by car？No.Train？Wrong again.Airplane？Im sorry，but youre not even close.The most popular way of going from one place to another is by bicycle.And it is a surprise to most Americans.After all，we see thousands of cars each day.We dont see nearly as man
33、y bikes.In the United States most bike riders are either young people or adults bicycling for exercise.About nine million bikes are sold in America each year.Nearly three million are sold to adults.The rest are to children.But in the rest of the world，far more people use the bike as their main way o
34、f traveling.They ride bikes to work，to school，and to stores.Bicycles have been around for a long timeabout 300 years.You would not like to ride around on those early bikes，though.They didnt have any pedals(脚蹬).The riders had to push along with their feet.And this bike only went straight ahead.There
35、was no way to turn the front wheel.If the rider wanted to change direction，he or she had to get off and move the bicycle.When pedals were put on the front wheels，riding became easier.The most popular kind of bike in the late 1800s had a very high front wheel and a small back wheel.It was a long fall
36、 to the ground!Another problem was that there were no rubber tires(橡胶轮胎).Its no wonder that one bike was called the “Boneshaker”. Then in the 1880s，airfilled rubber tires were put on the bicycles wheels.Since then the bicycle has not changed very much.Of course bikes come in different shapes and col
37、ors now，but the main design is still the same.11.Compared with those in America，bikes in the rest of the world .A.are much cheaperB.enjoy greater popularity C.are mainly used by childrenD.are mainly used to do exercise答案B解析推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“But in the rest of the world，far more people use the bike as
38、their main way of traveling.They ride bikes to work，to school，and to stores.”可推断出，自行车在世界的其他国家比在美国更受欢迎。故选B。12.Why did people dislike riding early bikes?A.They were too large.B.They were dangerous.C.They were hard to control.D.They were too high for many people.答案C解析推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“The riders had to p
39、ush along with their feet.And this bike only went straight ahead.There was no way to turn the front wheel.If the rider wanted to change direction，he or she had to get off and move the bicycle.”可知，早期的自行车很难控制。故选C。13.The underlined word “Boneshaker” in the last paragraph shows the bike was .A.old B.slo
40、wC.broken D.uncomfortable答案D解析词义猜测题。根据文章第四段中的“Another problem was that there were no rubber tires (橡胶轮胎).Its no wonder that one bike was called the “Boneshaker”.可知，在当时，自行车的轮胎不是橡胶轮胎，因此骑起来不舒服。故选D。BAt thirteen，I was diagnosed(诊断)with kind of attention disorder.It made school difficult for me.When every
41、one else in the class was focusing on tasks，I could not.In my first literature class，Mrs.Smith asked us to read a story and then write on it，all within 45 minutes.I raised my hand right away and said，“Mrs.Smith，you see，the doctor said I have attention problems.I might not be able to do it.”She glanc
42、ed down at me through her glasses，“you are no different from your classmates，young man.”I tried，but I didnt finish the reading when the bell rang.I had to take it home.In the quietness of my bedroom，the story suddenly all became clear to me.It was about a blind person，Louis Braille.He lived in a tim
43、e when the blind couldnt get much education.But Louis didnt give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of raised dots(点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.Wasnt I the “blind” in my class，being made to learn like the “sighted” students？My thoughts spilled out and my pen st
44、arted to dance.I completed the task within 40 minutes.Indeed，I was no different from others；I just needed a quieter place.If Louis could find his way out of his problems，why should I ever give up?I didnt expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came b
45、ack to me the next day with an “A” on it.At the bottom of the paper were these words：“See what you can do when you keep trying？”14.The author didnt finish the reading in class because .A.he was new to the classB.he was tired of literatureC.he had an attention disorderD.he wanted to take the task hom
46、e答案C解析细节理解题。根据文章第一段可知作者在课上没有完成阅读任务的原因是作者有注意障碍，与C项相符合。15.What do we know about Louis Braille from the passage?A.He made a great invention.B.He had good sight.C.He gave up reading.D.He learned a lot from school.答案A解析细节理解题。根据文章第五段最后两句“But Louis didnt give up.Instead，he invented a reading system of rais
47、ed dots(点)，which opened up a whole new world of knowledge to the blind.”可知Louis发明了一种盲人专用的阅读系统。16.What was Mrs.Smiths attitude to the author at the end of the story?A.Angry. B.Impatient.C.Sympathetic. D.Encouraging.答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知Mrs.Smith对作者的态度是鼓励的，鼓励作者继续努力。.语法填空Mike：Are you a music lover，Mary
48、?Mary：17.Certainly(Certain).Music plays 18.an important role in my life.It helps me reduce my pressure at work and in life.Every time I listen to my favourite music，I feel relaxed.Mike：What kind of music do you like 19.best(well)，Mary?Mary：My favourite music is jazz.What about you，Mike?Mike：20.Mine(
49、I) is rock music.Well，there is a jazz music concert tomorrow evening,21.which I think you will be fond of.Mary：I want very much to go to the concert，but it is said that all the tickets 22.have been sold(sell) out by far.Mike：A friend of mine，Jack，has promised 23.to give(give) me a ticket.Mary：Only o
50、ne ticket?Mike：Yes.24.But I can ask him to give me another one.Mary：Can he?Mike：Of course.He is the 25.manager(manage) of that theater.Mary：Thats perfect.Do you know what time the concert starts?Mike：At seven oclock.I will phone you as soon as I get the tickets 26.for/to the concert.Mary：OK.Thank yo
51、u.短文改错On my fourteen birthday，I received lots of presents.Which present is the best in my eye？Its handmade notebook，that my best friend Jane gave to me.Jane makes it by herself.On each page of the notebook，theres a picture for Jane and me with some words.She either encourages me or tell me how she f
52、eels about our friendship.Every time I look at the notebook，Im touching by something warm.This present is a memory of the wonderfully time weve spent together.I will be keep this special gift forever.答案On my birthday，I received lots of presents.Which present is the best in my ？Its handmade notebook，
53、 my best friend Jane gave to me.Jane it by herself.On each page of the notebook，theres a picture Jane and me with some words.She either encourages me or me how she feels about our friendship.Every time I look at the notebook，Im by something warm.This present is a memory of the time weve spent togeth
54、er.I will be keep this special gift forever.书面表达假设你是校学生会主席，为了解决城市空气污染问题，你代表学生会向全校师生发出倡议。请根据以下要点，用英语写一份100词左右的倡议书：1.简述城市空气污染的危害。2.提出解决该问题的建议：(1)尽量少开车；(2)不随地扔垃圾；(3)关闭一些工厂；3.发出号召。参考范文Dear teachers and students，These days one major environmental problem in our city is air pollution.Every day we have to
55、take in very dirty air，which does great harm to our health.To make the air in the city fresher，we should keep the following in mind.Firstly，we should take a bus or ride a bicycle instead of driving a car and try to use cleaner fuels.Secondly，we should not throw litter here and there but put it into the dustbin.Thirdly，some factories should be closed or moved out of the city.Finally，we need to plant more trees and grass to make the air fresh.Lets take action and try our best to make the air in the city cleaner!Thank you!The Students Union