1、一、连词连词是一种虚词，在句子中不能单独作句子成分，也没有词形变化，用来连接词与词，短语和短语或句子与句子。1并列关系并列连词：用来连接句子中相同成分的词、短语、或句子。常 见 的 连 词 有：and 和，以 及，both.and.既又，not only.but also.不但而且，as well as 也，又。He can speak and write English very well.他英语说得和写得都非常好。We are happy and gay.我们兴高采烈。Both my father and mother like singing.我父母都喜欢唱歌。2转折关系常 见 的 连
2、词 有：but 但 是，yet 然 而，while而，however 可是，然而。She can play the piano but not the violin.她会弹钢琴，但不会拉小提琴。He isnt tall，yet he is strong.他个不高，但他很强壮。3选择关系常见的连词有：or 或者，either.or.不是就是，or else 否则，otherwise否则。You must hurry，or youll be late.你得赶快了，否则你会迟到的。Put on your sweater，or else you will catch a cold.穿上你的毛衣，否则你
3、会感冒的。4因果关系常见的连词有：for，so,therefore等。It must have rained last night，for the road is wet.昨晚一定是下雨了，因为路上是湿的。The headmaster called me just now,so I must go to the office at once.校长刚才给我打电话，因此我必须马上去办公室。5从属关系常 见 的 连 词 有：that，whether/if，who，whom，whose,what,which，whoever，whatever，whichever,when，where，how，after
4、，before，as，as soon as，while，till，since等。I am sure that youre certain to win.我相信你们一定获胜。He asked me if I could help him.他问我是否能帮助他。The train had left when I got to the station.当我到达车站时，火车已经开走了。二、状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等的从句叫状语从句，一般可分为时间状语从句，原因状语从句，地点状语从句，结果状语从句，目的状语从句，比较状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句和条件状语从句。(一)时间
5、状语从句1引导时间状语从句的从属连词主 要 有 when，while，as，after，before，since，till/until，once，as soon as，the moment/the minute/the instant，immediately，directly，hardly/scarcely.when，no sooner.than等。(1)when和while的比较when(当时)通常表示时间的一点，有时也可表示时间的一段；while通常指时间的一段。Be careful when you cross the road.当你过马路时要当心。Pay attention to yo
6、ur eyes while you are reading.读书时要注意你的眼睛。While/When I was in Shanghai，I made many friends.我在上海期间结交了很多朋友。when常表示一个动作发生时，另一个动作正在进行或已经完成。It was raining when we arrived.我们到达时正在下雨。When we got to the bus stop，the bus had left.当我们到达汽车站时，汽车已经开走了。when还可以表示“就在那时”，这时主句的动作通常是正在进行或正要进行的动作，这种用法是while所不能替代的。I was
7、just about to go out when the phone rang.我正要出去，就在那时电话响了。I was doing my homework when I heard someone knocking at the door.我正在做作业，这时听见有人敲门。(2)as的用法表示“当时”I saw him as he was getting off the bus.当他下公共汽车时我看见了他。As he grew older，he became less active.当他长大一点儿的时候，他变得不那么活泼了。as可接名词，而when不能As a young man，he wa
8、s a lawyer.他年轻时曾是一名律师。表示“一边一边”The children sang songs as they went home.孩子们一边往家走一边唱着歌。(3)before的用法(指时间)在之前I must finish my work before I go home.我在回家以前必须把工作做完。(表示动作持续时间长)意为“才”They had walked eastward for a whole day before they found water.他们向东走了一整天才找到水。(表示动作迅速)意为“还没来得及就”He finished his speech befor
9、e I could get across.我还没来得及听懂，他就结束了他的演讲。用于以下句式It wasnt/wont be long before.“不久就”It wasnt long before the missing child was found.不久就找到了那个走丢的孩子。I think it wont be long before we meet again.我想我们不久还会再见面的。It will be/was.before.“过才”It will be five years before we meet again.五年以后我们才能再见面。It will be two yea
10、rs before he comes back.两年以后他才能回来。(4)since的用法表示“自以后，从以来”Where have you been since I last saw you?自从上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？2常用句式。(1)It is.since.(since引导的从句常用过去时)。It is three years since he came here.他来这儿三年了。(2)It was.since.(since引导的从句常用过去完成时)。It was a long time since I had enjoyed a good drink.我很久没有这样痛快地喝酒
11、了。3表示“一就”的连词。(1)表示“一就”的连词或短语有as soon as，immediately，directly，the moment(that)，the instant(that)，the minute(that)等。Ill tell him the news as soon as he comes.他一来我就告诉他这个消息。Directly I had done it，I knew I had made a mistake.我刚做完这件事，就知道我错了。I sent you the news the instant(that)I heard it.我一听到这消息便通知你了。Ill
12、give him your message the minute(that)he arrives.等他一到，我就把你的口信告诉给他。(2)no sooner.than和hardly/scarcely.when表示“刚一就”。此类句式中的主句常用过去完成时。若否定词在句首，则用倒装结构。I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.我刚到家就下起雨来。(二)原因状语从句引导原因状语从句的从属连词有as，because，since，now(that)，see
13、ing(that)等。(1)because，as，since和for表示原因的用法比较because表示产生某结果的直接原因，语气最强，引导的从句可放在句首或句末，放在句首时通常用逗号将从句与主句隔开。Because he didnt study hard，he failed in the exam.因为他没有努力学习，所以考试失败了。as表示原因时，语气不如because那么强，可译为“因为、由于”，引导的从句常放在句首。As he wasnt ready in time，we went without him.因他未能及时准备好，我们没有等他就去了。since意为“因为、既然”，往往表示较
14、明显的原因，语气比because弱，引导的从句常放在句首。Since we have no money，we cannot buy it.因为我们没有钱，所以我们不能买这件东西。for是并列连词，语气最弱，表示对前面分句加以解释或表示推断，引导的分句常放在句末，从句前要用逗号。He must be sick，for he looks pale.他一定是病了，因为他的脸色不好。(2)now(that)既然；由于Now(that)youll grown up，you must stop this childish behaviour.你既然长大了，就必须停止这种幼稚的行为。(3)seeing(th
15、at)因为；由于Seeing that he is very old，he shouldnt be sent there.由于他年纪太大了，所以不应被派到那里去。(三)地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的从属连词有where和wherever(无论在哪里)。I had a picture taken where there stands a tower.我在有塔的地方拍了一张照片。Wherever you go，you should know the customs of the local people.无论你走到哪里，你都应了解当地人的习俗。(四)结果状语从句引 导 结 果 状 语 从 句 的
16、从 属 连 词 有 so，so that，so.that，such.that等。一般来说，so that引导的从句中若有may，might，can，could等情态动词，就是目的状语从句；若没有情态动词，就是结果状语从句。He got up early so that he could catch the train.他起得很早以便能赶上火车。(目的状语从句)He got up early，so that he caught the train.他起得很早，因此赶上了火车。(结果状语从句)(五)目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that和in order that。He start
17、ed out early in order that he might arrive in time.为了能及时到达他很早就出发了。(六)比较状语从句引导比较状语从句的从属连词有as，than，as.as，not as/so.as等。as.as可用在肯定句和否定句中，而so.as多用在否定句中。Tom is as tall as John.汤姆和约翰一样高。Tom is not as/so tall as John.汤姆没有约翰高。(七)方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as，as if，as though。You should do as I told you.你应按照我告诉你的去做
18、。It looks as if it is going to rain.天看上去好像要下雨。(八)让步状语从句引导让步状语从句的从属连词有though，although，even though，even if，no matter how，however，no matter what，whatever，no matter who，whoever，no matter which，whichever，whether.or，while(虽然)，as(尽管)等。(1)whatever和no matter what的用法比较whatever和no matter what都可引导让步状语从句。Whateve
19、r/No matter what you say，I wont believe you.无论你说什么，我都不会相信你的话。但是，no matter.引导的从句不能做主语或宾语。而whatever可以引导主语从句或宾语从句。You shall get whatever you want.你会得到你想要的一切。Whatever you do should be good for our society.你所做的一切都应有益于我们的社会。(2)whatever和however的用法比较whatever和however都可引导让步状语从句，whatever一般在从句中做定语、主语或宾语，而howeve
20、r后接形容词或副词，在从句中做状语。Whatever difficulties we meet，well never change our mind.无论我们遇到什么样的困难，我们永远都不会改变我们的主意。Keep calm，whatever happens.无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。You are certainly right，whatever others may say.不论别人说什么，你确实是对的。Hell never succeed，however hard he tries.无论他如何努力尝试，他都不会成功。(3)as引导的让步状语从句as引导让步状语从句时，可用倒装结构：可以
21、把表语提前，当表语是名词时，名词前应省略冠词；也可把状语或谓语动词提前。Old as he is，he still works hard.尽管他年纪大了，但他仍努力工作。Child as he is，he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，他却懂很多知识。Much as I like it，I dont want to buy it now.尽管我很喜欢这件东西，但我现在还不想买。Try as he might，he wouldnt succeed.尽管他可能会尝试，但他不会成功。(4)though和although的用法比较在上述as引导的让步状语从句的倒装句式中，也可用though，
22、但不能用although。Old though he is，he still works hard.(此句中不能用although)though还可做副词，在句末单独使用，表示“可是”、“居然”。He said he would come；he didnt，though.他说他会来，可是他并没有来。(5)even if和even though表示“即使、尽管”He might have helped you，even though he was very busy.尽管他很忙，他也可能会帮你。Even if you have money，you will not buy everything.
23、即使你有钱，也未必什么都能买到。(九)条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有if(如果)；unless(除非，如果不)；as/so long as(只要)；in case(如果，万一)；supposing(that)(倘若，假定)；provided/providing(that)(假若，倘若)等。You will succeed so/as long as you study hard.只要你努力学习，你一定会成功。Supposing it rains，what shall we do?假如下雨，我们该怎么办呢？I will go providing/provided(that)my expenses are paid.假如我的费用有人代付，我就去。In case I forget，please remind me of my promise.万一我忘记了，请提醒我别忘了我的诺言。Youll fail in the exam unless you study hard/if you dont study hard.除非你努力学习，否则考试就会失败。
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