1、Section Learning About LanguageGrammar 复习名词性从句1Laura says she always feels hungry when she smells it, so I taught her how to cook it，too.2The first time that she had to write an essay，her tutor explained that she must acknowledge what other people had said if she cited their ideas, but that he mainl
2、y wanted to know what she thought!3Xie Lei was confused because she thought she knew less than other people.4At first, Xie Lei had no idea what she should say，but what surprised her was that she found herself speaking up in class after just a few weeks.5What seemed strange before now appears quite n
3、ormal to her.我的发现(1)句1中 she always feels hungry是省略that的宾语从句。(2)句2中黑体部分的四个引导词引导的皆为宾语从句。(3)句3中she knew less than other people为宾语从句，作thought的宾语。(4)句4中第一个what引导的为同位语从句；第二个what引导的为主语从句；that引导的为表语从句。(5)句5中What引导的为主语从句。一、主语从句1that引导的主语从句(1)that引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，也没有意义，但不可省略。That the earth goes around the s
4、un is known to us all.众所周知，地球围着太阳转。(2)that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，把that引导的主语从句后置，that不可省略。常见句式主要有以下几种：Itbe形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)that从句It isnt likely that I should accept such an offer as that.我不可能接受像那样的帮助。Itbe名词短语(a pity, a shame, a fact,
5、an honour, a wonder，good news, no wonder等)that从句Its no wonder that he didnt want to go.难怪他不想去。Itbe过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought, considered, wellknown, announced等)that从句It is decided that the meeting has been put off until next Monday.会议被推迟到下周一已经定
6、下来了。点津在“Itbesuggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required .that从句”结构中，从句谓语应用“(should)动词原形”。To master Mandarin，it is suggested that you (should) practice with Chinese people.为了掌握普通话，建议你和中国人一起练习。It特殊动词或短语(seem, appear, happen, matter, turn out, occur to, make no difference等)that从句It suddenly o
7、ccurred to her that Joe was afraid of being alone.她突然想到乔害怕独自一个人待着。2whether与if引导的主语从句whether与if引导主语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义，意为“是否”。主语从句位于主句谓语动作前，表示“是否”，只能用whether。若用it作形式主语，则whether与if可互换。Whether they will put off the meeting hasnt been decided.他们是否推迟会议还没有决定下来。Its uncertain whether/if hell come this ev
8、ening.他今天晚上是否会来还不确定。3wh类连接词引导的主语从句wh类连接词包括连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whatever等)和连接副词(when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等)。连接代词和连接副词引导主语从句时既充当句子成分又有具体意义，且不可省略。What Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.芭芭拉琼斯展现给她的粉丝们的是诚实和快乐。How a telephone works
9、 is a question which not everyone can answer.电话是怎样工作的，这个问题并不是每个人都能回答。Whoever breaks the school windows will be punished.无论谁打破了学校的窗子，都要受罚。补全句子/句型转换Whether the sports meet will be held is not certain now.运动会是否会举行现在不能确定。 How the book will sell depends on its author.这本书销售如何取决于作者本人。Where we shall have th
10、e meeting makes no difference.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。That she will do well in her exam is certain.It is certain that she will do well in her exam.二、宾语从句1that引导的宾语从句that引导宾语从句时在从句中不作任何成分，也没有意义，口语中一般可以省略，但下列情况下不能省略：(1)当that从句作介词的宾语时。I dont know exactly where he lives，except that its somewhere out in the wilds.我不
11、是很清楚他住在哪里，只知道是远离城市的荒野之中。(2)动词后跟有多个that引导的宾语从句时，只有第一个that可以省略，从第二个从句开始that不可省略。He told me (that) he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他不得不离开并且很快就会回来。(3)it作形式宾语的宾语从句。一些动词后的宾语从句有宾语补足语时，则需要用it作形式宾语，而将that引导的宾语从句后置。常见的这类动词有find, think, consider, believe, guess, suppose, make等。He has made it
12、 clear that the meeting will not be postponed.他清楚地表明会议不会被推迟。hate, like, dislike, appreciate, enjoy等表示“喜欢”“厌恶”的动词以及一些动词短语see to, depend on, rely on等后面常用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。I shall see to it that he is taken good care of when you are absent.你不在的时候，我负责把他照顾好。2whether与if引导的宾语从句whether与if引导宾语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但
13、有具体的含义，意为“是否”。一般情况下if和whether可以互换，在下列情况下只能用whether而不能用if：(1)宾语从句中与or not连用时，只能用whether。I dont know whether or not the report is true.I dont know whether/if the report is true.我不知道这个报道是否是真的。(2)介词后的宾语从句要用whether。It depends on whether we have enough time.这取决于我们是否有充足的时间。3连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句连接代词和连接副词引导宾语从句时
14、既充当句子成分又有具体意义，且不可省略。Our teachers always tell us to believe in what we do and who we are if we want to succeed.我们的老师总是告诉我们，如果想成功的话，就要相信我们所做的事以及我们自己。Do you know when the meeting will begin?你知道会议什么时候开始吗？点津在动词suggest, advise, recommend, insist, order, command, request, require等后面的宾语从句中，谓语动词要用“(should)动词
15、原形”。The manager requires that everyone (should) go to work on time every day.经理要求每人每天要按时上班。单句语法填空Is there anything wrong in what I said?These two areas are similar in that they both have high rainfall in summer.Im not certain whether/if the train will arrive on time.I believe you have done your best
16、 and that things will improve.I recommend (that) we (should) try (try) our best to practice speaking English every day.三、表语从句1连词that/whether/because/why/as if/as though引导的表语从句(1)在表语从句中，that不作任何成分，也无词义，但是不能省略。The reason for your mistake is that you lack confidence in yourself.你犯错误的原因是你对自己缺乏信心。(2)whet
17、her引导表语从句时，在从句中不作任何成分，但有具体的含义，意为“是否”，且在表语从句中，只能用whether，不能用if。The question is whether the film is worth seeing.问题是这部电影是否值得看。(3)because/why引导的表语从句。That was why I asked for three days leave.那就是我请了三天假的原因。(4)as if/though引导的表语从句，常置于连系动词look, seem, sound, be, become等后面。It looked as if it was going to rain
18、.看起来天好像要下雨了。2连接代词和连接副词引导的表语从句(1)连接代词有：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever等；连接代词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。(2)连接副词有：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等；连接副词在从句中作状语。This dictionary is just what I want for my study.这部字典正是我学习要用到的。That was where we camped last time
19、.那就是上次我们野营的地方。点津在表示“建议”“命令”“要求”的名词suggestion, advice, request, order等后面的表语从句中，谓语动词要用“(should)动词原形”。My advice is that we (should) make a new plan at once.我的建议是我们应该马上制定一个新计划。补全句子The question is whether we can finish the work in time问题是我们是否能及时完成这项工作。You look as if you slept badly看你那样子仿佛没睡好觉。 The fact r
20、emains that we are still not advanced enough事实依然是我们还是不够先进。The fact is that he didnt notice the car until too late事实是他注意到汽车时已经太晚了。My suggestion is that we (should) have a discussion this matter instead of setting it aside.我的建议是我们应当讨论一下这个问题，而不是把它放在一边。四、同位语从句1同位语从句的概念在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某个名词后面，
21、用来说明前面名词的具体内容。常见的这类名词有：fact, news, hope, truth, idea, suggestion, thought, question, promise, order, problem, belief, word, message, information, proof, announcement, desire, doubt, proposal, advice, possibility等。His accent at once betrayed the fact that he was a foreigner.他的口音立刻暴露出他是一个外国人。The news
22、that he was in trouble made me decide to act at once.他陷入困境的消息让我决定马上行动。2同位语从句的连接词(1)连接词that, whetherthat引导同位语从句时仅仅起连接作用，不充当句子成分，也没有词义，但是不能省略。whether引导同位语从句时，意为“是否”，仅起连接作用，并不作成分，不可以用if替换。The news that our team has won the match is true.我们队获胜的消息是真实的。There is some doubt whether John will come on time.有人
23、怀疑约翰是否会准时到来。(2)连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose引导同位语从句时，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或定语等；其意义分别为“什么”“哪一个”“谁”“谁的”。I have no idea what he is up to now.我不知道他现在干什么。With time going by, the doubt which of the team would win disappears.随着时间的推移，哪支队伍会赢的疑问消失了。The problem whom/who he would ta
24、ke the place of was discussed in the meeting over and over again.在会议上反复讨论了他将代替谁这个问题。(3)连接副词when, where, why和how连接副词when, where, why, how引导同位语从句时，在从句中作时间、地点、原因和方式状语；其意义分别为“什么时间”“哪里”“为什么”“怎么样”。They have no idea when I will go back.他们不知道我什么时候回去。I have no idea where he has gone.我不知道他去了哪里。点津名词suggestion,
25、 advice, order, demand, command, request等后的同位语从句中，从句谓语动词用“(should)动词原形。”The suggestion that everyone (should) make efforts to make our country stronger is necessary.每个人都应努力来使我们的国家变得更强的建议是有必要的。(1)在下列句中填入恰当的连接词The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.There is too much work
26、 to do.Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah, but I have no idea why he did it; thats one of his favorite universities.The only way to succeed is to have total belief that you are better than anyone else on the sports field.(2)将下面两个句子合并为同位语从句Two fifths of all girl
27、s in America are on a diet.The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.1expectation n期望；预期；期待；预料(教材p.17) The advisor talked about maintaining reasonable expectations when studying abroad.这位顾
28、问谈到在国外学习时要保持合理的期望。come/live up to /meet ones expectations 不辜负某人的期望above/below expectations高于/低于预期beyond (ones) expectations出乎(某人的)意料have high/low expectations of sb对某人怀有高/不高的期望contrary to/against (ones) expectations出乎(某人的)预料佳句I didnt let my parents down.In other words, I lived up to their expectatio
29、ns.我没让我的父母失望。换句话说，我没有辜负他们的期望。 练透补全句子You should take advantage of this good opportunity, and live/come up to/meet your teachers expectations你应该利用好这个机会，不辜负老师们的期望。His father has high expectations of Jackson，so he is strict with him.杰克逊的父亲对他有很高的期望，所以对他很严格。写美翻译句子天气通常是变化无常的，有时出乎我们的意料。The weather is often
30、changeable, sometimes beyond our expectations.2applicant n申请人(教材p.17)Who will be the successful applicant for the summer job at the law firm?谁将是律师事务所暑期工作的成功申请人？(1)apply vi.申请；适用vt.应用；涂；敷；致力于apply (to .) for(向)申请apply .to .把应用于apply to适用于apply oneself to专心于(2)application n.C，U应用；用途；申请(书)make an appli
31、cation (to sb) for sth(向某人)申请某物佳句Helen stood out among so many applicants for her competence.海伦因她的能力在众多申请者中脱颖而出。 练透单句语法填空The ten women astronauts were selected from among 1，000 applicants (applicant).We have received hundreds of job applications (application) so far.He has applied to the top company
32、 for a job.He applied for the position as a senior administrator of the department, but his application (apply) was not approved.写美翻译句子这项新技术已应用于农业。The new technology has been applied to agriculture.3exposure n接触；体验；暴露；揭露(教材p.17)Exposure to another culture and its people can give exchange students gr
33、eat insights into the world.接触另一种文化和当地人可以让交换生对世界有深刻的了解。(1)exposure to 接触；暴露于(2)expose vt.使接触；使体验；显露；使暴露于(险境)expose .to .使暴露于；使接触be exposed to暴露于；接触佳句Exposure to the sun at the beach for a long time will burn your skin.在海滩上暴晒很长时间会灼伤你的皮肤。练透单句语法填空The woman scientist later died of injuries related to the exposure (expose) to the harmful substance.Dont have your skin exposed (expose) to the strong sunlight.写美翻译句子这种药不能暴露在强光下。This medicine should not be exposed to the bright light.
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