1、专题四: 时态和语态基础知识过关一、基本时态语态的构成(以do为例)时态主动语态被动语态一般现在时do/doesam/is/are done现在进行时am/is/are doingam/is/are being done现在完成时have/has donehave/has been done现在完成进行时have/has been doing/一般过去时didwas/were done过去进行时was/were doingwas/were being done过去将来时would dowould be done过去完成时had donehad been done一般将来时will dowill
2、 be done将来进行时will be doing/二、基本时态的用法1. 一般现在时(1)表示经常性或习惯性的动作。此时常与often, sometimes, usually, always, twice a week, every day等时间状语连用。 (2)表示现在存在的状态或者表示主语的身份、特征。此时句子中一般含有连系动词(be, look, smell, sound, feel, get, turn等)。(3)表示客观事实或普遍真理时, 常用一般现在时。例如: China is in Asia. (4)在含有时间状语从句的主从复合句中, 主句为一般将来时时, 从句要用一般现在时
3、表将来。(5)表示按规定、计划、安排等将要发生的动作, 这样的动词有go, come, fall, arrive, begin, meet, leave, take off等。2. 现在进行时(1)表示现在或现在这一段时间内正在进行的活动。(2)有时用来代替一般现在时, 此时常与频度副词(always, constantly, continually, again等)连用, 表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。(3)表示最近按计划或安排要进行的动作, 这时多用表将来的时间状语, 动词常为起止趋向性动词(短语), 如come, go, leave, stay, arrive, tak
4、e off, start, return等。3. 现在完成时(1)表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常与时间状语already, ever, just, never, yet, so far, by now, in/over the last/past few years等连用。 (2)表示动作或状态发生在过去, 一直延续到现在, 甚至还可能继续延续下去。常与“since+时间点”、“for+时间段”、how long、ever since等状语连用。(3)在时间、条件、让步状语从句中, 常用现在完成时代替将来完成时。(4)表示“第几次做某事”的句式It/This is
5、the first/second. . . time that. . . 中, 从句用现在完成时。(5)现在完成时还常用于句式“It/This is the+最高级+名词+that从句”中。4. 现在完成进行时表示从过去到现在这段时间里一直进行或反复发生的一个动作。强调动作的持续性和反复性。5. 一般过去时(1)表示在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态, 常伴有表示过去的时间状语。(2)表示在过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性的动作, 常与often, always等表示频度的时间状语连用或用would/used to do句型来表达。(3)在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中代替过去将来时。6. 过
6、去进行时过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态, 或者过去某一阶段内一直进行或反复的动作。过去进行时常和表示过去的某个时刻或一段时间的状语连用, 如at this time yesterday, at that time, then, at 6: 00 yesterday, the whole morning, all night等。7. 过去将来时(1)过去将来时表示在过去某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用于宾语从句和间接引语中。(2)表过去将来的常见形式: would do sth. ; was/were to do sth. ; was/were going
7、 to do sth. ; was/were about to do sth. 8. 过去完成时(1)表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生的动作或已经存在的状态。(2)表示某个动作或状态在过去某一时刻之前就开始, 一直持续到这一过去时刻, 并有可能继续下去。(3)过去完成时有时表示一种未实现的愿望或想法。9. 一般将来时(1)表示未来的动作或存在的状态, 常与表示将来的时间状语连用, 如tomorrow, next Sunday, soon, in a month, in the future等。(2)表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。10. 将来进行时(1)将来进行时用来表示在将来的某一个时
8、间正在进行的动作和按计划、安排、决定预料将要发生的事。(2)表示要在将来某一时刻开始, 并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。三、易混时态对比1. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时(1)现在完成时只表示动作已经完成, 着重结果; 而现在完成进行时表示该动作并未完成, 还在继续之中, 有时强调动作的持续或反复。Have you met her lately? 你最近见到她了吗? Have you been meeting her lately? 你最近经常见到她吗? (强调重复, 经常见面)(2)现在完成时强调“事实”; 而现在完成进行时则强调“动作”, 并且常含有喜悦、愤怒、不满、厌恶等感
9、情色彩。I have been waiting for you for two hours. 我一直等了你两个小时。(可能含有不满的感情色彩)I have waited for you for two hours. 我已经等了你两个小时。(说明一个事实)(3)英语中某些动词, 如build, write, read, eat, tell, repair等, 若用于现在完成时, 则表示“完成”, 而用于现在完成进行时则表示“持续”。I have written a letter. 我写了一封信。(已经写好了)I have been writing a letter. 我在写一封信。(还在写着)(
10、4)不用于进行时态的状态动词、感知动词或情感动词(如know, love等), 不可用于现在完成进行时, 但可用于现在完成时。I have known her for a long time. (正) 我认识她已经很久了。I have been knowing her for a long time. (误)I havent seen him these days. (正) 这些日子我没有见过他。I havent been seeing him these days. (误)2. 一般过去时和现在完成时(1)一般过去时陈述过去的事实, 与现在无关。He worked in Africa for
11、 ten years. Now he is in Beijing. 他在非洲工作过十年, 现在在北京。He put the watch on the table and went out. 他把手表放在桌上就出去了。(2)现在完成时在影响上或时间上和现在有联系。He has put the watch on the table. 他把表放在桌上了。(强调表现在在桌上)They have worked here for three years. 他们已经在这儿工作三年了。(工作这一动作从过去持续到现在)通关训练. 用所给动词的适当形式填空1. A few months after he had
12、arrived in China, Mr Smith _(fall) in love with Chinese culture. 2. I was sent to the village to see how the development plan _(carry) out in the past two years. 3. More efforts _(make) in the years ahead to deepen the reform. 4. Marty _(work) really hard on his book and he thinks hell have finished
13、 it by Friday. 5. She was a TV reporter and _(work)long hours. 6. He must have sensed that I _(look) at him. He suddenly said quietly, “Why are you staring at me like that? ”7. The reports went missing in 2018 and nobody _(see) them since then. 8. Ladies and gentlemen, we _(arrive) at Nanjing Statio
14、n. Please get ready to get off the train. 9. In the traditional Chinese calendar, each year _(give) a name of 12 kinds of animals. 10. The water will be further polluted unless some measures _(take). . 语法小语段(1)Most of us have probably been angry with our friends, parents, or teachers. Perhaps they 1
15、. _(say) something you didnt like or you felt they 2. _(be) unfair. Sometimes, people 3. _(stay) angry for years about a small problem. Time 4. _(go) by, and good friendships may 5. _(lose). (2)Nowadays, more and more people 1. _(receive) all kinds of strange 2. _(call). Most of them take place whil
16、e the people 3. _(use) mobile phones. If you are not careful enough, you 4. _(fall) into a telephone fraud (欺诈) and even lose your life. What is a telephone fraud? It 5. _(be) a kind of fraud conducted over the phone. (3)The weather 1. _(change) a lot these days. Like today, it was sunny in the morn
17、ing, but 2. _(rain) heavily at noon. So we have made two plans for you: If the weather 3. _(be) nice, Im going to take you to Smith Farm. Im sure you 4. _(like) it. And dont worry if it 5. _(rain). We can go shopping at Mimis Department Store. (4)Longjing tea 1. _ (place) on the top list of the ten
18、most famous teas in China because 2. _ its color, taste and shape. It 3. _ (name) after its production regionLongjing Village of West Lake. The good environment and water resources 4. _ (help) much to the growth of the tea, confirming (证实) the saying that “Longjing tea is the 5. _ (good) among all o
19、f the teas in the world”. 参考答案. 1. fell2. had been carried3. will be made4. has been working5. worked6. was looking7. has seen8. are arriving9. is given10. are taken. (1)1. said2. were3. can stay4. goes5. be lost(2)1. have received2. calls3. are using4. will fall5. is(3)1. has changed2. rained3. is4. will like5. rains(4)1. has been placed2. of3. is named4. have helped5. best
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