1、专题04阅读理解之主旨大意学与练Part 1 整体感知主旨大意题有一个明显的特点：要求学生通读全文，从四个选项中选出最佳标题或能够说明文章或段落大意的选项。考查对象分为三大类：即篇标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落主旨大意题。篇章主旨是针对全文主题进行提问，而段落主旨是针对某一段落或几个段落的主题进行提问。主旨大意题考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力，所以在阅读理解中难度较大。一、 选项特征1. 正确选项特征1. 涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2. 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3. 精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。2. 干扰选项特征1. 过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范
2、围过大，超出文章所述内容。2. 以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3. 移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于A的内容放在B上，若不留神，极易选错答案。4. 无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词虽然文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。二、 主旨大意类题目常见的设问方式如下：1. The main idea/key point of this passage is that _.2. The passage is mainly about_.3
3、. The best title/headline for this passage is _.4. The topic/subject discussed in this passage is _.5. From the passage we can learn/conclude that_.6. The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with _.7. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?8. Which of the follo
4、wing best states the theme of the passage?Part 2 方法指导1. 明确一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1. 概括性准确而有简短；2. 针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3. 醒目性能引发读者的阅读欲望。2. 文章大意题解题方法1. 掌握寻找主题句，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的，理解全文的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心思想的基础上的。主题句有两个功能：一是介绍段落的主题；二是阐述控制概念，控制概念用以控制段落中句子讨论的内容。 主题句通常是段落的第一句或末尾一句，
5、偶尔在段落中间。在非故事性文章中，主题句尤为明显。有的文章无明显的主题句，二是把主题隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。用浏览法，快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题句。一下是找主题句的四个窍门。1. 主题句位于段首1. 寻找主题句有些段落明显的引出细节的信息词，常见的信息词有for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides that等。 在阅读中应尽量利用上述信息词确定主题
6、句的位置。从段落中的for example可以断定前一句是主题句。如果没有明显的信息词，可先假设第一句为主题句，在第二句前面添加一个for example，看看第二句是否可以支撑第一句话，如果第二句不能支撑第一菊花，便在其他地方找出主题句。2. 选择答案先彻底弄懂主题句的句意，然后阅读A、B、C、D四个选项，选择与主题句句意相吻合的答案，如主题句的再现，主题句意的复述或推论等，排除与主题句句意无关的答案，如支撑细节和文章中未曾阐述的事实等。2. 主题句位于段末主题句位于段末是作者采用了先摆事实，后作结论的手法。这种段落称作归纳型段落。3. 主题句位于段落的中间段落中出现表示转折的词语，如how
7、ever，but，in fact，actually等时，该句很可能就是主题句。4. 表示总结的或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion等词。典题例证（2018.全国卷I阅读C）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the the world was still populated by hunter-g
8、atherers,small, tightly knit (联系)groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people sta
9、rted settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centres, trade,industrialisation. the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education. Especially glbalisation and better communications in the past few d
10、ecades,all have caused many Languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as EnglishSpanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6 800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few la
11、nguages. Often spoken by many people while hot. wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers.Europe has only around 200 Languages: the Americas about 1,000. Africa 2 400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数)
12、of speakers is a mere 6.000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of, 6,800 languages are close to extinction(消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers),Chiapa
13、neco in Mexico(150). Lipan Apache in the United States(two or three)or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.31. What is the min idea of the text? A. New languages will be created.B Peoples lifestyles are reflected in languagesC. Human
14、development results in fewer languagesHuntergetherersD. Geography determines language evolution.Farmers: 第一步： 读文章，理清结构perhaps 12,000languagesReasons: trade,industrialisation,globalisation and bettercommunication etc.Fewer in number many to disappearLanguages Many languages will be close to extinctio
15、nAt presentAbout 68,000 languages第二步：细揣摩，概括文意段落大意文意第一段在猎人聚集的时代，语言是很多的本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。第二段随着人类的定居，语言变得少了一些第三段目前，全球大约有6800种语言，其中分布及其不均匀第四段一些语言使用的很少，正面临消亡的威胁 第三步: 分析选项，斟酌判断A将会创造新语言。文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。无中生有，生搬硬套B人们的生活方式在语言中得以反映。这种说法过于宽泛。过于笼统，不知所云C人类的发展导致语言的减少。文章介绍了语言的种类随着人类社会的发展
16、而逐渐减少这一现象。涵盖性强，覆盖全文D地理决定语言的演变。文中提到了地理位置对语言分布的影响，但没有说地理决定语言的演变。以偏概全，主次不分2. 段落大意题解题方法方法1：概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段落的行文逻辑结构。如该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句在这段话的中间；如果对比个事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，二是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要读者充分发挥想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。
17、典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读C节选）Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle-named the Transition has two seats， four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like
18、 a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.28. What is the first paragraph
19、mainly about?A. The basic data of the Transition. B. The advantages of flying cars.C. The potential market for flying cars. C. The designers of the Transition.第一步揣摩，概括段意根据本段中的“The vehicle-named the Transition has two seats， four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Trans
20、ition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and bums 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.”可知，该断详细介绍了这款飞行汽车：两个座位、四个轮子、上个月在1400英尺的高空飞行了8分钟、速
21、度是大约每小时70英里、空中速度115英里以及油耗。所以本段主要介绍了这款飞行汽车的基本资料。第二步：分析选项，斟酌判断Athe transition的基本数据。A项是对本段内容的精炼总结和概括。涵盖性强，覆盖全段B飞行汽车的优点。本段最后三句只是列举了这款飞行汽车在路上和在空中行驶时的一些数据对比，并没有提及其优势。移花接木，偷换概念C这种飞行汽车的潜在市场。这段没有提及这款飞行汽车的潜在市场。无中生有，生搬硬套Dthe Transition的设计者。本段没有提到the Transition的设计者。无中生有，生搬硬套Part 3阅读理解仿真组合练A More primary care do
22、ctors in a community (社区）appear to lead to improved life expectancy for people living there，though a lack of such physicians across U.S. could be a cause of concern for overall population health in years to come. For the study, researchers looked at physician counts per 100,000 people in a range cov
23、ering 2005 to 2015 in the U. S.，along with life expectancy and specific causes of death. They found that an increase of 10 primary care physicians per 100,000 population was associated with a 51. 5-day increase in life expectancy, while an increase of 10 specialty physicians per 100, 000 population
24、increased life expectancy by 19. 2 days. An increase in primary care physicians also was associated with reductions of many deaths including heart diseases and cancers. Along with those findings, though, the study said many communities did not have primary care physicians in 2015，with the decline in
25、 supply more prominent in rural areas than their urban areas. Many believe that a well-functioning health care system requires a solid foundation of primary care, however, payment difference between primary care and technical specialties continue to dispirit the U. S. primary care physician workforc
26、e. “Higher pay and lifestyle preferences lead most students to choose non-primary care fields, even when their hearts say primary care,” the study said. “We must turn this trend around with practical changes in physician payment policy； no amount of superb primary care training or creative practice
27、reform will prevent further declines in primary care physician, which will lead to worsening health for the United States. ” The studys researchers conclude that future research should focus on the “quality and cover of primary care，types of primary care physician training and service offerings, and
28、 effective access rather than just supply”.1.What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 2?A. Provide some data for the readers.B.Offer some tips on life expectancy.C. Add some background information.D.Stress the importance of primary care. 2.Which of the following best explains “prominent ” unde
29、rlined in Paragraph 3?A.Adequate.B. Considerate. C.Obvious.D. Reasonable.3. What discourages young people from taking up the primary care?A.Primary care is badly paid.B.They have to work in rural areas,C.They need to face fierce competition.D.Primary care lacks superb training4. What is the main ide
30、a of the text?A. Primary care can lengthen life.B. Primary care needs improving.C. Primary care physicians are decreasing.D. Higher pay attracts more primary care physicians.BIts not a new phenomenon, but have you noticed how many nouns are being used as verbs? We all use them, often without noticin
31、g what were doing. I was arranging to meet someone for dinner last week, and I said “Ill pencil it in my diary”, and my friend said “You can ink it in”, meaning that it was a firm arrangement not a tentative one! Many of these new verbs are linked to new technology. An obvious example is the word fa
32、x. We all got used to sending and receiving faxes, and then soon started talking about faxing something and promising wed fax it immediately. Then along came email, and we were soon all emailing each other madly. How did we do without it? I can hardly imagine life without my daily emails. Email remi
33、nds me, of course, of my computer and its software, which has produced another couple of new verbs. On my computer I can bookmark those pages from the World Wide Web that I think Ill want to look at again, thus saving all the effort of remembering their addresses and calling them up from scratch. I
34、can do the same thing on my PC, but there I dont bookmark; I favoritecoming from “favorite pages”, so the verb comes from an adjective not a noun. Now my children bought me a mobile phone, known simply as a mobile and I had to learn yet more new verbs. I can message someone, that is, I can leave a m
35、essage for them on their phone. Or I can text them, write a few words suggesting when and where to meet, for example. How long will it be before I can mobile them, that is, phone them using my mobile? I havent heard that verb yet, but Im sure I will soon. Perhaps Ill start using it myself!5. “Ill pe
36、ncil it in my diary” in the second paragraph probably means .A. it was a firm arrangementB. he prefers a pencil to a penC. the arrangement should be written as a diaryD. it was an uncertain arrangement6. A website address can be easily found if it has been_.A. favoritedB. messagedC. emailedD. texted
37、7. Which of the following has not been used as a verb yet?A. messageB. mobileC. emailD. page8. The best title for this passage is_.A. Technology and Language.B. Development of the English languageC. New Technology and New wordsD. New Verbs from NounsCDebates over the benefits of recycling started in
38、 1996 when a writer called John Tierney said “recycling is garbage”. According to him, “Recycling programs offer mainly short-term benefits to a few related groups while diverting money from real social and environmental problems. It doubles energy consumption and pollution while costing taxpayers m
39、ore money than dealing with old garbage. Recycling may be the most wasteful activity in modern America.”Environmental groups were quick to respond to Tierney by issuing reports detailing the benefits of recycling and showing how municipal (市政的) recycling programs reduce pollution and the use of reso
40、urces while decreasing the amount of garbage and the need for landfill space all for less, not more, than the cost of regular garbage collection and disposal(处置).But in 2002, New York City, an early municipal recycling pioneer, found that its much-praised recycling program was losing money, so it el
41、iminated glass and plastic recycling. According to the Mayor, the benefits of recycling plastic and glass were outweighed by the price-recycling cost twice as much as disposal. Meanwhile, low demand for the materials meant that much of it was ending up in landfills anyway. NYC closed its last landfi
42、ll and brought in a more efficient system, with more famous service providers than it had used previously.The lessons learned by New York are applicable everywhere. Some early recycling programs waste resources and lead to new trash. But the situation has improved as cities have gained experience. I
43、f managed correctly, recycling programs should cost cities and taxpayers less than garbage disposal for any given amount of material. Even though the benefits of recycling over disposal are various, individuals should keep in mind that it better serves the environment to reduce and reuse materials b
44、efore recycling even becomes an option.9. John Tierney thought that recycling _.A. is a waste of moneyB. leads to a lack of employersC. is beneficial to the environmentD. will become popular in the future10. Whats the meaning of the underlined word “eliminated” in Paragraph 3?A. Required.B. Forgot.C
45、. Encouraged.D. Cancelled.11.What does the last paragraph imply?A. We should make recycling an option.B. Public recycling programs are in a bad situation.C. We should develop the awareness of resource saving.D. Cost-saving should be considered first in recycling work.12. What can be the best title f
46、or this passage?A. The harm of recyclingB. Is recycling really beneficial?C. The recycling work in New York CityD. Is environmental protection making progress?DExperts note that an unhealthy lifestyle can put you at great risk of heart disease and stroke. So doctors urge us to eat healthy foods, get
47、 exercise, stop smoking and limit our alcohol intake. But there is something else you can do. And it is free and easy. Smile!Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart. “When we smile, the brain wiring ch
48、anges. The chemicals that are released are more positive.” He says smiling is the first step in fighting physical and emotional stress and its sometimes harmful effects on human health. This is not just New Age advice. Several studies support his opinion.When you feel stressed or under pressure, you
49、r body releases many natural hormones (荷尔蒙) including adrenaline and cortisol. Adrenaline increases your heart rate and blood pressure. Cortisol is the bodys main stress hormone. It increases sugar in the bloodstream. If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you. They are part of what we
50、call our fight-or-flight response.However, when we are stressed for a long period, these stress hormones are ever-present in our bodies. And that, medical researchers warn, may lead to health problems.Researchers say the connection between stress and heart disease is still unclear. However, they cla
51、im that when people are stressed for long periods of time, they may have an unhealthy lifestyle, which can lead to health problems.Dr. Chockalingam says a smile may be one way to help. He tells his patients to smile 20 times an hour. To some, that might seem like a lot of smiling. Or some might even
52、 feel foolish smiling for seemingly no reason. But a smile does not involve drugs. It is not invasive like a surgical operation. It is free and it has no bad side effects.“Once people smile, they are relaxing. This relaxation directly lowers blood pressure, improves sugar levels in the blood. If we
53、are smiling, we are breaking that link between stress and health.” And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyones heart health.13. Which of the following agrees with Dr. Chockalingams opinion?A. Smile has the same effects as laughter.B. Smile can be used to take the place of medicine
54、.C. Smile is better than any healthy lifestyle to health.D. Smile can make our body produce beneficial chemicals.14. What can we know about the mentioned stress hormones?A. They can lower our blood pressure.B. They will surely lead to heart diseases.C. They can benefit us when we are in danger.D. Th
55、ey will make us live an unhealthy lifestyle.15. Why does Dr. Chockalingam think smiling is helpful to our health?A. It can make us relax.B. It increases sugar levels.C. It has little bad side effects.D. It can happen for no reason.16. What can be the best title for the text?A. A Thorough Analysis of
56、 the Causes of Heart DiseasesB. One Thing You Can Do Right Now to Help Your HeartC. One Thing That Is Closely Connected with Stress HormonesD. The Clear Connection Between Unhealthy Lifestyles and Heart Diseases【A篇大意】 本文是一篇议论文。分析了美国基础保健存在的问题和原因，强调了基础保健的重要性，呼吁改善基础保健的现状。1. D【解析】主旨大意题。根据第二段可知，在10万人中， 每
57、螬加10名基础保健医生，人们的预期寿命会延长51.5 天，而每增加10名专科医生，预期寿命会延长19.2天。通过比较，作者实际是在强调基础保健的重要性。2. C【解析】词义猜测题。A项意为“适当的；合乎需要 的”;B项意为“体贴的”;C项意为“显然的；明显的”；D 项意为“合乎情理的”。根据上下文可知，基础保健医生 数量在减少，结合常理判断，农村地区的下降比城市地区更为“明显”。3. A【解析】细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句的 “payment difference”和第四段开头 “Higher pay and lifestyle preferences lead most students
58、to choose nonprimary care fields”可知，基础保健和技术专业之间的 薪酬有差距，较高的收入和生活方式的偏好导致大多数学生选择非初级保健领域，所以应选A项。4. B【解析】主旨大意题。A项意为“棊础保健可以延长寿 命”;B项意为“基础保健需要改善项意为“基础保 健医生数量在下降”;D项意为“高薪酬吸引更多的基础 保健医生”。从全文来看，A、C、D项只是文章的部分内容，只有B项涵盖了全文内容。B【答案】5. D 6. A 7. B 8. D【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文通过多个例子告诉我们很多名词都已经转换成了动词。说明词汇是并不断的在变化。【5题详解】词句猜测题。根据
59、第二段第2行my friend said “You can ink it in”, meaning that it was a firm arrangement not a tentative one! 我的朋友说“你可以用墨水写下来”，意思是这是一个确定的安排，而不是暂时的! 所以通过上下文的语境可以判断出，“Ill pencil it in my diary”意思是“这是一个不确定的安排”。故D正确。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第四段最后一行I favoritecoming from “favorite pages”, so the verb is derived from an adje
60、ctive not a noun.说明我把这些网站设置成我最喜欢的网站，通过这种方法可以让我很快就找到这些网站。故A正确。【7题详解】细节理解题。根据and we were soon all emailing each other madly. 和I favoritecoming from “favorite pages”, so the verb is derived from an adjective not a noun.以及I can message someone, 可知，我们很快就疯狂地给对方发邮件。我最喜欢来自“最喜欢的页面”，所以动词是来自形容词而不是名词。我可以给某人发信息。
61、说明ACD都可以作为动词，只有B项文章没有提及可以作为动词，故B正确。【8题详解】主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段“Its not a new phenomenon, but have you noticed how many nouns are being used as verbs?”可知，这不是一个新现象，但是你注意到有多少名词被用作动词了吗? 本文通过多个例子告诉我们很多名词都已经转换成了动词。所以短文的最佳标题为“来自名词的新动词”。故D正确。C【答案】9. A 10. D 11. C 12. B【解析】这是一篇议论文。自从1996年作家John Tierney说“回收是垃圾”时，关
62、于垃圾回收的好处的讨论就没有停止过。有人认为回收是现代美国最浪费的活动，而一些环境小组还详细列出了回收的好处，但是一些早期的回收项目也渐渐暴露出了问题。【9题详解】细节理解题。由第一段中John Tierney所说的“Recycling may be the most wasteful activity in modern America.（回收可能是现代美国最浪费的一项活动）”可知，他认为回收是浪费钱的。选项A中的waste与原文中的wasteful呼应，故选A。【10题详解】词义猜测题。由划线单词后“According to the Mayor, the benefits of recyc
63、ling plastic and glass were outweighed by the price-recycling cost twice as much as disposal.（根据市长所言，回收塑料和玻璃在价格方面超标了-回收的费用是处理费用的两倍）”可推知，纽约取消了回收塑料和玻璃。所以根据上下文的语境可以判断出，划线词的意思为“取消”。故选D。【11题详解】推理判断题。由文章最后一段中的“Even though the benefits of recycling over disposal are various, individuals should keep in mind
64、 that it better serves the environment to reduce and reuse materials before recycling even becomes an option.（尽管回收比处理的好处有很多，大家应该记住，在回收成为一个选择之前，减少垃圾和反复利用物品对环境是更有利的。）”可推知，作者是想提醒大家要有资源节约的意识。故选C。【12题详解】主旨大意题。由首段的“Debates over the benefits of recycling started in 1996 when a writer called John Tierney sa
65、id “recycling is garbage”.（自从1996年作家John Tierney说“回收是垃圾”时，关于垃圾回收的好处的讨论就开始了。）”可知，选项B（回收真的很有好处吗？）为短文最佳标题，故选B。D【答案】13. D 14. C 15. A 16. B【解析】这是一篇说明文。哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议多保持微笑，他认为微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。同时说明了微笑有利于健康的原因和人们感到压力时的身体反应等情况。【13题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段中When we smile, the brain wiring changes. The chemica
66、ls that are released are more positive.可知，当我们微笑时，大脑的线路会发生变化。释放出的化学物质更积极。由此可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑能使我们的身体产生有益的化学物质。故选D。【14题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段中If you are truly in danger, these hormones can help you.可知，如果你真的有危险，这些荷尔蒙会帮助你。由此可知，当我们处于危险中时，压力荷尔蒙可以帮助我们。故选C。【15题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段中If we are smiling, we are breaking t
67、hat link between stress and health. And it just may provide a little extra protection to everyones heart health.可知，如果我们微笑，我们就打破了压力和健康之间的联系。而且它可能会为每个人的心脏健康提供一点额外的保护。由此可知，Chockalingam博士认为微笑可以使我们放松，从而有利于我们的健康。故选A。【16题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段中Dr. Chockalingam, a heart disease specialist in Columbia, advises his patients to smile. He says a smile may be one way to help your heart.可知，哥伦比亚的心脏病专家Chockalingam博士建议他的病人保持微笑。他说，微笑可能是帮助心脏的一种方式。以及结合文章内容主要介绍了微笑能够让我们放松进而有利于我们的健康，所以要健康那就要多微笑，所以B选项“现在你可以做一件事来帮助你的心脏”符合文章标题。故选B。