1、直接引语变间接引语（一） 人称的转变 1.直接引语中的第一人称，一般转换为第三人称，如： Hesaid，“Iamverysorry.” Hesaidthathewasverysorry. 2.直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对转述人说的，转换为第一人称，如： “Youshouldbemorecarefulnexttime,” myfathertoldme. MyfathertoldmethatIshouldbemorecarefulthenexttime. 3.直接引语中的第二人称，如果原话是针对第三人称说的，转换成第三人称。如： Shesaidtoherson,“Illcheckyourh
2、omeworktonight.” Shesaidtohersonthatshewouldcheckhishomeworkthatnight. 4.人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等，如： Heaskedme,“Willyougotothestationwithmetomeetafriendofminethisafternoon?” HeaskedmewhetherIwouldgotothestationwithhimtomeetafriendofhisthatafternoon. 总之，人称的转换不是固定的，具体情况，具体对待，要符合逻辑。 (二)时态的转换 直接引语改为间接引
3、语时，主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求)，变化如下： 一般现在时一般过去时 现在进行时过去进行时 现在完成时过去完成时 一般将来时过去将来时 一般过去时过去完成时 过去完成时不变 过去进行时不变 如： 1.“Iamverygladtovisityourschool”,shesaid. Shesaidshewasverygladtovisitourschool.2.Tomsaid,“Wearelisteningtothepopmusic.” Tomsaidthattheywereliste
4、ningtothepopmusic. 3.Motherasked,“HaveyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchTV?” MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV. 4.Heaskedtheconductor,“WhereshallIgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus?” HeaskedtheconductorwherehewouldgetofftochangetoaNo.3bus. 5.“Whydidsherefusetogothere?” theteacheras
5、ked. Theteacheraskedwhyshehadrefusedtogothere. 6.Motheraskedme,“HadyoufinishedyourhomeworkbeforeyouwatchedTV?” MotheraskedmewhetherIhadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIwatchedTV. 7.Tomsaid,“Wewerehavingafootballmatchthistimeyesterday.” Tomsaidthattheywerehavingafootballmatchthattimethedaybefore. 8.Hesaid， “
6、Ihaventheardfrommyparentsthesedays.” Hesaidthathehadntheardfromhisparentsthosedays.(三)时间状语、地点状语的变化 1. 直接引语是客观事实、普遍真理等，主句尽管是过去时态，变成间接引语时，时态仍然用一般现在时态。例如：They told their son, “The earth goes round the sun.”They told their son that the earth goes round the sun.2. 直接引语变间接引语时，指示代词、时间状语、地点状语、动词等要作相应的变化。如：直
7、接引语间接引语thisthatthesethosenowthentodaythat dayyesterdaythe day beforelast yearthe year beforelastweek(month) theweek(month)beforeagobeforenextyeartheyearbeforeheretherecomegotomorrow thenext(following)daytwodaysagotwodaysbeforebringtakethe day before yesterdaytwodaysbefore等。例如：1.He said, “I havent se
8、en them today.” He said that he hadnt seen them that day.2.Shesaid,“Iwontgothereanymore.” Shesaidshewouldntcomehereanymore. 3.Hesaid,“Thiswillbefinishedtomorrow.” Hesaidthatwouldbefinishedthenextday. 4.Paulsaid,“IvisitedChinalastyear.” PaulsaidhehadvisitedChinatheyearbefore.但是，如果转述时对话人双方就在原来的地方，或在说话
9、的当天，就不必改变相应的时间状语、地点状语等。总之,对这些变化不能机械理解，应根据实际情况来决定所作的变化。3. 间接引语一般要用陈述句的语序，即主、谓、宾的顺序。例如：1.He asked Lucy, “ Where did you go? ”He asked Lucy where she went. 2.Tom said, What do you want, Ann?Tom asked Ann what she wanted.(四)直接引语变成间接引语时，从句时态无须改变 的情况1.当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候，如： Healwayssays,“Iamtiredout.” Healw
10、ayssaysthatheistiredout. 2.当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候，如： Hewillsay,“Illtrymybesttohelpyou.” Hewillsaythathewilltryhisbesttohelpme. 3.当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时，如： Hesaid,“Iwenttocollegein1994.” Hetoldusthathewenttocollegein1994. 4.当直接引语中有以when,while引导的从句，表示过去的时间时，如： Hesaid，“WhenIwasachild,Iusuallyplayedfootballafters
11、chool.” Hesaidthatwhenhewasachild,heusuallyplayedfootballafterschool. 5.当直接引语是客观真理或自然现象时，如： Ourteachersaidtous,“Lighttravelsfasterthansound.” Ourteachertoldusthatlighttravelsfasterthansound. 6.当引语是谚语、格言时，如： Hesaid，“Practicemakesperfect.” Hesaidthatpracticemakesperfect. 7当直接引语中有情态动词should,would,could
12、,hadbetter,wouldrather,might,must,oughtto,usedto,need时，如： 1.Thedoctorsaid,“Youdbetterdrinkplentyofwater.” ThedoctorsaidIdbetterdrinkplentyofwater. 2.Hesaid,“Shemustbeateacher.” Hesaidthatshemustbeateacher. 3.Hesaid,“Sheoughttohavearrivedherofficebynow.” Hesaidthatsheoughttohavearrivedherofficebythen
13、. 4.Theteachersaid,“Youneednthandinyourcompositionstoday.” Theteachersaidweneednt/didntneedto/didnthavetohandinourcompositions. 5.Sheasked,“MustItakethemedicine?” Sheaskedifshehadtotakethemedicine. 注：此处用hadto代替must更好 8.此外转述中的变化要因实际情况而定，不能机械照搬，如果当地转述，here不必改为there,动词come不必改为go，如果当天转述yesterday,tomorro
14、w,thisafternoon等均不必改变。如： Teacher:Youmayhavetheballgamethisafternoon. StudentA:Whatdidtheteachersay,Monitor? Monitor;Hesaidwemighthavetheballgamethisafternoon. (五)直接引语变成间接引语，句子结构的变化 1.陈述句。用连词that引导，that在口语中常省略。主句的谓语动词可直用接引语中的said,也可用told来代替，注意，可以说saidthat,toldsb.that，不可直接说toldthat,如： 1.Hesaid,“Ihaveb
15、eentotheGreatWall.” Hetold usthathehadbeentotheGreatWall.2.She said, I am very happy to help you.She said that she was very happy to help you.3.He said, “I will choose a book for my students.” He said (that) he would choose a book for his students.4.Hesaid,“IllgiveyouanexaminationnextMonday.” Hetold
16、usthathewouldgiveusanexam-inationthenextMonday.(不可说toldthat) 此外主句中的谓语还常有： repeat,whisper,answer,reply,explain,announce,declare,think等，又如： Hesaid，“Imlatebecauseoftheheavytraffic.” Heexplainedtousthathewaslatebecauseoftheheavytraffic. 如果间接引语是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列从句，第一个连词可以省略，以后的连词一般不省略，以免混乱。 Thedoctorsai
17、d,“Youarenotseriouslyill,Youwillbebettersoon.” Thedoctorsaid(that)IwasnotseriouslyillandthatIwouldbebettersoon. 2.直接引语为一般疑问句，也称是否疑问句，间接引语用连词whether或if引导，原主句中谓语动词said要改为asked(me/him/us等)，语序是陈述句的语序，这一点非常重要。 1.Hesaid,“Doyouhaveanydifficultywithpronunciation?” Heasked(me)whether/ifIhadanydifficultywithm
18、ypronunciation. 2.Hesaid,“YouareinterestedinEnglish,arentyou?” HeaskedwhetherIwasinterestedinEnglish. 3.He asked me, Do you like playing football?He asked me if/whether I liked playing football.4.He asked me, “Do you like watching TV?” He asked me if/whether I liked watching TV.5.He asked, “Are you
19、sure your mother will come?” He asked me whether / if I was sure my mother would come.注意：大多数情况下， if和whether 在引导宾语从句时可以互换，但后紧跟or not时,一般只用whether。例如：She asked me whether or not he could do the work. She asked me whether he could do the work or not.3.直接引语为选择疑问句，间接引语用whetheror表达，而不用ifor，也不用eitheror.如：
20、Heasked,“DoyouspeakEnglishorFrench?” HeaskedmewhetherIspokeEnglishorFrench. Iasked,“Willyoutakebusortaketrain?” Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldtakebusortaketrain.4.直接引语为特殊疑问句，改成间接引语时，由相应的连接词who, whom, what, whose, how, when, why, where 等，主句的谓语动词用ask(sb.)来表达，语序改为陈述句语序。如： 1.Heasked，“Whatsyourname?” Heasked(me
21、)whatmynamewas. 2.Heaskedus,“Howmanycarfactorieshavebeenbuiltinyourcountry?” Heaskedushowmanycarfactorieshadbeenbuiltinourcountry. 3.He asked: “Where are you to get off, John?” He asked John where he was to get off.4.My sister asked me, “How do you like the play?”My sister asked me how I liked the p
22、lay.5.Tom asked me, “Who is the boy over there?”Tom asked me who the boy over there was.6.My sister asked me, How do you like the film?My sister asked me how I liked the film.5.直接引语为祈使句时，改为间接引语，用带to的不定式表达，谓语动词常是ask,advise,tell,warn,order,request等。如asksb.todo，(由肯定祈使句变成)asksb.nottodo(由否定祈使句转变)，并且在不定式短
23、语中的时间状语、地点状语、人称及时态都作相应的变化。如： 1.Hesaid，“Beseated,please.” Heaskedustobeseated. 2.“Dobecarefulwithyourhandwriting.”Hesaid. Hetoldmetobecarefulwithmyhandwriting. 3.“Nevercomehereagain! “saidtheofficernearby. Theofficerorderedthevillagersnevertogothereagain. 4.“Donttouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission
24、,”theteachersaid. Theteacherwarnedthestudentsnottotouchanythinginthelabwithoutpermission. 5.The captain ordered, Be quiet.The captain ordered us to be quiet.6.He said, “Please come here again tomorrow.”He asked me to go there again the next day.7.“Be careful with the dog.”He warned me to be careful
25、with the dog.注意：此种情况的否定句，在动词不定式前加not。My teacher asked me, Dont laugh.My teacher asked me not to laugh.6.有些含有“建议”、“劝告”的祈使句，可用suggest,insist,offer等动词转述，如： 1)Hesaid,“Letshavearest.” Hesuggestedourhavingarest. 2)Hesaid,“Letmehelpyou.” Heofferedtohelpme. 7.当直接引语形式上是疑问句，有表示请求，建议意义时，可用asksb.todosth./sugges
26、tdoing/advisesb.todosth.等形式转述。如： 1)“Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor?” heasked. Heaskedmetoopenthedoor. 2)“Whynotgoingoutforawalk?”heaskedus. Headvisedustogooutforawalk. 或Hesuggestedwegooutforawalk. 8.直接引语是感叹句时，变间接引语可用what或how引导，也可用that引导，如： Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!” Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas. 或Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday. 小结：直接引语变间接引语是口语交际中经常使用的语言变化形式，可根据具体的语言环境，作具体的使用，要灵活运用。掌握好直接引语变间接引语也能促进对宾语从句的学习和运用。
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