1、(一)语 态 分 类英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：They will build a new bridge over the river.(主动)A new bridge will be built over the river.(被动)汉语中常用“被”、“给”、“由”、“受”等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助助动动词词be be+及及物物动动词词的的过过去去分分词词构成。被动语态常用的八种时态被动语态常用的八种时态1.一般现在时：People grow rice in the south of the country.
2、Rice is grown in the south of the country.Rice is grown in the south of the country.The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.We We are are not not allowed allowed to to enter enter the the chemistry chemistry lab lab without without a a teacher.teacher.2.一般过去时：They agr
3、eed on the building of a new car factory last month.The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.The students didnt forget his lessons easily.His lessons were not easily forgotten.His lessons were not easily forgotten.3.一般将来时：T
4、hey will send cars abroad by sea.Cars will be sent abroad by sea.Cars will be sent abroad by sea.They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers.Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.Plenty of jobs will be given to school-leavers.4.过去将来时：The manager said they would complete the project by t
5、he end of the year.The The manager manager said said the the project project would would be be completed completed by by the the end of the year.end of the year.The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.The The workers workers told told me me that that the the car car would wou
6、ld be be mended mended as as soon soon as possible.as possible.5.现在进行时：The radio is broadcasting English lessons.English lessons are being English lessons are being broadcastbroadcast on the radio.on the radio.We are painting the rooms.The rooms are being painted.The rooms are being painted.6.过去进行时：
7、Why didnt they drive there on time?Because the workers were mending the road.Because the road was being mended.Because the road was being mended.This time last year we were planting trees here.Trees were being planted here this time last year.Trees were being planted here this time last year.7.现在完成时
8、：Someone has told me the sports meet might be put off.the sports meet might be put off.I have been told the sports meet might be put off.I have been told the sports meet might be put off.We have brought down the price.The price has been brought down.The price has been brought down.8.过去完成时：When I got
9、 to the theatre,I found they they had had already already sold sold outoutthe tickets.the tickets.When When I I got got to to the the theatre,theatre,I I found found the the tickets tickets had had already already been sold out.been sold out.The whole country was very sad at the news of his death;Pe
10、ople People had consideredhad considered him to be a great leader.him to be a great leader.He He had been consideredhad been considered to be a great leader.to be a great leader.9.含有情态动词的被动语态：含有情态动词的被动语态是由“情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。You must hand in your compositions after class.Your compositions Your com
11、positions must be handed inmust be handed in after class.after class.He can write a great many letters with the computer.A great many letters A great many letters can be writtencan be written with the computer by with the computer by him.him.被动语态:我们知道,被动语态是由be+done(动词的过去分词)构成的被动语态构成比较一般现在时主+am/is/ar
12、e+done 一般过去时主+was/were+done 含情态动词主+情态动词+be done一般将来时主+will be+done 现在完成时主+have/has been+done 过去完成时主+had been+done 现在进行时主+am/is/are being+done 过去进行时主+was/were being+done 过去将来时主+would be+done 说明(1)done表示动词的过去分词(2)下划线的词为助动词10:动词不定式的被动语态1.be to do-be to be done2.be going to do-be going to be done3.Be ab
13、out to do-be about to be doneEg:He is to read a novelA novel is to be read by himThey are going to hold a meeting tomorrow.A meeting is going to be held tomorrow.They are about to shoot the murderer.The murderdr is about to be shot by them.(1)The police found that the house _and a lot of things _.A.
14、has broken into;has been stolen B.had broken into;had been stolen C.has been broken into;stolen D.had been broken into;stolen(2)If city noises _ from increasing,people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.A.are not kept;will have to B.are not kept;have to C.do not keep;will
15、 have to D.do not keep;have toDPracticePracticeA(3)-_ the sports meet might be put off.-Yes,it all depends on the weather.A.Ive been told B.Ive told C.Im told D.I told(4)The maths problem _ among the students soon.A.is about to be discuss B.is going to be discussed C.is to discuss D.is going to have
16、 been discussedAB(一)语态转换时要注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。We have bought a new computer.A new computer has been bought.(正确)A new computer have been bought.(错误)2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.I was given a present
17、 on my birthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：A present was given to me yesterday.保留宾语保留宾语注意：注意：一般在下列动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词 to，如：bring,give,lend,offer,pass,promise,sell,show,teach,tell 等。The cup with mixture was showed to the class.My bike was lent to her.一般在下列动词后，间接宾语前用介词 for,如：buy,cook,choose,
18、fetch,get,make,order,等。Mother made me a new skirt.(A new skirt was made for me.)The meat was cooked for us.3.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉这类动词有laugh at,operate on,look after,make fun of,make use of take care of,carry out,give up,hand in,point out,put away,put off,turn down,wor
19、k out,talk about等。The patient is being operated on.The patient is being operated on.The problem is solved.It neednt be talked about.The problem is solved.It neednt be talked about.His request was turned down.His request was turned down.The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.The s
20、ports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.A child is taken good care of A child is taken good care of4.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保留在谓语动词后面。如：a,动词+宾语+adj We always keep the classroom clean.The classroom is always kept clean.b,动词+宾语+n They chose Tom captain.Tom was chose
21、n captainc.动词+宾语+to doShe told us to follow her instructions.We were told to follow her instructions.d,动词+宾语+doing I found him lying on the floor he was found lying on the floore,动词+宾语+done we found all our seats occupied.all our seats were found occupied.注注意意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listen to,look a
22、t,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带 to，但改成被动语态后都带to，We often hear him play the guitar.He is often heard to play the guitar.His mother makes him clean the room every day.He is made to clean the room every day.（二）某些动词用主动表被动？1.The picture looks beautiful .这里的 look是表状态特征的连系动词，它后面要求跟形容词或名词构成系表结构，其主动形式表被动含义。感官
23、系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain,turn out,smell等。Do you like the material?Yes,it feels very soft.The flowers look beautiful What he said sounds reasonable.The roses smell sweet.The medicine tastes bitter.误：It is felt very soft.The food tastes delicious.误：The food is tasted delici
24、ous.The pop music sounds beautiful.误：The pop music is sounded beautiful 2.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,dry,wash,cook,wear 等。如：The cloth washes easily.这布很好洗。Some silks wash well The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。The pen writ
25、es smoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。The poem reads fluently./The shoes wear well.The paper tears easily This kind of cloth dried easily对比：The books sell well.(主动句)The books were sold out.(被动句)The meat didnt cook well.(主动句)The meat was cooked for a long time over low heat.(被动句)3.want,need,require 作“需要”解时及be worth,i
26、n need of后接动词，常用动名词的主动形式表被动含义。Eg:1:The flower needs/wants/requires watering.Your hair needs/wants/requires cutting The computer needs/wants/requires reqairing2:The film/music is worth listening to.3:His teaching method is in need of improving4.不定式在某些形容词后作状语且和句子的主语（或宾语）构成逻辑上的动宾关系时：1.The sentence is e
27、asy to understand.2.She found the problem hard to deal with.3.The box is heavy to lift4.The picture is pleasant to look at5.The novel is interesting to read此类形容词：difficult,comfortable,pleasant,fit,interesting,unfit,light,heavy,dangerous,etc.5.不定式作名词的后置定语，和被修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，同时和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系，不定式常用主动形式表
28、被动含义：1.She had only a cold room to live in.2.I have a meeting to attend.3.I have a lot of homework to do4.She has many children to look after5.I gave him a cake to eat6.I gave him a book to read第一，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：take place,come about,break out,belong to,consist of,add up to,come into being,come t
29、rue,turn out 等。如：The fire broke out in the capital building.误：The fire was broke out in the capital building.Great changes have taken place in China.误：Great changes have been taken place in China.第二，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,remain,lie等。When we got to the top of the mountain,the sun had alre
30、ady risen.误：The sun had already been risen.After the earthquake,few houses remained.误：After the earthquake,few houses were remained.（三)下列情况主动句不能改为被动句例如：据说It is said/thought that 据报导It is reported that 据推测It is supposed that 希望It is hoped that 众所周知It is well known that 普遍认为It is generally considered
31、that 有人建议It is suggested that 1)It is reported that it is going to rain tomorrow.2)It is well known that Thomas Edison invented the electric lamp.3)It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.（四）在汉语中，有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构来表示（五）英语中一些词的被动结构表主动意义 be dressed in,be seated in/at/beside/next to be ad
32、dicted to,be determined to be devoted to,be absorbed in,be disappointed at,be lost in,be engaged in/be occupied in,be faced withEg:1.She is seated on the sofa.2.Addicted to surfing the internet,the boy often escapes from classes.3.Determined to give up smoking,he threw away his remaining cigarettes.
33、4.Disappointed at failing in the math exam,Kenta wouldnt like to talk about it to his parents.5.Judith lay on the sofa,absorbed in her book.（六）介词in,on,under+名词短语表被动意义 常见的有：under control,under treatment,under repair,under discussion,under construction,beyond belief,beyond ones reach,beyond ones contr
34、ol,in print,in sight,on sale,on show,on trial,out of control,out of sight,out of ones reach,out of fashion,.Eg:1.The building is under construction(is being constructed)2.The plane was out of control(cant be controlled)3.The road is under repair(is being repaired)4.Today some treasures are on show(a
35、re being shown)in the museum.1.The new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _already.sell;have been sold outB.sold;had sold outC.sell,sell outare sold;have been sold out2.I saw Dave in lift this morning.-Really?He_around here for a long time.A.wont be seenB.wasnt seeC.hasnt been seenD.hadnt b
36、een seen3.The window is dirty.-I know.It _ for weeks.A.hasnt cleaned B.didnt cleanC.wasnt cleaned D.hasnt been cleaned4.The heros story _differently in the newspapers.A.was reported B.was reportingC.reports D.reported5.Why did you leave that position?-I _a better position at IBM.A.offer B.offered C.
37、am offered D.was offered6.More than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medicine last year.A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent7.The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car.A.has been B.was beingC.had been D.would be8.Millions
38、 of pounds worth damage_by a storm which swept across the north of England last night.A.has been caused B.had been causedC.will be caused D.will have been caused9.When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain.A.started;had already hidden B.had started;had already hidd
39、en C.had started;was hidingD.was starting;hid10:The water _cool when I jumped into the pool for morning exercise.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels11:The moment the 28th Olympic Games_open,the whole world cheered.declared B.have been declaredC.have declared D.were declared12.Mr Green stood up in defe
40、nce of the 16-year-old boy,saying that he was not the one _.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed13.In a room above the store,where a party _,some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held B.has been heldC.will be held D.is being held14.I dont suppose the police know who did it.-We
41、ll surprisingly they do.A man has been arrested and_now.A.has been questioned B.is being questionedC.is questioning D.has questioned15.The new type of cellphone _better if it is advertised on TV.A.will sell B.sells C.would sell D.sold 16.The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful.A.was buil
42、t B.built C.was set up D.had been built 17.This cloth _well and _ long.Ok.Ill take it.A.washes/lasts B.is washed/lasted C.washes/is lasted D.is washing/lasting 18.An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week.A.are to be held B.is to be held C.are holding D.will hold 19.Im sorry,sir.Your reco
43、rder isnt ready yet.It _ in the factory.A.is being repaired B.is repaired C.has been repaired D.hasnt repaired 20.Every possible means,but none prove successful.A.has tried B.has been tried C.is being tried D.tried 21.My little sister has broken my watch.-My watch _ by my little sister.A.is broken B
44、.has broken C.have been brokenD.has been broken22.He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.-His room _ by him when I entered the room.A.was being cleaned B.was cleaned C.was being cleaning D.has been cleaned23.I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.-This novel _ reading(by m
45、e)by dinner time A.will have finished .B.will has been finished C.will have being finished D.will have been finished24.You ought to keep these three rooms clean.-These three rooms _(by you).A.are oughted to keep clean B.ought to kept clean C.ought to be kept clean D.ought to have been kept clean1.Th
46、e new dictionaries are very useful.They _well and _already.A.sell;have been sold outB.sold;had sold outC.sell,sell outD.are sold;have been sold out2.I saw Dave in lift this morning.-Really?He_around here for a long time.A.wont be seenB.wasnt seeC.hasnt been seenD.hadnt been seen3.The window is dirty
47、.-I know.It _ for weeks.A.hasnt cleaned B.didnt cleanC.wasnt cleaned D.hasnt been cleaned4.The heros story _differently in the newspapers.A.was reported B.was reportingC.reports D.reported5.Why did you leave that position?-I _a better position at IBM.A.offer B.offered C.am offered D.was offered6.Mor
48、e than a dozen students in that school_abroad to study medicine last year.A.sent B.were sent C.had sent D.had been sent7.The policemans attention was suddenly caught by a small box which_placed under the Ministers car.A.has been B.was beingC.had been D.would be8.Millions of pounds worth damage_by a
49、storm which swept across the north of England last night.A.has been caused B.had been causedC.will be caused D.will have been caused9.When the old man_to walk back to his house,the sun_itself behind the mountain.A.started;had already hidden B.had started;had already hidden C.had started;was hidingD.
50、was starting;hid10:The water _cool when I joined into the pool for morning exercise.A.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels11:The moment the 28th Olympic Games_open,the whole world cheered.A.declared B.have been declaredC.have declared D.were declared12.Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old bo
51、y,saying that he was not the one _.A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed13.In a room above the store,where a party _,some workers were busily setting the table.A.was to be held B.has been heldC.will be held D.is being held14.I dont suppose the police know who did it.-Well surprisingly they do
52、.A man has been arrested and_now.A.has been questioned B.is being questionedC.is questioning D.has questioned15.The new type of cellphone _better if it is advertised on TV.A.will sell B.sells C.would sell D.sold 16.The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful.A.was built B.built C.was set up
53、D.had been built 17.This cloth _well and _ long.Ok.Ill take it.A.washes/lasts B.is washed/lasted C.washes/is lasted D.is washing/lasting 18.An exhibition of paintings _ at the museum next week.A.are to be held B.is to be held C.are holding D.will hold 19.Im sorry,sir.Your recorder isnt ready yet.It
54、_ in the factory.A.is being repaired B.is repaired C.has been repaired D.hasnt repaired 20.Every possible means,but none prove successful.A.has tried B.has been tried C.is being tried D.tried 21.My little sister has broken my watch.-My watch _ by my little sister.A.is broken B.has broken C.have been
55、 brokenD.has been broken22.He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.-His room _ by him when I entered the room.A.was being cleaned B.was cleaned C.was being cleaning D.has been cleaned23.I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.-This novel _ reading(by me)by dinner time A.will have finished .B.will has been finished C.will have being finished D.will have been finished24.You ought to keep these three rooms clean.-These three rooms _(by you).A.are oughted to keep clean B.ought to kept clean C.ought to be kept clean D.ought to have been kept clean
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