1、时态是用以表示各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。时间有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来；动作方面也有四种，即一般、完成、进行、完成进行。将这些时间和动作方面组合在一起，即构成16种时态。普通高中英语课程标准（实验）要求掌握的时态如下表：一般完成进行完成进行现在 一般现在时现在完成时现在进行时现在完成进行时过去 一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时将来 一般将来时将来进行时过去将来过去将来时时态构成(以do为例)用法一般现在时do/does 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。表示按计划、规定要发生的动作 表示客观存在或普遍真理。一般过去时did表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。现在进行时am/is/
2、are doing表示现在正在进行的动作。过去进行时was/were doing表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。一般将来时will/shall do表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态、未来习惯性的动作、提出请求、作出允诺、表示同意等。过去将来时would/should do表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用在间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时态。现在完成时have/has done 表示说话时已经完成的动作，而且这个动作的结果对现在仍有影响。表示动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在，并且有可能继续持续下去。现在完成进行时have/has been doing表示过去某时开始一直延续到
3、现在(这个动作可能刚停止,也可能还在进行),不少情况下表示与现在状态有联系,有时表示动作的重复等。过去完成时had done表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。1一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征,句中常用often,usually,every day等时间状语。e.g.He goes to school every day.(经常性动作)He is very happy.(现在的状态)(2)表示按计划、规定要发生的动作,(句中都带有时间状语)但限于少数动词。如begin,come,leave,go,arrive,start,stop,re
4、turn,open,close等。e.g.The train starts at nine in the morning.(3)书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。e.g.Xi meets journalists.(4)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用现在时代替将来时。e.g.If you come this afternoon,well have a meeting.2.一般过去时的用法(1)表示过去某时间发生的事、存在的状态或过去反复发生的动作。e.g.He saw Mr.Wang yesterday.He worked in a factory in 1986.(2)表示过去经常
5、发生的动作(也可用“used to”或“would动词原形”代替)。e.g.During the vacation I often swam /would swim in the sea.I used to smoke.注意:used to表示过去常发生而现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。3.一般将来时的用法一般将来时表示将来的动作或状态,其表达形式除了“will或shall动词原形”外,还有以下几种。(1)“be going to动词原形”,表示即将发生的或最近打算进行的事。e.g.It is going to rain.We are going to have a meeting today
6、.(2)go,come,start,move,sail,leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作。e.g.Im coming.(3)“be to动词原形”表示按计划要发生的事或征求对方意见,也可以表示命令、禁止等。e.g.Are we to go on with this work?(4)“be about to动词原形”表示即将发生的动作。e.g.The plane is about to leave.(5)某些表示位移、停留等的动词其现在进行时可表示按计划或不久之后肯定发生的动作或将要做的事。这类动词有go,come,stay,leave,start等。4.现在进行时的用法(1)表
7、示此时此刻正在进行的动作,由“be现在分词”构成。e.g.What are you doing？(2)与always,constantly等连用,表示感情色彩。e.g.He is always helping others.另外“系动词介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。e.g.The bridge is under construction.注意：下列动词不宜用进行时 感觉类：look,smell,feel,sound,taste,see,hear等；感情类：like,love,prefer,admire,hate,fear等；所有类：have,contain,own,hold,belong t
8、o等。5.过去进行时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正进行的动作,由“was(were)现在分词”构成。e.g.He was reading a novel when I came in.(2)与always,forever,constantly连用,表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。e.g.He was always thinking of others,never thinking of himself.6.现在完成时的用法现在完成时由“have过去分词”构成。其使用有两种情况：(1)表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体时间状语。e.g.He has gone to Fu
9、zhou.(说话人认为他不在此地)He has been to Fuzhou.(说话人认为他在此地)(2)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for.和since.等表示一段时间的状语或so far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用。e.g.He has studied English for 5 years.He has studied English since 1985.注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come,go,die,marry,buy等的完成时不能与for,since等表示一段时间的词连用。(3)还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,
10、强调此动作先于主句动作发生。e.g.Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.7.过去完成时的用法(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常用by,before,until,when等词引导的时间状语。e.g.By the time he was twelve,Edison had begun to make a living by himself.I had learnt 5000 words before I entered
11、the university.(2)表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或状态持续到过去某个时间或持续下去。e.g.Before he slept,he had worked for 12 hours.8.过去将来时的用法表示从过去的某时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。由“should或would动词原形”构成。第一人称用should,其他人称用would。e.g.They were sure that they would succeed.时态的比较1.一般过去时与现在完成时一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，不涉及对现在的影响；现在完成时表示过去发生的某一动作或存在的状态对现在造成的影响或结果，
12、强调的是现在的状况。e.g.We talked for hours on the phone.The ship has sailed for two weeks.一般过去时和表示过去的时间状语连用；现在完成时常和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语或笼统地表示过去的时间状语连用。e.g.The flight lasted ten hours and we landed at 6:30 in the morning.I have been there only once this year.I have seen his name in the papers rather often recently
13、.2.过去完成时与一般过去时过去完成时以过去某时间为起点，表示过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态；一般过去时以现在时间为起点，表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。e.g.Luke told me that he had met my friends the day before.She was here a minute ago.表示某事继续到过去某时已有一段时间时，用过去完成时；表示两个或两个以上的动作，且按照动作发生的顺序表达时，用一般过去时。e.g.My uncle had served in the army for ten years;last year he ret
14、ired.The scientist had a quick lunch and then continued his work.3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时1)这两个时态的主要差别是现在完成时表示动作已完成，而现在完成进行时却不一定如此。e.g.Theyve built a bridge.（已建好）Theyve been building a bridge.（可能还在建）2)许多静态动词只能用于现在完成时而不能用于现在完成进行时。e.g.The strike has lasted six months.3)少数动词用这两种时态时意义差别不大。e.g.He has worked/has be
15、en working on Mrs.Greens case for almost six years.时态的呼应某些从句（特别是宾语从句）中的动词时态常受主句谓语时态的制约，这就称为时态的呼应。如果主句谓语为现在时或将来时，从句中的谓语可以不受影响。e.g.Its reported that they are building a new railway.Will you tell me how you two are getting along?如果主句谓语为过去时，从句谓语一般要跟着改为相关的过去时。具体如下：1.如从句谓语动作与主句谓语动作同时发生，从句谓语用一般过去时或过去进行时。e.
16、g.They could not understand why he spent so much money on clothes.The professor said that the students were having an exam.2.如从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，从句谓语用过去完成时或过去完成进行时。但当从句中有特定的过去时间状语时，从句用一般过去时。e.g.She told me that she had been offered a very well-paid position.I learned from others that Mr.Smith had bee
17、n working in our university since 1978.He told me that he was born in1983.3.如从句谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之后，从句谓语用过去将来时、过去将来进行时或过去将来完成时。e.g.I thought the roses would come out soon.注意：在某些情况下，从句谓语不随主句谓语变化：1.从句说明的是普遍真理、客观事实或现在看来仍然真实的情况。e.g.The teacher said the polar ice melts each summer.2.在口语中为了避免误会。e.g.He told me
18、he works in the editorial office.英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。只有及物动词或含及物意义的短语动词才能转换成被动语态。一、被动语态的用法：当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，或者只需强调动作的承受者时，要用被动语态。e.g.Such books are written for middle school students.English is spoken in many countries.二、被动语态的构成：被动语态是由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”构成，be
19、随主语的人称、数和时态的变化而变化。被动语态可以用于各种时态。1.几种形式的被动语态一般现在时:am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词一般过去时:was/were+及物动词的过去分词一般将来时:shall/will/be going to+be+及物动词的过去分词一般过去将来时:should/would be+及物动词的过去分词现在进行时:am/is/are being+及物动词的过去分词过去进行时:was/were being+及物动词的过去分词现在完成时:has/have been+及物动词的过去分词过去完成时:had been+及物动词的过去分词将来完成时:shall/will have
20、 been+及物动词的过去分词过去将来完成时:should/would have been+及物动词的过去分词2.特殊结构的被动形式(1)双宾动词的被动结构双宾动词变为被动结构时,一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,直接宾语不变。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语,间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。e.g.He gave her some money.She was given some money.Some money was given to him.(2)带复合宾语的动词的被动结构带复合宾语的动词变被动语态时,一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语,而将宾语补
21、足语保留不动(这时的宾语补足语为主语补足语)。e.g.His father called him Jack.He was called Jack by his father.(3)带情态动词的被动语态，由“情态动词 +be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。e.g.The problem may be solved in a number of different ways.In our school,library books must be returned in two weeks.(4)“be过去分词不定式”式的被动结构e.g.He is reported to have broken a w
22、orld record.She is said to know three languages.(5)“itbe过去分词从句”式的被动结构e.g.Its said that she has some supernatural powers.Its reported that they have discovered a new star.常见的结构还有：It is known that.众所周知It is suggested that.有人建议It is believed that.人们相信(6)“getdone”构成被动语态此种形式用来表示状态或情况,常考的形式如下：get married
23、结婚；get engaged 订婚；get hurt/wounded 受伤；get lost 迷路；get drunk 喝醉了；get caught/stuck/trapped 被困；get dressed 穿好衣服；get run over 被(车)轧等。3.主动形式表示被动意义1)有些不及物动词的主动形式可以表示被动意义，常见的有下面几种：a.某些连系动词，如feel,look,prove,smell,sound,taste 等。e.g.The food tasted better than it looked.b.某些与cant,wont 等连用的不及物动词，如move,lock,shu
24、t,open等。e.g.It cant move.The door wont shut.c.某些可与well,easily 等副词连用的不及物动词，如read,write,wash 等。e.g.My new pen writes well.The cloth doesnt wash easily.2)非谓语动词的某些主动形式表示被动意义a.在“be+形容词+不定式”结构中，不定式表示的动作与句子主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系时，用主动形式表示被动意义。用于此结构的常见形容词有：cheap,easy,comfortable,difficult,hard,light,heavy,expensive,p
25、leasant,interesting,fit 等。e.g.The question is difficult to answer.Volleyball is very interesting to watch.b.在be worth doing 和be to blame 结构中，动词-ing 形式或动词不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。e.g.The film is well worth seeing.The policy is partly to blame for causing the worst unemployment in Europe.c.当want,need,require 表示
26、“需要”时，其宾语可用动词-ing 形式的主动形式表示被动意义。e.g.The carpet really wants cleaning(=to be cleaned).Most house plants require watering(=to be watered).4.不能用于被动语态的情况谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,benefit,lack等。谓语是不可拆开的take place,consist of,lose heart,belong to等短语动词。宾语是无实意的代词it。宾语是表示身体的某一部分的名词。宾语是某些抽象名词。have不论在什么情况下都
27、不能用于被动语态。一般来说，当动词的宾语是动词-ing形式或者是不定式时不能变成被动语态。将来进行时和完成进行时没有被动语态。如果遇到这种情况时，可以用一般将来时和现在完成时的被动语态来代替。用括号内动词的正确形式填空。1.So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not-for-profit Panda Base,where ticket money helps pay for research.I 62._(allow)to get up close to these cute animals at the 600-ac
28、re centre.（2016新课标全国卷I）was allowed2.Truly elegant chopsticks might 62._(make)of gold and silver with Chinese characters.（2016新课标全国卷III）3.The giant panda 61._(love)by people throughout the world.（四川2016）4.I _(read)half of the English novel,and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.（北京2016）be madeis lov
29、edhave read1.Jack _ in the lab when the power cut occurred.（2016北京）A.works B.has worked C.was working D.would work 解析：when the power cut occurred表示过去的某个时间点，恰在那时发生的动作要用过去进行时，“停电时Jack正在实验室工作”。C2.When walking down the street,I came across David,when I _ for years.（2016天津）A.didnt see B.havent seen C.had
30、nt seen D.wouldnt see解析：came across是一般过去时，在此之前我和David好多年没见面了，“过去的过去”，所以要用过去完成时。C3.Dashan,who _ crosstalk,the Chinese comedic tradition,for decades,wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition.（2016江苏）A.will be learning B.is learning C.had been learning D.has been learning 解析：根据时间状语for deca
31、des和wants判断出这个动作已经持续了很长时间且一直到现在，所以要用现在完成进行时。D 4.More efforts,as reported,_ in theyears ahead to accelerate the supply-side structural reform.（2016江苏）A.are made B.will be made C.are being made D.have been made 解析：根据时间状语in the years表明是将来时，因为in+时间段常与一般将来时连用；且to accelerate不定式常表示将来会达到何种目的，且努力是被人做出的，所以要用将
32、来时的被动语态。B 5.The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts_ success in the end.（2016北京）A.rewarded B.were rewarded C.will reward D.will be rewarded 解析：通过have been working hard判断出从过去开始到现在学生们一直很努力学习，那么得到回报应该是将来的事，而努力是被回报，所以要用将来时的被动语态。D I.选用括号内合适的内容填空。A1.Look!It _(snows/is snowin
33、g).It s beautiful!This is the first time I ve ever seen snow.2.While I _(was sitting/am sitting)in a meeting,my mobile suddenly rang.3.He will stop showing off,if no notice _(takes/is taken)of him.is snowingwas sittingis taken4.Every morning,the sun _(shines/is shining)in my bedroom window and _(is
34、waken/wakes)me up.5.The dumplings were so delicious that they _(were sold/are sold)in no time.6.When he _(founded/had founded)Microsoft,Bill Gates was only 20years old.He _(has already written/had already written)his first computer programme six years earlier.shineswakeswere soldfoundedhad already w
35、rittenBInterviewer:Jane,how long have you been learning English?Jane:I 1._(learn/have been learning)English for six years.Its one of my favourite subjects.Interviewer:What other subjects do you like?Jane:I also 2._(love/loved)art and physical education.have been learningloveInterviewer:How often do
36、you do sports per week?Jane:I go jogging every morning and I have been playing in my school s basketball team for two years.We 3._(train/are training)three times a week.trainInterviewer:And what about art?Do you paint a lot?Jane:Oh yes,I 4._(had been painting/have been painting)since I was just two
37、years old.have been paintingII.根据括号内的汉语提示补全下面句子。1.She _(定期打排球)for many years when she was young.2.You must be mistaken about seeing Larry at the theatre;I m sure he _ _(整个星期都在国外).3.When Mark opened the door,he saw a woman who he _(之前从未见过)standing there.played volleyball regularlyhas beenhad never se
38、en beforeabroad all week4.They wont buy any new clothes because they _(正在攒钱)to buy a new car.5.We have so many problems to deal with but time _(快用完了).6.David _(一直在告诉我们)how to respond to the things in life that happen to us.are saving moneyis running outhas been telling us7.When he realized he _ _(走进
39、一个深谷),he was too frightened to know what to do.8.Let s keep to the point or we _ _(永远也达不成协议).9.Lisa will pass her driving test for she _(一直在准备)for it for months.had walked intowill neverhas been preparinga deep valleyreach an agreement10.I _(给我妈妈打电话)three times today but her line was always busy.11.
40、The news came as no surprise to me.I had known for some time that the store _(将要倒闭).12.You spend too much time playing computer games.You _ _(在损害你的健康).had called/phoned my motherwas going to shut downare damagingyour healthIII.用括号内动词的正确形式填空。1.My mobile phone was ringing,but by the time I _(find)it,i
41、t had stopped.2.All the drivers _(make)to drive more carefully after the new Highway Code takes effect.3.The moment I got home,I realized I _(leave)my purse in the cinema.4.This mountainous area in my hometown _(name)a national wildlife reserve several years ago.foundwill be madehad left was named5.
42、During my stay in Beijing,I visited almost all the places of interest my friends _(recommend).6.Al l the preparations for the trip to Beijing _(complete),and were ready to start off.7.The thief tried to break away from the policeman who _(hold)him,but failed.8.The meat didnt taste very good.It _(coo
43、k)too long.had recommendedhave been completedwas holdinghad been cooked9.Nowadays visitors _(request)not to take photos in many museums.10.The reporter said that the UFO _ _(travel)from east to west when he saw it.11.Youve failed to do what you _(expect)to again and I m afraid your mother will blame
44、 you.12.She came home,switched on the computer and _(check)her e-mails.are requestedwaswere expectedcheckedtravellingIV.选用方框内合适的内容填空（每项限用一次）。1.Jonathon watches the news on TV every day and it _ him with his English.2.Mrs.Smith said that one day she would retire from teaching.She said that she _ her
45、new free time learning about computers.helpssells,helps,is flying,was listening,am leaving,will arrive,would spend,had robbed,had been standingwould spend3.I did not sleep at all last night.Someone _ to music all night.4.The judge sentenced the man to eight years in prison because he _ a bank.5.Unle
46、ss he _ more he wont get much money.was listeningsells,helps,is flying,was listening,am leaving,will arrive,would spend,had robbed,had been standinghad robbedsells6.They _ in the queue for over an hour when the manager told them that there were no more tickets.7.M y sister _ home from London to day.
47、Her flight _ in an hour so I _ for the airport right now to get there in time.had been standingsells,helps,is flying,was listening,am leaving,will arrive,would spend,had robbed,had been standingis flyingwill arriveam leavingV.用括号内单词的正确形式完成下面短文。AAn accident 1._(happen)near my house last night.A car h
48、it a young man.He 2._(ride)his bike when someone in front of him suddenly 3._(open)a car door.Many people4._(see)the accident.happenedwas ridingopenedsawBThis building,which is the oldest survivingexample in the country,is said to be the mostexpensive house in Canada.Currently the house 1._(sell)by
49、the international company,McPhersons.The house 2._(report)to be haunted(闹鬼的)and many people down t he centuries 3._(hear)strange footsteps and noises in the dark of night.is being soldis reportedhave heardThe building 4._(build)in 1123 by Michel Davidson,and it 5._(have)an unusual history ever since
50、 then.Many famous people are said to have stayed in the house on many occasions including Oliver Cromwel1.Henry Reede 6._(live)in the house for the past ten years.While the house 7._(repair)some years ago,Mr.Reede conducted some research into the history of the house.was builthas hadhas been living/
51、has livedwas being repaired“I 8._(read)that there are secret rooms somewhere,”he said.“We9._(look)for them for quite some time now but 10._(find,not)them.However,we do hope to find them some day.”have readhave been lookinghavent foundC I have always wanted to become an actress.I have often acted in
52、school drama productions and with the drama group in our town.I have already written my own scripts and in 2014I 1._(win)the“Young Actors Award”.My parents 2._(tolerate)this interest as a hobby,but they have never taken it seriously.wonhave tolerated Last year my parents 3._(persuade)me to stay on a
53、t school to do A levels.I have already told them that I want to go to drama school,but they say it s a dead-end job with very uncertain prospects(前途).They want me to study law.Im a creative person law would be the worst thing I can imagine.persuaded We 4._(speak)a lot about my future recently,but th
54、ey haven t changed their views.They have had no reason to be angry with me.So far I 5._(do)reasonably well in school.Up to now my marks 6._(be)average or even better.My marks in English have always been very good.have spokenhave donehave beenTwo months ago I 7._(apply)for aplace at RADA(Royal Academ
55、y of Dramatic Art in London).I didnt tell my parents.Last week I 8._(receive)a reply inviting me to go down for an interview.I have considered leaving home if I 9._(offer)a place.The troubles,it would cost a lot of money and my parents 10._(give,not)it to me.How could I possibly support myself?appli
56、edreceivedam offeredwouldnt give I 11._(have,just)a serious argument with my parents,although I have never really quarrelled with them in my life before.Yesterday my friend 12._(say):“Have you ever done anything that your parents didnt want?Because if you havent,now is the time.”But I havent had my18th birthday yet.have just hadsaidI think I 13._(be)afraid of the future,but I have not made up my mind yet about leaving home.My parents want whats best or me but do they really knowwhat that is?What shall I do?am
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