1、Period ThreeGrammar & Writing过去完成时的被动语态一、构成hadbeen过去分词二、用法1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。该动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，这一过去时间可用by，at，before等构成的短语或when，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文来表示。The project had been completed by the end of 1990.这项工程已于1990年底竣工。The classroom had been cleaned before we came.我们来之前，教室已被打扫干净。2.表示从过去某一时间开始
2、，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，该动作可能还要延续下去，常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。The sale had been advertised for several weeks.这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。Much work had been done since she arrived here.自她抵达这里后做了许多工作。3.用在含有被动形式的间接引语或宾语从句中，常放在像said，told，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的动作。My classmate told me that he had been
3、punished by his teacher.我同学告诉我他已经受到了老师的惩罚。We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash.我们都以为他在飞机失事中丧生了。即时跟踪1用所给词的正确形式填空(1)By the time we finished our work，other workers had left(leave) already.(2)How long had they known(know) each other before they got married?(3)At the end of the meeting，it
4、 was announced that an agreement had been reached(reach).(4)We have not seen(not，see) each other up to now since I left(leave) my hometown.(5)When I got up this morning，I found that the rain had stopped(stop) and the sun was shinning.直接引语和间接引语英语中常用两种方式引用别人的话。直接引述别人的原话，叫作直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话叫作间接引语。直接引语如改
5、为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面作相应变化。一、句型变化1.陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常省略)。“I will never forget this interesting lesson，”said Paul.保罗说：“我永远不会忘记这有趣的一课。”Paul said that he would never forget that interesting lesson.保罗说他永远不会忘记那有趣的一课。2.疑问句直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)，句末用句号，主语的人称、时态和状语
6、也要作相应的变化。(1)一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if引导。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语(me，him或us等)。He said，“Can you speak French？”He asked (me) if/whether I could speak French.He said，“Did you see me last night？”He asked (me) whether/if I had seen him the night before.(2)特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问
7、句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。“Where do you usually have lunch？” he asked me.He asked me where I usually had lunch.(3)选择疑问句：直接引语如果是选择疑问句，用whether/if引导。She asked，“Are you going there or not？”She asked me whether/if I was going there or not.3.祈使句转述祈使句，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并根据句子意思在不定式的前面加上tell，ask，order等动词，其句型是：
8、tell/ask/order sb.to do sth.，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。“Make sure the door is shut，”she said to her little son.“一定要关上门，”她对她的小儿子说。She told her little son to make sure the door was shut.她对她的小儿子说一定要关上门。“Dont smoke in the room，” he said to me.“不要在房间里吸烟。”他对我说。He told me not to smoke in the room.他对我说不要在房间里吸烟。
9、二、时态变化将直接引语变为间接引语时，动词的时态要做相应的变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时过去完成时过去进行时过去进行时一般将来时过去将来时现在完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成进行时过去完成进行时三、人称变化将直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词和物主代词要做出相应变化：第一人称第三人称第二人称第一人称或第三人称第三人称第三人称(不变)四、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语也要做相应的变化直接引语间接引语this(这)that(那)these(这些)those(那些)now(现在)then(那时)today(今天)that day(那天)yesterday(昨天)th
10、e day before/the previous day(前一天)last year(去年)the year before(前一年)ago(以前)before(以前)tomorrow(明天)the next/following day(第二天)next month(下个月)the next/following month(第二个月)here(这儿)there(那儿)come(来)go(去)bring(带来)take(拿去)He said to me，“I will see her next week.”他对我说：“我下星期来看她。”He told me he would see her th
11、e next week.他告诉我说他下星期来看她。温馨提醒(1)在人称变化项目中，如果主句的主语是第一人称，则从句的主语无需变化；如果主句的主语是第三人称，则从句的主语常有上述变化。I say，“You are right.”I say that you are right.She says，“He is going tomorrow”.She says that he is going tomorrow.(2)时态不变的特殊情况如下：直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。He said，“The earth goes around the sun.”He said that the eart
12、h goes around the sun.He said，“Where there is a will，there is a way.”He said where there is a will，there is a way.当直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语时，间接引语仍然用一般过去时。Mr.Wang said，“I was born in China in September,1972.”Mr.Wang said he was born in China in September,1972.当直接引语是过去完成时态时。She said，“They had left when I arri
13、ved here.”She said that they had left when she arrived there.当直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。He said，“The plane takes off at 6：30 am.”He said that the plane takes off at 6：30 am.(3)如在当天转述别人说过的话，时间状语可不变；如果在当地转述，地点状语和动词(come)也不必改变。He said，“Ill be back tonight.”He said that he will be back tonight.即时跟踪2将下列直接引语变为间接引语(1)
14、The teacher said to us，“We will have an English test next Saturday.”The teacher told us that we would have an English test the next Saturday.(2)I asked her，“Do you live in the school？”I asked her whether/if she lived in the school.(3)He asked the boy，“Why were you late again？”He asked the boy why he
15、 had been late again.(4)He said to me，“Shut the window，please.”He asked me to shut the window.(5)The doctor said to me，“Dont drink too much.”The doctor told me not to drink too much.填写空白处所需的内容(1个单词)或所提供单词的正确形式1.The exhibition tells us why we should do something to stop air pollution.(2015四川)2.“Every
16、 time you eat a sweet，drink green tea.” This is what my mother used to tell me.(2014浙江)3.James has just arrived，but I didnt know he was coming(come) until yesterday.(2014重庆)4.It is difficult for us to imagine what life was like for slaves in the ancient world.(2014山东)5.“What do you want to be？” aske
17、d Mrs.Crawford.“Oh，I will be(be) president，” said the boy，with a smile.(2013湖南)6.Experiments of this kind had been conducted(conduct) in both the U.S.and Europe well before the Second World War.(2011北京).单句改错(每小题仅有1处错误)1.When I was a child，I hoped to live in the city.I I would be happy there.(2015全国，
18、短文改错)2.He if I decide to do something，it takes him much time to stop me.(2013大纲全国，短文改错)3.Do you want to know why we last week？(2013浙江，短文改错)文体指导本模块的写作文体是介绍自然灾害的说明文。描述自然灾害首先要说明该灾害的基本情况，然后根据需要选择角度，简明扼要而又重点突出地介绍，力求真实准确，恰如其分。写好自然灾害类文章的关键是实事求是、简明扼要。自然灾害类说明文一般包括以下几点：灾害发生的时间、地点等；灾害的危害性及其发生规律；补救措施；经验教训或建议。时态
19、以一般现在时和一般过去时为主，有时为了表达的需要会在个别地方采用其他时态。此类作文一般采用客观表述，避免主观色彩。叙述格式比较固定，通常为：事件描述灾害提出建议等。常用句式1.灾害的发生：There was/is.in.A terrible.hit/struck.happened/took place/broke out.2.灾害的影响：Everything was destroyed.Thousands of people were made homeless.The disaster caused.deaths/injuries.The disaster caused great dama
20、ge to.3.采取措施及建议：When you.，you should. If.，you had better.Measures have been taken to help.Luckily，the army has been sent to rescue.写作任务2016年夏天，在中国南方发生了严重的洪涝灾害，造成了很大的损失。请根据下面三个方面的内容，写一篇英语短文。1.损失：农田被毁，房屋被冲走，很多人无家可归；2.洪涝灾害的原因：下雨达数月，森林被砍伐，湖泊被改造成农田；3.补救措施：保护河边树木，重建堤坝，还田造湖。注意：词数100左右。审题谋篇第一步明确要求本文要求写2016年
21、我国南方发生的严重洪涝灾害，体裁为介绍类说明文。时态上，描述洪灾发生的状况等应用一般过去时，描述灾区现状应用一般现在时。第二步确定段落本文可分成三段：Para.1：中国南方发生了严重的洪涝灾害以及所造成的损失；Para.2：造成的原因；Para.3：补救措施。第三步词汇热身1.发生洪涝灾害a big flood occur 2.引起重大损失cause a great loss3.三个原因three reasons4.雨一直下keep raining5.砍伐cut down6.变成turn into7.采取措施take measures to do第四步句式升级1.最后，一些湖泊被改造成农田，这
22、严重阻塞了水的流动。(一般表达)Finally，some lakes became fields，and this seriously blocked the waterway.(句式升级)Finally，some lakes had been turned into fields，which seriously blocked the waterway.2.到目前为止，人们采取了一些措施防止洪灾的再次发生。(一般表达)People have done many things to prevent flood so far.(句式升级)So far，some measures have bee
23、n taken to prevent floods from happening again.连句成篇A big flood occurred in the south of China in the summer of 2016.It was very serious，which caused a great loss.Fields were ruined，houses were washed away and many people became homeless.There are three reasons for the floods.Firstly，it had kept rain
24、ing for months.Secondly，many forests had been cut down and the soil was washed away.Finally，some lakes had been turned into fields，which seriously blocked the waterway.So far，some measures have been taken to prevent floods from happening again.The trees along the rivers have been protected.Old dams
25、have been rebuilt and some fields have been turned back into lakes again.单元语法A)用所给动词的正确形式填空1.Paper money has been used(use) for over a thousand years.2.We want to sit at the table near the window.Im sorry，but it has been taken(take) already.3.By the time Edison was ten，a chemistry lab had been built
26、(build).4.The dish had been eaten(eat) up when I got there.5.The train had started(start) before we got to the station.B)将下列直接引语改为间接引语6.She said，“Do you like to sing? ”She asked me whether/if I liked to sing.7.“When will you go fishing？”Jane asked her father.Jane asked her father when he would go fi
27、shing.8.His father said to him，“Dont leave the door open.”His father told him not to leave the door open.9.The teacher said “Light travels faster that sound.”The teacher said that light travels faster than sound.10.He said to me，“I was born in 1973.”He told me that he was born in 1973.阅读理解AForces ot
28、her than damaging winds are also at work inside tornadoes.Sometimes，as the wind passes a house，the walls and ceiling burst apart as if a bomb had gone off inside.This explosion(爆炸) is caused by the low air pressure at the center of a tornado.The pressure at the center of a tornado is usually 13 poun
29、ds per square inch.However，inside the house the air pressure is normal，about 15 pounds per square inch.The difference of 2 pounds per square inch between the inside and outside pressure may not seem like much.But suppose a tornado passes over a small building that measures 20 by 10 by 10 feet.On eac
30、h square inch of the building，there is 2 pounds of pressure from the inside that is not balanced by air pressure outside the building.On the ceiling，that adds up to an unbalanced pressure of 57,600 pounds.The pressure of the four walls adds up to 172,800 pounds.If windows are open in the building，so
31、me of the inside air will rush out through them.This will balance the pressure inside and outside the building.But if the windows are shut tightly，the huge inside pressure may cause the building to burst.Unfortunately，heavy rain often occurs in the storms that later produce tornadoes，so people often
32、 shut their windows.This may cause far worse damage later.11.What did the paragraph before this passage most probably discuss? A.Measuring rainfall from a storm.B.The powerful winds of tornadoes.C.The kinds of damage caused by explosions.D.Repairing the damage from tornadoes.答案C解析推理判断题。文章一开始就谈到龙卷风发生
33、时，内部的低压引起的“爆炸”会造成墙倒屋塌。在此之前很可能谈论的是“爆炸”所引起的各种破坏程度。12.What is the difference per square inch between the air pressure inside a building and the air pressure inside a tornado?A.2 pounds. B.10 pounds.C.13 pounds. D.15 pounds.答案A解析细节理解题。根据第二段内容及该段第三句“The difference of 2 pounds per square inch between the
34、inside and outside pressure may not seem like much.”可知，建筑物每平方英寸的气压之差是2磅。故选A。13.Why do people shut windows when tornadoes occur?A.Because the wind is strong.B.Because there is heavy rain.C.Because the weather is foggy.D.Because the weather is cold.答案B解析细节理解题。根据文章最后一段可知答案。BA smooth sea never made a sk
35、illed mariner.“Dont worry if you have problems！” It is easy to say until you are in the midst of a really big one.The only people who dont have troubles are gathered in little neighborhoods.Most communities have at least one.We call them cemeteries.If youre breathing，you have difficulties.Its the wa
36、y of life.And believe it or not，most of your problems may actually be good for you! Let me explain.Maybe you have heard the Great Barrier Reef，stretching some 1,800 miles from New Guinea to Australia.Tour guides regularly take visitors to view the reef.On one tour，a traveler asked the guide an inter
37、esting question.“I notice that the lagoon(泻湖) side of the reef looks pale and lifeless，while the ocean side is vibrant and colorful，” the traveler observed.Why is this?The guide gave an interesting answer，“The coral around the lagoon side is in still water，with no challenge for its survival.It dies
38、early.The coral on the ocean side is constantly being tested by wind，waves and storms.It has to fight for its survival every day.As it is challenged and tested，it changes and adapts.It grows healthy.It grows strong.And it reproduces.”Then he added，“Thats the way it is with every living organism.”Tha
39、ts how it is with people.Challenged and tested，we come alive! Like coral pounded by the sea，we grow.Physical demands can cause us to grow stronger.Mental and emotional stress can produce toughmindedness and resiliency.Spiritual testing can produce strength of character and faithfulness.So，you have p
40、roblems？No problem! Just tell yourself，“There I grow again！”Remember：A smooth sea never made a skilled mariner.14.Who has no problems according to the passage?A.The persons who are very famous.B.The persons who have much money.C.The persons who have been born.D.The persons who are living in the ceme
41、teries.答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“The only people who dont have troubles are gathered in little neighborhoods.Most communities have at least one.We call them cemeteries.”可知，没有问题的人都聚集在极少的社区里，我们称它们为“墓地”。故选D。15.In the writers opinion， .A.problems bring us much troubleB.problems have two sides，good or badC.we
42、 should try to stay away from any troubleD.the fewer things we do，the less trouble well meet答案B解析推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“And believe it or not，most of your problems may actually be good for you! Let me explain.”可知，作者认为大多数的问题其实对人们是有好处的，由此推断出，我们遇到的问题都有两面性，好的方面或者坏的方面。故选B。16.The reason why lagoon side of the re
43、ef has no life is that .A.it hasnt got any sunlightB.it has less energy than othersC.it has no work to do every dayD.it never faces any challenge and test答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章第五段中的“The coral around the lagoon side is in still water，with no challenge for its survival.It dies early.”可知，珊瑚礁的泻湖一边的珊瑚生长在死水中，不用面
44、对生存的挑战，因此很容易死亡。故选D。17.After reading this passage，we should .A.regard any problem as a challengeB.learn from the lagoon sideC.worry our problemsD.enter into cemeteries答案A解析推理判断题。根据文章倒数第二段可知，身体上的需求导致我们变得更强壮，精神上的紧张能够创造我们坚强的意志力和恢复力，精神上的测验能够创造坚强的性格和信仰，因此遇到问题时，要告诉自己没有问题，它们能让我们成长。故选A。.语法填空My wife is addict
45、ed(沉溺) to shopping on the Internet.18.It seems that she cant control herself well，just clicking with the mouse.Let me tell you what happened last night.It was the 19.third(three) time that she had shopped online for hours.I had already reminded her 20.to think(think) twice before buying anything,21.
46、but my wife ignored 22.what I said and replied confidently，“With the New Year approaching，preparation is necessary.23.Besides，I havent bought things on the Internet for a whole week.”24.Hearing(hear) her words，I was really speechless.In most cases，the things she bought arent good value for money.May
47、be she just enjoys 25.the process(过程) of buying online.With the development of technology，online shopping is becoming more and more convenient.In the meanwhile，it causes a series of 26.problems(problem).People are 27.easily(easy) attracted by the discount.So how to keep a good state of mind in front
48、 of temptation (诱惑) is an important lesson many people need to learn.短文改错Kate was always unhappy about her figure，but she didnt know how to lose the weight.One day，she went to consulting a doctor.The doctor advised her to have a balancing diet and exercise more.So her parents were both busy earning
49、their living and couldnt provide Kate a healthy diet.She often ate fast food who contained too much fat.She knew she ought to eat more vegetables and fruit that were good for her healthy.Luckily，two weeks late，with the help of the doctor，Kate had become thinner.He was very happy and became more conf
50、idence about herself.答案Kate was always unhappy about her figure，but she didnt know how to lose the weight.One day，she went to a doctor.The doctor advised her to have a diet and exercise more. her parents were both busy earning their living and couldnt provide Kate a healthy diet.She often ate fast f
51、ood contained too much fat.She knew she ought to eat more vegetables and fruit that were good for her .Luckily，two weeks ，with the help of the doctor，Kate had become thinner. was very happy and became more about herself.书面表达假如你是班长，如果有一天上课期间突然发生了地震，你会怎么做？请写一篇100词左右的英语短文向大家展示你将如何带领同学们应对突如其来的地震。注意：文章开头
52、已写好，但不计入总词数。参考词汇：慌乱panic；电梯elevatorOne day，an earthquake happened when we were having an English class. 参考范文One day，an earthquake happened when we were having an English class.The earthquake struck so suddenly that many students were frightened and didnt know what to do.The teacher，as well as I told
53、 the students not to be panic but to calm down.At first，the earthquake shook very violently，so we advised the students not to move and hide under the wooden desk.Later when the shaking became weaker，I helped the teacher to lead the students to run out of the classroom in order.I stopped some students from taking the elevator because it was really dangerous.After reaching the playground，I checked if everybody was safe.Besides，with the help of the teacher，we learned something together about how to deal with an earthquake on the playground.