1、动词时态和语态精讲精炼02十一、一般现在时代替过去时1.“书上说”“报纸上说”等。The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。2.叙述往事，使其生动。Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的部队冲上来了，战斗打响了。十二、一般现在时代替完成时1.有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时：hear，tell，learn，write，understand，forget，know，find，say,rememberI hear (=have h
2、eard)he will go to London.I forget (=have forgotten)how old he is.2.句型“It is.since.”代替“It has been.since.”It is (=has been)five years since we last met.十三、一般现在时代替进行时1.句型：Here comes.； There goes.Look，here comes Mr.Li.看，李先生来了。十四、现在进行时代替将来时1.表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。Are you staying with us this weekend? 这周和我们
3、一起度周末吗?We are leaving soon.我们马上就走。 2.渐变动词，如：get，run，grow，become，begin，dieHe is dying.他快要不行了。十五、时态一致1.如果从句所叙述的为真理或不变的事实，则永远用现在时。At that time，people did not know that the earth moves.在那时，人们不知道地球是运动的。He told me last week that he is eighteen.他上周告诉我他18岁了。2.宾语从句中的助动词ought，need，must，dare 时态是不变的。He thought
4、that I need not tell you the truth.他原以为我没有必要告诉你真相。十六、时态与时间状语时间状语一般现在时every.，sometimes,at.，on Sunday一般过去时yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the other day，in 1982，just now一般将来时next.，tomorrow，in+时间现在完成时for，since，so far，ever，never，just，yet，till/until，up to now，in past years，always，recently过去完成时before，by，un
5、til，when，after，once，as soon as过去进行时this morning，the whole morning，all day，yesterday，from nine to ten last evening.when，while将来进行时soon，tomorrow，this evening，on Sunday，by this time，tomorrow，in two days，tomorrow evening动词的语态一、分类及定义语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态。1.若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式，变为被动语态时
6、，该不定式前要加“to”。此类动词为感官动词。feel，hear，help，listen to，look at，make，observe，see，notice，watchThe teacher made me go out of the classroom.老师把我赶出了教室。I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).我被老师赶出了教室。2.情态动词+be+过去分词，构成被动语态。Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.煤可以用来
7、发电以供应工农业生产。二、功能及用法1.let 的用法1）当let后只有一个单音节动词，变被动语态时，可用不带to 的不定式。They let the strange go.The strange was let go.他们让那个陌生人走了。 2)若let 后宾补较长时，let 通常不用被动语态，而用allow或permit 代替。The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital.I was allowed/permitted to see my classmate in the hospital.护士让我去看望在医院的同学。2.短
8、语动词的被动语态短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。My sister will be taken care of by grandma.我妹妹将由奶奶来照顾。Such a thing has never been heard of before.那种事情以前从来没听说过。3.表示“据说”或“相信” 的词组believe，consider，declare，expect，feel，report，say，see，suppose，think，understand It is said that.据说It is reported that.据报道It is believed that.大家相
9、信It is hoped that.大家希望It is well known that.众所周知It is thought that.大家认为It is suggested that.据建议It is taken granted that.被视为当然It has been decided that.大家决定It must be remembered that.务必记住的是It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday.据说她周二动身去武汉。4.不用被动语态的情况1)不及物动词或某些动词短语无被动语态：appear，die disappea
10、r，end (vi.结束)，fail，happen，last，lie，remain，sit，spread，stand,break out，come true，fall asleep，keep silence，lose heart，take place比较： rise，fall，happen是不及物动词；raise，seat是及物动词。价格上涨了。(错)The price has been risen. (对)The price has risen.事故发生在上周。(错)The accident was happened last week.(对) The accident happened l
11、ast week.要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题惟有在学习过程中多留意积累。2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit，have，hold，marry，own，wish，cost，notice，watch agree with，arrive at/in，shake hands with，succeed in，suffer from，happen to，take part in，walk into，belong toYour story agrees with what had already been
12、heard.你的故事跟我们听到的相符。3)系动词无被动语态： appear，be become，fall，feel，get，grow，keep，look，remain，seem，smell， sound，stay，taste，turnIt sounds good.这听起来不错。4)带同源宾语的及物动词、反身代词、相互代词，不能用于被动语态： die，death，dream，live，lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨天晚上做了一个噩梦。5)当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。她喜欢游泳。(对)She likes to swim.(错)To swi
13、m is liked by her.5.主动形式表示被动意义1) wash，clean，cook，iron，look，cut，sell，read，wear，feel，draw，write，sell，drive.The book sells well.这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily.这刀子很好用。2)blame，let(出租)，remain，keep，rent，buildI was to blame for the accident.对于这起事故我应受责备。Much work remains.还剩下好多活。3)在need，require，want，worth(形容词)
14、，deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。The door needs repairing.=The door needs to be repaired.这扇门需要修了。This room needs cleaning.这房间应该打扫一下。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。4)特殊结构：make sb.heard/understood(使别人能听见/理解自己)have sth.done (要某人做某事)。6.被动形式表示主动意义be determined，be pleased，be graduated (from)，be finished，be prepar
15、ed (for)，be occupied (in)，get married He is graduated from a famous university.他毕业于一所有名的大学。注意： 表示同某人结婚，用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可。He married a rich girl.他娶了一个有钱的女孩。He got married to a rich girl.7.need/want/require/worth注意：当 need，want，require，worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动。Your hair wants cutting.你
16、的头发该理了。The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗。The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。【考点诠释】考点一、一般现在时与现在进行时 1一般现在时 （1）考查表示按时间表将要发生的动作或事件 例1Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 1026 _ off at 18: 20. A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken 【解析】飞机起非的时间是时间表上的安排，所以无论将来什么时候发生都用一般现在时，答案应是A。 （2）考查表示特征、能力或现时
17、的情况或状态 例2 This machine _. It hasnt worked for years. A. didnt work B. wasnt working C. doesnt work D. isnt working 例3 The house belongs to my aunt but she _ here any more.A. hasnt lived B. didnt live C. had lived D. doesnt live 【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时，故不住在这里也应该是现时的情况，答案应为D。 （3）考查表示普遍真理、事实 例4Months ago we sa
18、iled ten thousand miles across this open sea, which _ the Pacific, and we met no storms. A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called 【解析】尽管我们横渡太平洋是几个月前的事情，但是海洋的名称是存在的事实，所以用一般现在时，答案是B。 2现在进行时 （1）考查表示现在或现阶段正在进行的动作或发生的事 例5 I have to go to work by taxi because my car _ at the garage
19、. A. will be repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. has been repaired 【解析】句中的谓语动词是现在时态，所以现在汽车正在被修理，故答案选C。 例6Since I won the big prize, my telephone hasnt stopped ringing. People _ to ask how I am going to spend the money. A. phone B. will phone C. were phoning D. are phoning （3）考查表示某个按最近的计划
20、或安排将要进行的动作、即将开始或结束的动作 常用的这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, land, meet, move, return, start, stay, stop, give, change, fly, work等。 例7Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belt. The plane _. A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off 1一般过去时 主要考查表示过去某个特定时间或某一段时间发生的动作或情况 例8Its said
21、that the early European playing-cards _ for entertainment and education. A. were being designed B. have designed C. have been designed D. were designed 【解析】句中的the early说明以前欧洲扑克牌的设计是为了娱乐和教育，用一般过去时说明过去某个特定时间发生的动作或情况，答案是D。 例9My cousin went to Canada two years ago. He _ there for a few months and then w
22、ent to America. A. worked B. would work C. would be working D. has been working 【解析】此题中的two years ago说明是发生在过去的事情，所以答案是A。 2过去进行时 （1）考查表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在发生的动作，强调未完成 例10Has Sam finished his homework today? I have no idea. He _ it this morning. A. did B. has done C. was doing D. had done （2）考查表示过去某一时间将要发生的动
23、作 例11What were you doing when Tony phoned you? I had just finished my work and _ take a shower. A. had started B. started C. have started D. was starting 【解析】“我”刚刚完成手头的工作，将要去洗澡，所以答案是D。 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别如下： 一般过去时：完成性 过去进行时：未完成 考点三、现成完成时与现在完成进行时 1现成完成时 （1）考查表示所发生的动作或事情对现在的影响或产生的结果 例12Although medical sci
24、ence _ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved 【解析】尽管句中未出现时间状语，我们从句意可以判断出医学已经控制住了一些危险的疾病，所以答案是B。 （2）考查表示一个从过去某个时间开始，延续到现在的动作 例13My friend, who _ on the International Olympic Committee all
25、 his life, is retiring next month. A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served 【解析】此题中的时间状语all his life 说明我的朋友从过去到现在一直在奥委会工作，答案应是D。 例14My brother is an actor. He _ in several films so far. A. appears B. appeared C. has appeared D. is appearing 2现成完成进行时 主要考查表示一个从过去某时开始发生，一直延续到现在并可能延续下去的动作。 例1
26、5Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. A. had considered B. has been considering C. consider D. is going to consider 【解析】因为失业，Lucy一直考虑重返校园，但是到现在还没做出决定,所以答案为B。 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别如下： 现在完成时：完成性强调动作的结果 现在完成进行时：未完成性动作在不久前持续进行的情景 考点四、 主动表示被动的三种情况 1. 不及物动词与状语连用
27、，用以表示主语的品质和状态。 常见动词是：cut, sell, read, write, fill, cook, lock, wash, drive, keep等。 2. 一些连系动词的主动式形容词。 常见动词是：look, smell, taste, sound, feel, prove, turn out等。 请同学们看下面一道题： 例16The roast duck_delicious and a lot_in two hours. A. was tasted； was sold B. tasted； was sold C. was tasted； sold D. tasted； wou
28、ld sell 【解析】根据所给情景，taste应为连系动词，英语中连系动词不用被动语态，所以第一空填tasted，后半句意为“烤鸭两小时内被卖掉很多”，所以答案为B。 上题可以变化如下： 例17The roast dark which Mr and Mrs White prepared_well. A. sold B. had been sold C. was sold D. would sell 3. 五个“发生”： happen, take place, occur to, break out，come about等。 例18is well known to everyone, the
29、Olympic Games_every four years. A. It; are heldB. As; take place C. That; happenD. As; break out 【解析】本题考查定语从句和表示“发生”等词的用法。A项it 不对，are held正确，改成以下句子正确：It is well known to everyone that the Olympic Games are held every four years. C、D项中That与break out不妥，B项中as引导的定语从句修饰the Olympic . 整个句子，take place相当于are held，所以答案为B。
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