1、Section_Grammar语法图解单元语法项目(一)被动语态探究发现The G8 is made up of political leaders from France,the United States,Britain,Germany,Japan,Italy,Canada and Russia.The Group of Eight,or G8,was formed by eight of the worlds wealthiest nations in 1998.the topic of Africa will be discussed in detail.he was delighte
2、d that the 2012 Olympic Games would be held in London.The news is being celebrated by crowds in the streets.At 12：45 UK time today,the name of the host city for the 2012 Olympic Games was being announced by the International Olympics Committee(IOC)in Singapore.Reforms have been demanded by people fr
3、om all over the world.Applications to host the games had also been made by Moscow,Madrid,New York and Paris.They want the leaders to cancel the debt of Africas poorest countries so that the problems there can be prevented from getting any worse.我的发现(1)及物动词的被动语态的多种时态形式，即“bev.过去分词”中，通过对的变化体现出时态意义。(2)句
4、句分别使用了一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、过去将来时、过去进行时、现在完成时和过去完成时的被动语态。(3)句从句是含有的被动句。be动词现在进行时情态动词一、动词语态的基本概念语态是动词的一种形式，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。英语动词有两种语态，主动语态(Active Voice)和被动语态(Passive Voice)。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。同一件事往往既可以用主动句又可以用被动句来表达，但侧重点有所不同。一般来说，主动语态侧重于行为者即动作的发出者，而被动语态侧重于动作的对象即动作的承受者。They have caught a snak
5、e.他们抓住了一条蛇。(主动语态)A snake has been caught by them.一条蛇已被他们捉住了。(被动语态)二、被动语态的构成被动语态的基本形式是由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。一般现在时am/is/are过去分词现在进行时am/is/arebeing过去分词一般过去时was/were过去分词过去进行时was/werebeing过去分词一般将来时will/shallbe过去分词；am/is/aregoing to be过去分词现在完成时have/hasbeen过去分词过去将来时would be过去分词过去完成时hadbeen过去分词Before you leav
6、e the lab,make sure the electricity is turned off and the windows are shut.(一般现在时的被动语态)在你离开实验室之前，要确保电源被切断，窗户被关好。The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.(一般过去时态的被动语态)孩子们热烈地欢迎外宾。More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.(一般将来时态的被动语态)中国人民在将来将进行更多的太空探索
7、。All the old houses along the street have been pulled down.(现在完成时态的被动语态)沿街的所有的旧房子都已经被拆掉了。When we got to the cinema,all the tickets had been sold out.(过去完成时态的被动语态)我们到达电影院时，所有的票都已售完。He said that the peoples living standard would be greatly improved.(过去将来时的被动语态)他说人们的生活水平将会有很大的提高。After school we went to
8、 the reading-room to do some reading,only to be told that it was being decorated.(过去进行时的被动语态)放学后，我们去阅览室看书，结果却被告知阅览室正在装修。They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is being rebuilt.(现在进行时的被动语态)他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。即时演练1(1)单句语法填空(2016江苏高考改编)More efforts,as reporte
9、d,(make)in the years ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.(2015北京高考改编)Did you enjoy the party?Yes,we (treat)well by our hosts.(2015重庆高考改编)In my hometown,there is always a harvest supper for the farmers after all the wheat (cut)will be madewere treatedhas been cut(2015安徽高考改编)It is re
10、ported that a space station _(build)on the moon in years to come.(2014全国大纲卷改编)Unless some extra money (find),the theatre will close.Cellphones (use)by more and more teens and many new functions (add)to them nowadays.will bebuiltis foundare being usedhave been added(2)单句改错(2015天津高考单选改编)Despite the pr
11、evious rounds of talks,no agreement has reached so far by the two sides.(2015四川高考单选改编)More expressways will built in Sichuan soon to promote the local economy.(2015湖南高考单选改编)I had a strong desire to reach in and play with the toy,but held back thankfully by the shop window.Your mother should have sen
12、t to hospital yesterday afternoon.The hero will be being respected by people.has后加beenwill后加bebut后加washave后加been去掉being三、含有情态动词的被动语态以及非谓语动词的被动语态情态动词can/may/must be done不定式to be done;to have been done现在分词being done;having been done动名词being done;having been doneThe boy feels hot on the forehead,so he
13、must be sent tohospital at once.这个男孩的额头摸起来发热，所以必须被立刻送往医院。Having been shown around the university,we then were taken to a building,where many scientists worked.有人带领我们参观了这所大学，然后我们被带到了许多科学家工作的大楼。Harry Potter is said to have been translated into over twelve languages by the end of last year.据说到去年年底哈利波特已
14、经被译成超过12种语言了。Many children are afraid of being blamed for making mistakes in speaking English.许多孩子害怕讲英语时因犯错误而受责备。即时演练2 单句语法填空And he would be very pleased to know the reactions to his compositions (perform)beyond this nation.(2014江苏高考改编)The lecture (give),alively question-and-answer session followed.
15、(2014北京高考改编)The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can go shopping without (recognize)We are very worried about Tom.Why hasnt he come back?Dont worry.He may (catch)in a traffic jam.The baby should (take)good care of by the babysitter.being performedhaving been givenbeing recognizedhave been cau
16、ghtbe taken四、其他特殊形式的被动语态1某些表示状态的动词，如have,own,possess,lack,suit,fit,want(缺乏)，不可用于被动语态。One should possess courage,determination and wisdom.一个人应该拥有勇气、决心和智慧。2某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的及物动词，如：lock,shut,open,move,read,write,sell,wash,clean,catch,draw,cut,drink,eat等常用主动表被动。这些词后常有副词修饰，如well,easily等。The cloth was
17、hes well and is comfortable to wear.这种布很容易洗而且穿起来很舒服。So terrible!The door wont shut.真糟糕！这个门关不上。3need,require,want,deserve等词当主语为物时，接动名词的主动形式，表被动意义。The flowers need watering or they will die.The flowers need to be watered or they will die.这些花需要浇水，否则它们会死。4某些作表语的形容词后，常见的形容词有easy,hard,difficult,heavy,ligh
18、t,strange,impossible,comfortable,dangerous等，用动词不定式主动形式表示被动。This article is difficult to read.I need someone to explain it to me.这篇文章很难读懂，我需要一个人给我解释一下。Dont lose heart.English is easy to learn.不要气馁。英语容易学。名师点津 若不定式为不及物动词(短语)时，需加上相应的介词。Jimmy is easy to get along with.吉米很容易相处。5不定式作定语修饰名词，与前面的名词有动宾关系，且句中有
19、不定式的逻辑主语时，用动词不定式主动形式表示被动。I have a lot of homework to do this afternoon.今天下午我有很多的家庭作业要做。Please give me something to eat.请给我些东西吃。6某些动词不定式如to blame,to let等，作表语时用主动表被动。The boy was to blame for what he had done.这个男孩为他的所作所为受到了批评(责备)。This house is to let.此房出租。即时演练3(1)单句语法填空The passage is difficult (underst
20、and)Who is (blame)for the accident?Your car looks too dirty and it needs _(wash)The box is too heavy (carry)to understandto blameto be washed/washingto carry(2)翻译句子这个沙发坐起来很舒服。这个类型的书卖得很好。_.The sofa is comfortable to sit in.This kind of books sells well.单句语法填空1The problem is difficult (deal)with.We ne
21、ed our teacher to help us.2(trap)in the mine for two days,the miners finally were rescued.3Everyone dislikes (make)fun of by others.4Dont lose your heart!The problem can(prevent)from getting worse.to dealHaving been trappedbeing madebe prevented5(天津高考改编)We wont start the work until all the preparati
22、ons (make)6(北京高考改编)Shakespeares play Hamlet(make)into at least ten different films over the past years.7(北京高考改编)So what is the procedure?All the applicants (interview)before afinal decision is made by the authority.have been madehas been madeare interviewed8(浙江高考改编)If they win the final tonight，the
23、team are going to tour around the city to (cheer)by their enthusiastic supporters.9It is reported that many a new house (build)at present in the disaster area.10What do you think of the book?Oh,great.Its worth (read)a second time.be cheeredis being builtreading.单句改错1E-mail English is a new kind of w
24、ritten English that is used at present to save time.2By the end of last month,all of his works have been published.3With the world changing fast,we have something new to dealt with all by ourselves every day.4I want to buy that kind of cloth because I have been told the cloth washed well.used前加being
25、havehaddealtdealwashedwashes5In the last few years thousands of films had been produced all over the world.6Your composition is good but your handwriting still requires to improve.hadhaveimprovebe improved 或 to improveimproving.单句写作1 (2015 陕 西 高 考 满 分 作 文)I have just learned from the advertisement t
26、hat _(英语文化节需要 20 名志愿者)2(2015天津高考满分作文)_(教科书和字典能被用做参考书)while the magazines serve as reading materials.3(2014天津高考标准范文)_(我的学校位于中国的一座北方城市),where you can taste many kinds of delicious food,because it is well famous for its snacks.20 student volunteers are wanted for theEnglish Culture FestivalThe textbook
27、s and dictionaries canbe used as reference booksOur school is located in a northerncity of China4(2014天津高考标准范文)_(我们班由50名活泼可爱的男孩女孩组成),who are warm and generous and ready to offer help.5(2014天津高考满分作文)I hope you _(将被接受为我们班的一员)6(2014上海高考满分作文)As far as I am concerned,I think that the column concerning en
28、tertainment _(应该被取消)Our class is made up of 50 livelyboys and girlswill be accepted as amember of our classshould beremoved单元语法项目(二)动名词语法图解探究发现Playing with fire is dangerous.It is no good learning a theory without practice.Others try to create advertisements that people simply enjoy looking at.The c
29、lassic advertisement is one that gives information about finding certain products.a lot of money is spending on applying modern techniques of design to make these advertisements as visually attractive as possible.His hobby is watching football games.For example,it could be“Shanghai Sewing Machine”.我
30、的发现(1)句和句均为动名词作，只不过句先用it作形式主语，真正主语动名词短语后置。(2)句、句和句均是动名词作，句中动名词作，句和句中动名词作。(3)句中动名词作；句中动名词作，说明被修饰名词的用途。主语宾语动词宾语介词宾语表语定语一、动名词的定义动名词是动词的另一种非谓语形式。动名词具有名词和动词的特征。二、动名词的基本形式动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，与现在分词形式相同。动名词具有时态和语态的变化，现以learn为例列表如下：主动语态被动语态一般式learningbeing learned完成式having learnedhaving been learned1.动名词的一般式。结
31、构：主动用doing；被动用being done动名词的一般式可以表示没有时间先后的动作，即没有明确过去、现在或将来的动作；也可以表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作；有时还可指发生在谓语动词之后的动作。Going to bed early and rising early is a good habit.早睡早起是个好习惯。(没有明确的时间)I dont remember ever meeting you somewhere.我不记得原来在什么地方见过你。(发生在谓语动词之前)Doctors advise giving up smoking.医生建议戒烟。(发生在谓语动词之后)2动名词的完成式：表示
32、动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。结构：主动用having done；被动用having been doneThe old man thanked me for having helped him find his relatives house.那位老人感谢我帮他找到亲戚的家。I dont remember having ever been given a chance to do it.我不记得曾被给予做这件事的机会。3动名词的否定式：由“not动名词”构成。She regretted not listening to you,which caused this mistake.她后悔没有
33、听你的话，导致了这一错误。His not having done his homework made his teacher very angry.他没有完成作业使老师很生气。即时演练1 完成句子 can help you improve your learning effectively.养成良好的学习习惯能帮助你有效地改进你的学习。when they heard the funny story.听到这个滑稽的故事，孩子们忍不住笑了。Thank you for.谢谢你给了我这么多的帮助。Developing a good habit of learningThe children could
34、nt help laughinghaving given me so much helpShe regretted.她后悔没看那个电影。No one in public.没有人喜欢当众被嘲笑。not having seen the filmlikes being laughed at三、动名词的句法功能动名词具有名词的性质，因此在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。1作主语Reading aloud is a good way in learning a language.大声朗读是学习语言的一个好办法。Working in these conditions is not a pleasure
35、 but a suffer.在这种条件下工作不是愉快而是痛苦。名师点津(1)在It is no use/no good/useless/worthwhile/a waste of time/fun doing sth.句型中，用it作形式主语，后面的动名词作真正的主语。Its no use complaining without taking any action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没有用的。It is a waste of time talking about such useless things.谈论这些没用的事情是在浪费时间。(2)动名词作主语泛指经常性的动作，而不定式多表示特指的
36、、一次性的、具体的动作。Being invited to the palace ball made her excited.被邀请参加宫廷舞会使得她非常兴奋。To be invited to the palace ball would be exciting.受邀参加这次宫廷舞会将是令人兴奋的事。(3)单个动名词作主语，谓语动词一般用单数形式。Planting many trees is very good for our environment.植树对我们的环境非常有好处。即时演练2 单句语法填空(2015安徽高考改编)(Ignore)the difference between the t
37、wo research findings will be one of the worst mistakes you make.(2014湖南高考改编)(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning toconvey your affection and emotions.(2013福建高考改编)(know)basic first-aid techniques will help you respond quickly to emergencies.IgnoringUnders
38、tandingKnowingAs far as Im concerned,its no good (argue)with him.Making friends (play)an important part in our life.arguingplays2作宾语(1)作动词宾语They advise solving the problem in this way.他们建议用这种方法解决这个问题。Would you mind opening the window?打开窗子你介意吗？(2)有些动词或词组后跟动名词或不定式都可以，但意思不同。常见的有：meanto do sth.打算做某事doin
39、g sth.意味着做某事forgetto do sth.忘记去做某事未做doing sth.忘记做过某事已做regretto do sth.对即将做的事表示遗憾未做doing sth.对做过的事表示后悔已做tryto do sth.尽力去做某事doing sth.试着做某事go onto do sth.继续做另一件事doing sth.继续做原来做的事rememberto do sth.记着去做某事未做doing sth.记得做了某事已做I remember being taken to the Summer Palace today.今天我还记得被带去颐和园的情景。(已去过)Please r
40、emember to come and play with me again someday.请记住以后有时间再来玩。(还没来)How I regret not accepting his suggestions.我多么后悔没有接受他的建议呀。I regret to tell you that you failed.很遗憾告诉你，你失败了。(3)下列动词可接动名词的主动形式表示被动意义，相当于不定式的被动形式。need/want/require/deserve doingneed/want/require/deserve to be doneThe bike needs repairing.T
41、he bike needs to be repaired.这辆自行车需要修一下。即时演练3 单句语法填空(2014江西高考改编)When it comes to (speak)in public,no one can match him.(2014陕西高考改编)Its quite hot today.Do you feel like _(go)for a swim?(浙江高考改编)(hear)how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure.That would mean (waste)a lot
42、 of labour.Really?I dont mean (waste)any labour.speakinggoingHearingwastingto wasteThe young trees we planted last week require (look)after with great care.I dont mind (travel)by bus,but I hate(stand)in queues.We cant imagine her (succeed)in the entrance examination,for she has never been to school.
43、He is looking forward to (spend)his holiday in Britain.lookingtravelingstandingsucceedingspending3作表语动名词作表语通常是对主语进行说明、解释。这时主语和表语位置可以互换。My job is looking after the children.Looking after the children is my job.我的工作是看这些孩子。名师点津 现在分词作表语相当于形容词的功能，说明主语的性质、特征，主语和宾语的位置不可互换。即时演练4 完成句子What I hate most is.我最恨的
44、就是被别人嘲笑。Your task is.你的任务就是擦窗户。Our goal is in the near future.我们的目标是在不久的将来实现四个现代化(modernization)being laughed atcleaning the windowsrealizing the four modernizations4作定语动名词作定语一般表示所修饰名词的用途或性能。There is a large swimming pool in the garden.(the pool for swimming)花园里边有一个大的游泳池。The writing table is made of
45、 expensive wood.(The table for writing)这张写字台是贵重木材做的。名师点津 动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性能，与所修饰的名词之间不存在逻辑上的主谓关系；现在分词作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系。China is a developing country.(相当于a country which is developing)中国是一个发展中国家。即时演练5 单句语法填空(2014全国大纲卷改编)Today there are more airplanes _(carry)more people than ever before in
46、 the skies.(2014山东高考改编)Theres a note pinned to the door _(say)when the shop will open again.(2013山东高考改编)The room is empty except for a book-shelf (stand)in one corner.carryingsayingstanding四、动名词的复合结构如果动名词有自己的逻辑主语，这便构成了动名词的复合结构。其逻辑主语一般由物主代词、名词所有格、人称代词的宾格或名词的通格来充当。在口语中，物主代词和名词所有格可分别由人称代词的宾格和名词的通格代替。Do
47、 you mind my/me opening the door?我打开门你介意吗？I cant imagine Marys/Mary marrying such a man.我无法想象玛丽竟然嫁给了这么一个人。名师点津 当动名词的复合结构作主语时，其逻辑主语只用所有格或物主代词表示。The students knowing English well will help them to learn French.学生学好英语对学习法语有帮助。即时演练6 完成句子 made the teacher angry.玛丽的迟到使老师很生气。My worry is.我担心的是你改变主意。Would yo
48、u mind?我在此吸烟你介意吗？Do you hear the sound of?你听见开门声了吗？Marys coming lateyour changing your mindmy/me smoking herethe door being opened.单句语法填空1The manager meant (tell)the workers that being 5 minutes late meant (leave)the company.2China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to p
49、revent Chinese fishing boats from _(attack)in the South China Sea.3Can you imagine yourself (stay)in a lonely island?4It is no good (try)to remember grammatical rules.You need to practise what you have learned.to tellleavingbeingattackedstayingtrying5We suggested (sleep)in hotels but the children we
50、re anxious (camp)out.6Do you feel like (go)out or would you rather have dinner at home?7While this matter is well worth,it doesnt need _.(do)8The robber tried every means,but couldnt escape _(catch)by the policemen finally.9The lady insisted that the young man (steal)her wallet and insisted on (send
51、)him to the policestation at once.sleepingto campgoingdoingdoing/to be donebeingcaughthad stolensending10More and more old people go to the universities for the aged in order to avoid (cut)off from the outside world.11The man denied (steal)anything in the supermarket when he was questioned by the po
52、lice.12It was (play)games that cost the boy a lot of time that should have been spent on study.being cuthaving stolenplaying.单句写作1(2015北京高考写作一标准范文)Hope to _(在训练营遇到你)this summer.2(2015陕西高考标准范文)Successfully，I have _(向她伸出了援助之手)in several English activities of my class,which have been appreciated by bot
53、h teachers and my classmates.3(2015浙江高考满分作文)For example,once most of my classmates made a suggestion that we go outing at the weekend，but I thought _(帮助养老院里的老人)would be more meaningful.meet you at the trainingcamplent a helping handto herhelping the old at the nursing home4(2015浙江高考满分作文)Sometimes (放
54、弃)a little can (意味着得到更多)5(2015陕西高考满分作文)As an outgoing student,_(我很擅长与别人交流),which makes me feel confident about this position.6(2015四川高考满分作文)(听和说)is where my weakness lies when it comes to English.giving upmean getting moreI am goodat communicating with othersListening and speaking7(2015四川高考标准范文)And you also should keep it in mind that (经常和同学们交换笔记)is a good way to improve your study.8(2015全国卷满分作文)I hope you enjoy _(为我们报纸写文章)comparing notes with your classmates frequentlywriting for ournewspaper
