1、Unit 1 Cultural HeritageDiscovering Useful Structures一、语法指南定语从句的种类根据定语从句与先行词之间关系的紧密程度，我们将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。1限制性定语从句限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，两者之间不用逗号分开；关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, as；关系副词有where, when, why。This is the com
2、puter (that/which) he bought for his son yesterday.这是他昨天为儿子买的电脑。The woman who/that survived the earthquake is Amys English teacher.在地震中幸存的那个女人是埃米的英语老师。I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.我住在一对夫妇的隔壁， 他们的孩子经常吵闹。2非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词或主句作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍
3、然完整。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开。引导非限制性定语从句的关系词与引导限制性定语从句的关系词略有不同。除that和why不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他都可以。He is English, which I know from his accent.他是英国人，那是我通过他的口音知道的。I heard a terrible noise, which brought my heart into my mouth.我听到了一个可怕的声音，这使我非常害怕。二、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的用法比较1形式不同限制性定语从句和主句之间没有逗号；非限制性定语从句必须用逗号与主句隔开。Here is
4、 the man who has been punished by the boss.这就是那个被老板惩罚的人。(限制性定语从句)The project, which lasted three years, cost no less than $1 billion.这个工程历时三年，耗资多达十亿美元。(非限制性定语从句)2先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词只能是一个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是一个词，也可以是整个主句。试比较：This is the best novel that I have ever read.这是我曾经看过的最好的小说。(限制性定语从句，先行词是novel)
5、The novel, which I read last night, is very interesting.我昨天晚上看过那部小说了，它非常有意思。(非限制性定语从句，先行词为novel)The novel is very interesting, which makes me very excited.那部小说很有意思，这让我很兴奋。(非限制性定语从句， which指代前面整句话的内容)3关系词的使用情况不同（1）that，why不可用于引导非限制性定语从句，指物时要用which代替that，for which代替why。Most people didnt vote for him, w
6、hich disappointed him.大多数人没有投票支持他，这使他感到失望。(which指代前面整句话内容)I have told them the reason, for which I changed my mind.我已经告诉了他们我改变主意的原因。（2）关系代词替代情况不同关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who代替。This is the man (whom/who/that) we are talking about.这就是我们正在谈论的那个人。(限制性定语从句)The old man have three son
7、s, whom he is proud of.这位老人有三个儿子，他以他们为骄傲。(非限制性定语从句)在限制性定语从句中，先行词指人时可以用that引导，但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时，关系代词只能用who或whom。She has a younger brother, who is an English teacher.她有一个弟弟，是一名英语老师。（3）关系代词省略情况不同关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可省略，而非限制性定语从句的所有关系代词均不可省略。This is a good film (which/that) I saw a few days ago.这是我几天前看过的一部
8、好影片。(限制性定语从句)The summer holiday, which were looking forward to, is drawing near. 暑假就要来了，对此我们盼望已久了。(非限制性定语从句)（4）非限制性定语从句由“介词关系代词”引导时，其中的关系代词用which或whom。Seven people were caught in the big fire that broke out on Friday, four of whom (of whom four) were badly injured.七人被困在星期五发生的大火里，其中四人严重受伤。I have boug
9、ht two pens, both of which write well.我买了两只钢笔，都好用。二、同步练习（一）1.Students should involve themselves in community activities _ they can gain experience for growth.2.She and her family bicycle to work, _ helps them keep fit.3.Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, _ is not good for the he
10、alth.4.A study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to ten minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.5.There was a long wait at the reception desk, _ everyone was checking in.（二）6.通过对比，我们发现你采访的人更值得相信。_ _, we find that the people you _ are _ _ belie
11、ving in.7.为了得到更多人的注意，她在网络上筹钱，打算捐助给云南山区贫困的孩子。In order to _ more peoples _, she _ _ online, intended to _ _ to the children living in poverty in the mountains in Yunnan Province.8.你认为你还能跑得像年轻时那么快吗?Do you think that you can still run just _ _ _ _ _ young?9.正如培根所说，知识就是力量。_ _Francis Bacon _, knowledge is
12、 power.10.我留下这几本书，目的是让你空余时间看看。Ive left the books _ _ _ _ in your spare time.答案以及解析（一）1.答案：where2.答案：which解析： 考查非限制性定语从句。句意：她和家人都骑自行车上班，这有助于他们保持健康。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，关系词指代整个主句并在从句中作主语，所以用which引导。3.答案：which4.答案：which/that5.答案：where（二）6.答案：By comparison, interviewed, better worth7.答案：get/attract, attention, raised money, donate it8.答案：as fast as you were9.答案：Just as, said10.答案：for you to read5
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