1、专题08 科技发展类序号内容Part 1题型总览题型综述 技巧点拨 读相关词Part 2真题感悟真题详解 强重难词 析长难句.Part 3专题强化真题自测 新题模拟Part 1题型总览【题型综述】“科技发展”是高中新课程标准话题之一。该话题包括各领域最新科技知识、最新发明创造等方面。文章思想性和时代感强，题材涉及发明创造、科技创新、科技与生活、科学研究等。文章体裁一般为说明文，语篇主要来源于英美主流报刊、杂志和网站，文章的遣词造句地道，思维逻辑独具英语语言的特点。这些文章和题目不仅能让考生体会到科学的无限趣味和实际功用，而且促使考生深入思考科技创新在人类生活和发展过程中起到的重要作用。 【技巧
2、点拨】科普类文章的理论性和逻辑性强、篇幅长、生词多、句式结构复杂。文本结构一般包括五个部分：标题（headline）、导语（introduction）、背景（background）、主干（main body）和结尾（ending）。标题高度精辟地概括文章中心思想。高考中科普类阅读理解一般不给标题，反而经常要求考生选择最佳标题。导语一般位于整篇文章的首段。背景则交代研究的起因或者问题现状。主干部分介绍研究所取得的突破，作者往往会详细介绍研究的理论构架、研究对象、研究方法、具体的实验、统计等过程。结尾通常会再次对中心进行概括、重述研究成果、后续研究的方向等，与导语相呼应。另外，谙熟选项设置规律，对
3、比原文去伪存真。掌握选项设置的规律对甄别正确选项大有帮助。一般说来，正确选项为文中内容的“同义替换”或者“归纳概括”。而干扰项分为“张冠李戴”、“偷梁换柱”、“无中生有”和“以偏概全”四种类型。【读相关词】1. accessible adj.易接近的；可得到的2. automatic adj. 自动的3. breakthrough n. 重大进展；突破4. digital adj. 数字的；数码的5. privilege n. 特权；特殊待遇6. procedure n. 程序；手续7. revolution n. 革命8. drawback n. 缺点；不利条件9. transform v.
4、 改造；改革；变换；改变10. laptop n. 笔记本电脑11. system n. 系统；体系12. monitor n. 监视器；显示屏13. data n. 数据，资料14. download n& vt. 下载15. astronaut n. 宇航员16. astronomer n. 天文学家17. atmosphere n. 大气，大气层18. astronomy n. 天文学19. discovery n发现20. experiment n. 实验21. technology n. 科技22. advanced adj. 高级的23. .high-tech adj 高科技的24
5、. systematic adj. 有系统的,有计划有步骤的25. indicate v. 表明26. represent v. 正式 描绘,展现27. mobile payment 移动支付28. Electronic Toll Collection 全自动电子收费29. RFID:radio frequency identification devices 无线电射频标识、电子标签30. sensor network 由传感器组成的传感网31. cloud computing 云计算32. readout 数字读出33. transplant n.& vt. 移植34. .cyberspa
6、ce n. 网络空间35. WeChat n. 微信36. manned spaceship/spacecraft 载人飞船37. artificial intelligence 人工智能38. be equipped with 装备，配备39. on a large scale 大规模地40. potential adj.潜在的；可能的41. artificial adj.人工的；人造的42. have an impact/effect on对有影响43. be available to 供使用44. put forward 提出45. be suitable for 适合46. to a
7、certain degree 在某种程度上47. surf the Internet 上网浏览信息48. have access to/be accessible to 能使用49. with the development of science and technology随着科技的发展50. chat online 在线聊天51. make efriends 交网友52. keep in touch with 与保持联系53. make a great difference 起很大作用54. change ones life 改变某人的生活55. benefit from . 得益于，从获
8、益56. relate to/be linked to 与有关联57. take the place of 代替58. devote oneself to 致力于59. come true 实现60. keep/catch up with 赶上61. be different from/differ from 与不同62. enable sb. to do sth. 使某人能做某事63. take sth. into consideration 把某事考虑进去64. lead to/contribute to/result in/bring about 导致65. play an import
9、ant role in 在某方面起重要作用66. improve the quality of life for humans提高人们的生活质量67. be addicted to 对上瘾68. distract ones attention 分散某人的注意力69. electric books 电子读物70. text message 手机短信 Part 2真题感悟Passage 1【真题详解】【2020天津】For people, who are interested in sound, the field of sound technology is definitely making
10、noise. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of todays sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.Sound can be used as a weapon. Imagine
11、that a police officer is chasing a thief. The thief tries to escape. And the officer cant let him get away. He pulls out a special device, points it at the suspect, and switches it on. The thief drops to the ground. This new weapon is called a Long Range Acoustic Device(LRAD, 远程定向声波发射器). It produces
12、 a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.For those who hunger for some peace and quiet, sound can now create silence. Lets say you are at the airpor
13、t, and the little boy on the seat next to you is humming(哼唱) a short commercial song. He hums it over and over again, and you are about to go crazy. Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get rid of the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents. One may wonder how the Silen
14、ce Machine works. Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing waves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine or point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.Directed sound is a new technology that a
15、llows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly, “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted area. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new
16、 way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. Directed sound is also beginning to appear in shopping centers and even at homes.46What could be inferred
17、from Paragraph 2 about the effect of the LRAD?AIt causes temporary hearing loss.BIt slows down a running man.CIt makes it easy to identify a suspect.DIt keeps the suspect from hurting others.47The Silence Machine is a device specially designed to _.Asilence the people around youBremove the sound of
18、commercialsCblock the incoming sound wavesDstop unwanted sound from affecting you48What feature do spotsounds and spotlights share?AThey travel in circles.BThey clear the atmosphere.CThey can be transformed into energy.DThey can be directed onto a specific area.49Directed sound can be used for _.Acr
19、eative designs of restaurant menusBideal sound effects on the theater stageCdifferent choices of music for businessesDstrict control over any suspicious customer50What does the passage focus on?AHow professionals invented sound products.BInventions in the field of sound technology.CThe growing inter
20、est in the study of sound.DHow sound engineers work in their studios.【答案】46A47D48D49C50B【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些声音技术领域的发明创造，包括声音可以用作武器的远程声学设备、用来阻止有害声音影响你的静音机以及定向音响技术。46推理判断题。根据第二段中的”It produces a deafening sound so painful that it temporarily disables a person. The noise from the LRAD is directed like
21、a ray of light and travels only into the ears of that person, but it is not deadly.”可知它发出震耳欲聋的声音，这种声音令人如此痛苦以至于它会使人暂时丧失能力。LRAD发出的噪音像光线一样被引导，只进入那个人的耳朵，但不会致命。由此可推知，LRAD会导致暂时性听力损失。故选A。47细节理解题。根据第三段中的”Well, it functions by analyzing the waves of the incoming sound and creating a second set of outgoing wa
22、ves. The two sets of waves cancel each other out. Simply turn the machine on point it at the target, and your peace and quiet comes back.”可知，它的功能是通过分析传入声音的波，并产生第二组传出的波。这两组波会相互抵消。只要打开机器对准目标，你的宁静就会回来。由此可知，静音机是一种专门设计用来阻止有害声音影响你的设备。故选D。48细节理解题。根据最后一段中的”A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage;
23、similarly, a “spotsound” creates a circle of sound in one targeted area.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一个部分；类似地，一个”spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。由此可知，spotsounds和聚光灯的共同特性是它们可以被定向到一个特定的区域，故选D。49细节理解题。根据最后一段中的”A spotlight lights up only one section of a stage; similarly,”spotsound” creates a circle of sound in on targeted a
24、rea. This can be useful for businesses such as restaurants and stores because it offers a new way to attract customers. Restaurants can offer a choice of music along with the various food choice on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining.”可知，聚光灯只能照亮舞台的一
25、个部分；类似地，一个”spotsound”在一个目标区域创建一个声音圈。这对餐馆和商店等企业很有用，因为它提供了一种吸引顾客的新方式。餐厅可以提供音乐选择与菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制气氛，在他们用餐。由此可知，定向音响可以用于不同的商业音乐选择。故选C。50主旨大意题。根据第一段中的”In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of todays sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and expe
26、rience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call sound.”可知，在过去，音响工程师在录音室的后室工作，但今天的许多音响专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们所谓的声音现象为基础创造新产品。结合下文具体内容可知，本文着重论述了声音技术领域的发明创造。故选B。【强重难词】1. definitely adv. 清楚地，当然；明确地，肯定地2. professional adj. 专业的；职业的；职业性的3. phenomenon
27、n. 现象；奇迹；杰出的人才4. chase vt. 追逐；追捕vi. 追逐；追赶；奔跑5. suspect_v. 怀疑；猜想n. 嫌疑犯6. deafen vt. 使聋；淹没7. temporarily adv. 临时地，临时8. commercial adj. 商业的；营利的；靠广告收入的9. analyze vt. 对进行分析，分解（等于analyse10. in other fields 在其他领域11. let get away 让离开12. pull out 离开，撤离；拔出；渡过难关；恢复健康；折叠的大张插页；飞机进场重新飞起13. switch on 接通，开启14. drop
28、 to the ground. 倒在地上;卧倒15. go crazy 发疯；疯狂【析长难句】1. In the past, sound engineers worked in the back rooms of recording studios, but many of todays sound professionals are sharing their knowledge and experience with professionals in other fields to create new products based on the phenomenon we call so
29、und.【解析】本句包含由but连接的两个并列分句。第一个分句为简单句；第二个分句为一个复杂的主从复合句。第二个分句使用了sharewith这一固定结构，动词不定式短语to create new products做目的状语，过去分词短语based on the phenomenon做定语，定语从句we call sound修饰the phenomenon.【译文】在过去，声音工程师在录音室的密室里工作，但今天的许多声音专业人士正在与其他领域的专业人士分享他们的知识和经验，以我们称之为声音现象的基础上创造新产品。【仿写】_2.Directed sound is a new technology
30、that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater. 【解析】本句中的that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯) are used in the theater.是定语从句，修饰a new technology。 【译文】定向声音是一项新技术，它可以让公司像在剧院使用聚光灯一样使用声音。【仿写】_3. Restaurants can offer a choi
31、ce of music along with the various food choices on the menu, allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining. 【解析】allowing customers more control over the atmosphere in which they are dining是现在分词短语做结果状语。 【译文】餐厅可以提供音乐和菜单上的各种食物选择，让顾客更多地控制他们用餐的氛围。【仿写】_Passage 2【真题详解】【2019全国
32、卷1】 As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a
33、low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a users typing and th
34、e time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.It also doesnt require a new type of
35、technology that people arent already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize
36、different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.1Why do the researchers dev
37、elop the smart keyboard?ATo reduce pressure on keys.BTo improve accuracy in typing.CTo replace the password system.DTo cut the cost of e-space protection.2What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?AComputers are much easier to operate.BFingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.CTypi
38、ng patterns vary from person to person.DData security measures are guaranteed.3What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard?AItll be environment-friendly.BItll reach consumers soon.CItll be made of plastics.DItll help speed up typing.4Where is this text most likely from?AA diaryBA guidebookC
39、A novel.DA magazine【答案】1-4 DCBD文章大意：主题：人与社会(科学与技术)；话题：智能键盘。本文是一篇科研报道。来自佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。1D解析：推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.”以及第一段最后一句“At present，these techn
40、ologies are still expensive，though.”可推知，研究者研发这种智能键盘是为了降低网络安全保护技术的成本。注意题干、正确选项以及原文中一些词汇的多次呼应现象：develop与come up with是同义词，expensive与lowcost是反义词，cut the cost与lowcost相呼应。2C解析：推理判断题。题干问的是“是什么让智能键盘的发明成为可能”，也就是问这一发明的核心依据是什么。根据第二段中的“These patterns are unique to each person.Thus，the keyboard can determine peo
41、ples identities.”可知，正是因为每个人的打字模式不同，这种智能键盘就可以通过分析用户的打字力度及节奏等来判断该用户是不是安全访客，故C项符合题意。解答该题的关键是看懂题干的意思，即智能键盘的核心依据是什么。3B解析：细节理解题。根据题干“研究者对于智能键盘有什么期望”可直接定位到最后一段的最后一句话“The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.”，该团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，故选B项。注意：题干中的expect与原文中的hope呼应，答案选项中的consumers与原文中的market呼应。4D解析
42、：文章出处题。根据本文的话题“智能键盘”以及第二段中的“Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a lowcost device.”，尤其是其中的关键词researchers，lowcost device等来推断，这篇文章是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在杂志上。【强重难词】1 identity n. 身份；同一性，一致；特性2 theft n. 盗窃；偷；赃物3 fingerprint n. 指纹；手印4 precisely adv. 精确地；恰恰5 layer n. 层，层次；膜；植压条；放置者，计划者6 se
43、curityn. 安全；保证；证券；抵押品7 analyze vt. 对进行分析，分解（等于analyse） 8 unique adj. 独特的，稀罕的；数 唯一的，独一无二的9 participant n. 参与者，参加者_10 straightforward adj. 简单的；坦率的；明确的；径直的 11 commercialize vt. 使商业化；使商品化12 be unique to . 对.来说是独特的13 by extension相关地；引申开来14 give access to . 接见；进入 【析长难句】1. As data and identity theft become
44、s more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologieslike fingerprint scansto keep others out of private e-spaces. 【解析】本句为主从复合句。As引导时间状语从句；不定式短语to keep others out of private e-spaces.做目的状语。【译文】随着数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍,为了阻止他人进入私人的电子空间，像指纹扫描这种生物测量技术的市场正在兴起。【仿写】_2. Thus, the keyboard c
45、an determine peoples identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer its connected toregardless of whether someone gets the password right.【解析】句中的whether they should be given a做determine的宾语，第二个whether someone gets the password right.做regardless of的宾语。【译文】因此，键盘可以决定一个
46、人的身份，进而决定他们是否应该被允许访问所连接的计算机，而不管某人是否获得了正确的密码。【仿写】_3. Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard.【解析】本句为主从复合句，第一个that引导宾语从句；第二个that引导定语从句。【译文】佐治亚理工学院的研究人员说，他们已经发明了低成本解决这个问题的设备:智能键盘。【仿写】_Part 3专题强化Passage 1【真题自测】【2
47、018全国卷1】We may think were a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices (装置) well after they go out of style. Thats bad news for the environment and our wallets as these outdated devices consume
48、much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life from when its minerals are mi
49、ned to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation. Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, sma
50、rt phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didnt throw out our old ones. “The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the h
51、ouse,” said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. Were not just keeping these old devices we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitts team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst
52、devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So whats the solution (解决方案)? The teams data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new
53、 electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are envi
54、ronment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly. 33. Why did Babbitts team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out elect
55、ricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart. C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them. 【答案】3
56、2-35 ADBA【文章大意】本文是一篇科普说明文。文章讲述了新旧电子设备的差别，旧电子设备耗能高、不环保。所以作者主张使用新电子设备。33.D 【解析】细节理解题。 根据文章第二段中的To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its li
57、fe可知，Babbitts team研究的目的是弄清楚这些设备用了多少电。故选D。34.B 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.可知，平板电脑是耗能最少的电子设备，可以降低44%的耗能。故选B。35.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章的整体内容可知，因为旧的电子设备耗能高，不环保。所以作者建议停止使用旧的电子设备。故选A。
58、Passage 2【真题】【2018天津卷】 Theres a new frontier in 3D printing thats beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isnt stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated c
59、hocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other ta
60、sks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.Sustainability(可持续性)The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain curren
61、t levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and
62、 emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock food that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing co
63、uld allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterdays bread from the supermarket, youd eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to
64、 overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredient
65、s, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.46. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.B.
66、It saves time and effort in cooking.C. It improves the cooking conditions.D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.47. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?A. It solves food shortages easily.B. It quickens the transportation of food.C. It needs no space for the storage of fo
67、od.D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.48. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food _.A. is more available to consumersB. can meet individual nutritional needsC. is more tasty than food in supermarketsD. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials49. What is the main factor that preve
68、nts 3D food printing from spreading widely?A. The printing process is complicated.B. 3D food printers are too expensive.C. Food materials have to be dry.D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.50. What could be the best title of the passage?A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New TechnologyB. A New Way to
69、 Improve 3D Food PrintingC. The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table【答案】46-50 BDBCA【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。46.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章Food production中叙述了没有经验的人可以用3D打印机做出复杂的巧克力雕塑和美丽的婚礼蛋糕，以及餐厅能够用3D打印出所有的菜肴和甜点，从而可以推断出3D打印的优势是节省了做饭的时间和精力。故选B。48
70、.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。49.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章最后一段most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may
71、easily go bad.可知，阻止3D打印食物进一步广泛使用的原因是原料必须是干的，含水多的肉和牛奶不能应用于3D打印因为很容易坏。故选C。50.A 【解析】主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。Passage 3【新题模拟】（2021天津静海区静海一中高三期末） One period of our lives when better results are demanded of us is, strangely enough,
72、childhood. Despite being young we are expected to achieve good grades, stay out of trouble, make friends at school, do well on tests, perform chores (家务事) at home and so on. Its not easy.The good news is that being likeable can help a child perform better. Likeable children enjoy many advantages, in
73、cluding the ability to cope more easily with stresses of growing up. In her book Understanding Child Stress, Dr. Carolyn Leonard states that children who are likeable and optimistic are able to gain support from others. This leads to focus and resilience (适应力), the ability to recover from or adjust
74、early to life stress; a child who has adequate emotional armor can continue down the path to success. Much research shows that resilience has enabled children to succeed in school, avoid drug abuse, and develop a healthy self-awareness.Why does a likeable child more easily handle stress and do bette
75、r in his or her life? Because likeability helps create whats known as a positive feedback loop (回馈圈). The positive feelings you want to see in other people are returned to you, creating constant encouragement and motivation, to deal with the daily stress of life.This feedback loop continues into adu
76、lthood. To return once again to the example of teaching, learning becomes easier with a likeable personality. Michael Deluecchi of the University of Hawaii reviewed dozens of studies to determine if likeable teachers received good ratings because of their likeability or because they in fact taught w
77、ell.Deluecchi found that “students who perceive a teacher as likeable, in contrast to those who do not, may be more attentive to the information that the teacher delivers, and theyll work harder on assignments, and they will learn more”.You may have noticed this pattern in your own life when you try
78、 to give some advice. The more positive your relationship with that person, the more he or she seems to listen, and the more you feel certain that that person has heard you and intends to act on your words.1The writer implies in the first paragraph that _.Achildren are expected more than we usually
79、thinkBlife is not easy for every one of usCbetter education results in smarter childrenDto be a likeable child is almost impossible2According to Dr. Leonard, likeable children _.Acan cope more easily with stress independentlyBknow how to avoid trouble and unpleasant eventsCare always optimistic and
80、ready to help those in needDcan achieve more and understand themselves better3The term “emotional armor” in Paragraph 3 means _.Amental support from friendsBmental support from adultsCfailures in lifeDability to handle life stress4The main purpose of the studies done by Michael Delucchi is to find _
81、.Aif a likeable teacher has a positive personalityBif a likeable teacher draws more attentionChow a teachers likeability gains popularityDhow a likeable teachers teaching style is formed5The passage aims at proving that _.Alikeable people do better in life generallyBlikeable people do better in thei
82、r childhoodCsocial creatures enjoy fewer advantagesDlikeable people give better advice【答案】1A2D3D4B5A【分析】本文是一篇说明文。短文通过讨人喜欢的孩子和讨人喜欢的老师对孩子的影响的例子来说明讨人喜欢的人通常在生活中做得更好。1推理判断题。根据第一段中Despite being young we are expected to achieve good grades, stay out of trouble, make friends at school, do well on tests, per
83、form chores (杂务)at home and so on.“尽管还年轻，我们被期望取得好成绩，远离麻烦，在学校交朋友，在考试中取得好成绩，在家里做家务等等。”由此可知，作者在第一段暗示孩子们比我们通常认为的更受期待。故选A。2推理判断题。根据第二段中Dr. Carolyn Leonard states that children who are likeable and optimistic are able to gain support from others. This leads to focus and resilience（适应力）, the ability to rec
84、over from or adjust early to life stress.“卡洛琳伦纳德博士指出，可爱、讨人喜欢的孩子能够获得他人的支持。这将导致专注力和恢复力，以及从生活压力中恢复或及早调整的能力。”由此可知，伦纳德博士说，可爱的孩子可以取得更多成就，也能更好地了解自己。故选D。3词义猜测题。根据第二段中This leads to focus and resilience (适应力), the ability to recover from or adjust early to life stress;“这就导致了专注力和恢复力，即及早从生活压力中恢复或调整的能力。所以一个处理生活压
85、力的能力的孩子可以在通往成功的道路上继续前进。”由此推知，划线部分指的是“处理生活压力的能力”。故选D。4细节理解题。根据第四段中Michael Delucchi of the University of Hawaii reviewed dozens of studies to determine if likeable teachers received good ratings because of their likeability or because they in fact taught well.“夏威夷大学的迈克尔德鲁奇(Michael Delucchi)回顾了数十项研究，以确
86、定讨人喜欢的老师获得高分是因为他们受人喜爱，还是因为他们实际上教得好。”由此可知，Michael Delucchi所做的研究的主要目的是发现一个讨人喜欢的老师是否能吸引更多的注意。故选B。5推理判断题。根据第三段“Why does a likeable child more easily handle stress and do better in his or her life?”为什么一个讨人喜欢的孩子更容易处理压力，在他或她的生活中做得更好?。根据第四段“Deluecchi found that “students who perceive a teacher as likeable,
87、in contrast to those who do not, may be more attentive to the information that the teacher delivers, and theyll work harder on assignments, and they will learn more”.”Delecchi发现，“与那些认为老师不讨人喜欢的学生相比，那些认为老师讨人喜欢的学生可能会更注意老师传递的信息，他们会更努力地完成作业，也会学到更多东西。”由此判断出，短文通过讨人喜欢的孩子和讨人喜欢的老师对孩子的影响的例子来说明讨人喜欢的人通常在生活中做得更好。
88、故选A。Passage 4【新题模拟】（2021吉林长春市高三一模） Its no secret that inhaling(吸入) smoke is bad for your lungs. But now, scientists are suggesting smoke may also carry and spread infectious diseases.The theory,published in Science Magazine, is based on research that found wildfire smoke is teeming with thousands of
89、 species of microorganisms. Some of these microorganisms, including bacteria and fungal spores（真菌孢子）, are known to cause disease.The new research suggests that when a wildfire burns plant or animal matter and disturbs soils, it exposes thousands of species of bacteria and fungi（真菌） that otherwise mi
90、ght not easily become airborne（空气传播的）. You might think the high heat from fire would kill these organisms, butone study cited in the article found that some bacteria even multiply post-fire. Scientists say the organisms latch onto smoke particulates（微粒）, allowing them to travel thousands of miles ac
91、ross continents.Dr. Peter Chen, director of the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, is intrigued by the theory but somewhat skeptical that the microorganisms in smoke would actually cause infections. Many bacteria and fungi dont cause lung
92、infections, says Chen, but its certainly possible that a significant amount could worsen symptoms in someone with a pre-existing lung condition.I always thought it was the particulates in smoke that were causing these issues, says Chen, But when I read this, I started thinking: Could it be the micro
93、organisms that are also worsening existing illness?Whether the microbes in smoke actually cause infection or simply worsen potential respiratory（呼吸的） issues, the article raises a new health threat that is certainly alarming, saysKelsey Jack, an associate professor of environmental and development ec
94、onomics.This is especially true for lower-income populations, Jack says, because people with fewer means are often more exposed to the environment. If smoke is affecting the air quality in a certain area, the people who work outside, or who have to go to the office on foot or by bike, will inhale mo
95、re smoke than those who drive.But until more research is done, Chen says the best thing people can do is just follow existing recommendations whenair quality is poor including staying indoors, keeping windows and doors closed, usingHEPA filters（过滤器）and running air conditioning.6What can we know abou
96、t the microorganisms from paragraph 2?AThey could be killed by high heatBThey could possibly travel through air by themselvesCThey could reproduce in large numbers after fires.DThey can easily attach themselves to smoke particulates7How do most microorganisms affect people according to Dr. Peter Che
97、n?AThey will causes lung infections.BThey might worsen lung diseaseCThey will destroy living environments.DThey might damage respiratory system8Why are low-income people suffering more than others?AThey live in poor areas.BThey drive to and from workCThey have suffered from lung diseaseDThey are exp
98、osed to polluted air more frequently.9What does the last paragraph mainly talk about?AResults of the new researchBDisagreements between the author and Chen.CSuggestions on dealing with poor air qualityDBenefits of preventing smoke from polluting the air【答案】6C7B8D9C【分析】本文是说明文。科学家通过研究发现烟雾也可能携带和传播传染病，当
99、野火燃烧时，会散播数千种细菌和真菌。文章介绍了这项发现，并给出了相应的建议。6细节理解题。根据第二段的“You might think the high heat from fire would kill these organisms, but one study cited in the article found that some bacteria even multiply post-fire.( 你可能认为来自火灾的高热会杀死这些生物，但一篇文章引用的一项研究发现，有些细菌甚至会在大火后繁殖。)”可知，微生物在大火之后可能大量繁殖。故选C。7细节理解题。根据第三段的“Many ba
100、cteria and fungi dont cause lung infections, says Chen, but its certainly possible that a significant amount could worsen symptoms in someone with a pre-existing lung condition.（许多细菌和真菌不会引起肺部感染，陈说，但肯定有可能大量的细菌和真菌会使先前存在的肺部疾病的人的症状恶化。）”可知，Peter陈认为微生物可能会让肺部感染恶化。故选B。8细节理解题。根据第四段的“This is especially true f
101、or lower-income populations, Jack says, because people with fewer means are often more exposed to the environment.（杰克说，这对低收入人群尤其如此，因为经济能力较差的人往往更容易接触这样的环境。）”可知，低收入人群比别人遭受更多是因为他们更频繁地暴露在污染的空气中。故选D。9主旨大意题。根据最后一段内容“But until more research is done, Chen says the best thing people can do is just follow exi
102、sting recommendations when air quality is poor including staying indoors, keeping windows and doors closed, using HEPA filters（过滤器） and running air conditioning.（但在做更多的研究之前，陈说，人们能做的最好的事情就是在空气质量差的时候遵循现有的建议包括待在室内，关闭门窗，使用HEPA过滤器和运行空调。）”可知，最后一段讨论了关于处理空气质量差的建议。故选C。Passage 5【新题模拟】（2021山东枣庄市高三期末） We all kn
103、ow about the health benefits of swimming. It offers a great workout for the bodyit builds endurance, muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness. If you dont mind getting wet, it can be fun too. But who would enjoy swimming in water that is ice cold. Well, many people are taking the plunge, based on
104、evidence that it can actually be good for us.Cold-water swimmingsometimes called wild swimminginvolves swimming in natural areas including ponds, rivers and the sea. Jumping in gives a short sharp shock to the body, but many participants say they get used to it. A cold dip might wake you up, but res
105、earch has found it can have much bigger benefits than that for your body and mind. As well as being good exercise, spending time outdoors and by water improves wellbeing.There is much evidence, mostly anecdotal, that suggests cold-water swimming has cured certain health conditions. One man who suffe
106、red constant pain after surgery claimed he was cured by taking a plunge in cold open water. And another swimmer, Sandria Simons, told the BBC “the immersion of your body in cold, salt water, just feeling like youre at one with nature if you like, just feels amazing. ”But what is it that people are g
107、aining from this chilly experience? Doctors say getting into cold water evokes a stress response, but the more you do it, your reaction to stress is reduced. Its also thought to have a strong anti-inflammatory effect. But there are bigger benefits to this stress-reducing exercise. Some experts belie
108、ve cold-water swimming helps cross-adaptation, where one form of stress prepares the body for another. For example? it also helps reduce the stress of exercising at high altitude.So, if youre convinced that this is for you, take advice: approach it with caution, swim with a friend, and maybe start i
109、n the summer, when the water temperatures are higher!10What is the text mainly about?ASwimming and health.BCold-water swimming.CReducing stress.DA chilly experience.11What does the underlined word “it” refer to in the 2nd paragraph?AThe sharp body shock.BThe benefit.CThe cold dip.DThe research.12Wha
110、t is Sandria Simons opinion about cold-water swimming?AIt brings you close to nature.BIt cures certain health conditions.CIt has cross-adaptation effects.DIts a great physical exercise.13What is the authors advice?AStart at an early age.BDo it immediately.CAdapt first in cold water.DSafety comes fir
111、st.【答案】10B11C12A13D【分析】这是一篇说明文。有证据表明在冰冷的水里游泳，即“冷水游泳”对人体有好处。文章介绍了“冷水游泳”的概念，列举了一些冷水游泳治愈健康问题的例子和医生对冷水游泳有哪些好处的说明。10主旨大意题。根据第一段“We all know about the health benefits of swimming. It offers a great workout for the bodyit builds endurance, muscle strength and cardiovascular fitness. If you dont mind gettin
112、g wet, it can be fun too. But who would enjoy swimming in water that is ice cold, Well, many people are taking the plunge, based on evidence that it can actually be good for us.(我们都知道游泳对健康的好处。它为身体提供了很好的锻炼增强耐力、肌肉力量和心血管健康。如果你不介意被打湿的话，也可以很有趣。但是谁会喜欢在冰冷的水里游泳呢？嗯，很多人都在冒险，因为有证据表明这实际上对我们有好处)”结合文章说明了有证据表明在冰冷的
113、水里游泳，即“冷水游泳”对人体有好处。文章介绍了“冷水游泳”的概念，列举了一些冷水游泳治愈健康问题的例子和医生对冷水游泳有哪些好处的说明。可知，文章的主要内容是冷水游泳。故选B。11词义猜测题。根据画线词上文“A cold dip might wake you up, but research has found”以及后文“can have much bigger benefits than that for your body and mind”可知，泡个冷水澡可能会让你清醒，但研究发现，冷水澡对你的身心益处要大得多。故it指的是“The cold dip(冷水澡)”。故选C。12细节理解题
114、。根据第三段中“And another swimmer, Sandria Simons, told the BBC “the immersion of your body in cold, salt water, just feeling like youre at one with nature if you like, just feels amazing. ”(另一位游泳运动员Sandria Simons在接受BBC采访时表示：“把身体浸泡在冰冷的盐水中，只要你愿意，就会感觉自己与大自然融为一体，这种感觉太棒了。”)”可知，Sandria Simons认为冷水游泳使人接近大自然。故选A。13细节理解题。根据最后一段“So, if youre convinced that this is for you, take advice: approach it with caution, swim with a friend, and maybe start in the summer, when the water temperatures are higher!(所以，如果你确信这是适合你的，请接受建议：要小心进行，和朋友一起游泳，也许可以在夏天开始，因为水温较高！)”可知，作者的建议是安全第一。故选D。