1、构词法(Word Formation)一、 构词法的定义及分类按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法叫做构词法。英语构词法主要有转化法、合成法、派生法、首尾缩略法等。二、 构词法讲解(一)转化法1概念：英语中一个词由一种词类转到另一种或几种词类而不发生词形的变化，称为转化。2四种转化观察典例Lets go out for a walk.我们出去散散步吧。Women have an equal say in everything.妇女在各方面都有同等的发言权。He backed his car into the garage.他把车倒进车库。Did you book a seat on the pla
2、ne? 你订好飞机座位了吗？The train slowed down to half its speed.火车速度减慢了一半。We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。She was dressed in blue.她穿着蓝色衣服。The old here are living a happy life.这里的老年人过着幸福的生活。归纳方法四种转化：动词转化为名词名词转化为动词形容词转化为动词形容词转化为名词。即时训练1句型转换1We had lunch together after the mee
3、ting.We lunched together after the meeting.2Lets fill the water into this bottle.Lets bottle the water.3You are so fat that you have to go on a diet.You are so fat that you have to diet.4Snow often falls in my hometown in winter.It often snows in my hometown in winter.(二)合成法1概念：由两个或多个单词合成一个新词，通常前一个词
4、修饰或限定后一个词。2三种合成方式(1)连成一个词：butterfly蝴蝶；rainbow彩虹(2)用连字符：wellknown著名的；goodfornothing无用之人(3)分开写：flower bed花坛；high and tight军人发型3四类合成词(1)合成形容词观察典例nobleminded高尚的 goodtempered脾气好的goodlooking好看的 finesounding动听的hardworking勤劳的 farreaching深远的peaceloving热爱和平的 facetoface面对面的stateowned国营的 heartfelt由衷的well manner
5、ed举止得体的widespread广泛流传的largescale大规模的 highclass高级的dutyfree免税的 lifelong终身的，毕生的归纳方法合成形容词的构成方式：形容词名词ed形容词现在分词副词现在分词名词现在分词名词过去分词副词过去分词形容词名词名词形容词名词介词名词(2)合成名词观察典例silkworm蚕bloodtest验血doubledealer两面派 shorthand速记waiting room候车室 sleepingpills安眠药pickpocket扒手 high school中学handwriting书法 wedding dress婚纱gettogethe
6、r联欢会 hideandseek捉迷藏游戏downfall垮台 sitdown坐下休息归纳方法合成名词的构成方式 ：名词名词形容词名词动名词名词动词名词名词动名词动词连词动词副词动词动词副词(3)合成动词观察典例sleepwalk梦游overthrow推翻whitewash粉刷归纳方法合成动词的构成方式：名词动词副词动词形容词动词(4)合成副词everywhere到处however无论如何forever永远downstairs在楼下归纳方法合成副词的构成方式：形容词副词副词副词介词副词介词名词即时训练2写出下列合成词的汉语意思。1salesman售货员 2snowwhite 雪白的3black
7、list 列入黑名单4roommate 室友5undergo 经历(三) 派生法1概念：在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。2前缀(1) 表示否定意义的前缀观察典例appear出现disappear消失correct正确的incorrect不正确的legal合法的illegal非法的lead带领mislead错误引领stop停下nonstop不停possible可能的impossible不可能的regular规则的irregular不规则的smoker吸烟的人nonsmoker不吸烟的人usual寻常的unusual不寻常的归纳方法表示否定意义
8、的前缀常用的有dis，il，im，in，ir，mis，non，un等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。(2)其他意义的前缀观察典例alone单独的asleep睡着的forward向前foresee预见 international国际的interview会见microscope显微镜microfilm微型胶片 midnight午夜midautumn中秋的minibus微型汽车miniskirt超短裙rewrite重写return返回review复习superman超人supermarket超级商场 telephone电话telescope望远镜television电视归纳方法表
9、示其他意义的前缀常用的有：a表状态；for，fore先，前，预；inter间，相互；micro微；mid中；mini微型的；re重，再，复；super上，超；tele远距离的(3) 改变词性的前缀观察典例large(形容词，大的)enlarge(动词，扩大)courage(名词，勇气)encourage(动词，鼓励)value(名词，价值)devalue(动词，降低的价值)friend(名词，朋友)befriend(动词，与交朋友)little(形容词，小的)belittle(动词，轻视)board(名词，甲板)aboard(副词，在船上)side(名词，旁边)aside(副词，在旁边)sle
10、ep(动词，睡觉)asleep(形容词，睡着的)door(名词，门)outdoor(形容词，户外的)归纳方法改变词性的前缀有：en，de，be，a，out等。en前缀通常加在形容词或名词前构成动词；de前缀通常加在名词之前构成动词，其意义大多和原名词相反；be前缀可加在名词或形容词前构成动词；a前缀常加在名词或描述性动词之前，构成形容词或副词；out前缀可加在名词之前构成形容词，加在动词之前构成名词。3后缀(1) 构成名词的后缀观察典例Chinese中国人，汉语Japanese日本人，日语foreigner外国人teacher老师cleaner清洁工sailor水手actor演员visitor
11、来访者artist艺术家pianist钢琴家scientist科学家importance重要performance执行absence缺勤difference区别invention发明protection保护agreement同意arrangement安排illness生病kindness善良归纳方法构成名词的后缀常用的有ence，ese(表某地人或语言)，er/or/ist(表人)，ess(雌性)，ian(精通的人)，ist(专业人员)，ment(性质；状态)，ness(性质；状态)，tion(动作；过程)等。(2) 构成形容词的后缀观察典例nature自然natural自然的reason道理
12、reasonable有道理的America美国American美国的China中国Chinese中国人的gold金子golden金的east东eastern东方的child孩子childish孩子气的snow雪snowy雪的归纳方法构成形容词的后缀常用的有al，able (有能力的)，(a)n(某国人的)，en (多用于表示材料的名词后)，ern (方向的)，ese(某国人的)，ful，(ic)al，ish，ive，less (表示否定)，like (像的)，ly，ous，some，y (表示天气)等。(3) 构成副词的后缀观察典例angry生气的angrily生气地to到towards朝，向
13、east东方eastward向东归纳方法构成副词的常用后缀有ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度)，ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。(4)构成动词的后缀观察典例wide宽的widen加宽beauty美人，美好beautify美化pure纯的purify提纯real真的realize意识到organ器官organize组织归纳方法构成动词的后缀常用的有en (用于形容词之后)，fy (使化)，ize (使成为)。即时训练3单句语法填空1Theme parks offer more educational things than amusement(amuse) park
14、s do.2Smoke can blacken(black) the white walls.3The weather in Britain is changeable (change)You can find that one minute it is rainy and the next minute the sun is shining brightly.4Sometimes unknown things appear mysterious ( mystery) to us.5If we human beings keep on killing the wildlife，some ani
15、mals will disappear (appear) completely.(四)缩略法观察典例LabourLab.(英国)工党NovemberNov.十一月归纳方法上述缩略词是靠截去词的尾部构成的。观察典例televisionTV电视postscriptPS附言，又及归纳方法上述缩略词是靠保留前缀及词根的首字母构成的。观察典例misterMr 先生doctor Dr 医生；博士归纳方法上述缩略词是靠保留单词的首尾字母构成的。观察典例Member of ParliamentMP议员Very Important PersonVIP要人；大人物information technologyIT信
16、息技术Internet Service ProviderISP 互联网服务供应商归纳方法上述缩略词是用单词的首字母构成的，并且按字母分别读音，虚词省略。观察典例Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL 托福考试computer assisted learningCAL 计算机辅助学习United Nations Educational，Scientific and Cultural OrganizationUNESCO 联合国教科文组织归纳方法上述缩略词是用单词的首字母构成的，并且按单词读音。即时训练4写出下列词的缩略词1the United Sta
17、tes of AmericaUSA 美国2World Wide WebWWW万维网3the Voice of AmericaVOA美国之音4central processing unitCPU中央处理器.写出下列黑体词的含义1No one nosed the danger before the earthquake.觉察2He was a disturbed child who needed mothering.悉心照顾3Which country is to host the next Olympic Games？主办4I want a say in the management of th
18、e business.发言权5The government hopes to better the conditions of the workers.改善6When I passed his room，I saw him papering the wall.用纸糊7Their jobless total reached a record high since 1940.总数8If they are nursed properly，the plants will flower in early spring.护理；开花9He fooled a lot of people into believ
19、ing that he was nobleminded.欺骗；品德高尚的10After work，the saleswoman didnt head straight home.女售货员；前往.单句语法填空1Reading will enlarge(large) your vocabulary.2When he is low，I often encourage (courage) him.3Wait and seethe problem wont just disappear(appear)4. Unfortunately (unfortunate)，Chaplin and his frien
20、d didnt find any gold but were caught in a snowstorm.5There is still room for improvement(improve) in your work.6The amazing (amaze) thing is that it was kept secret for so long.7The two girls are similarly (similar) dressed and I can hardly tell them apart.8When they heard of it，they immediately (i
21、mmediate) came to my help.9After the long journey，the three of them returned home，hungry and exhausted (exhaust)10She felt a mixture (mix) of excitement and fear when hearing the news.短文语法填空English is a language 1. spoken (speak) all around the world.There are more than 40 countries 2.where most of
22、the people speak English.Whats more，the number of people who learn English 3. is more than 750 million.Everywhere in the world children go to school 4.to learn (learn) English.Most people learn English for five or six years at high school.In China，most students learn English at school 5.as a foreign
23、 language.In only fifty years，English 6. has developed (develop) into the language most 7.widely (wide) used in the world.English is the working language of most international organizations，international trade and tourism.Businessmen and 8. tourists (tourist) often come to China without being able to speak Chinese.Chinese businessmen，taxi drivers and students talk with them using English.You can listen to English songs through the Internet.With so many people municating (communicate) in English every day，it will become more and more important to have 10.a good knowledge of English.
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