1、Module 6Animals in DangerGrammar复习定语从句【探究寻规】用下面的关系词填空。who,whom,which,that,whose,as,where,when,whyThe man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.This is the shop _ we have just been treated badly.Do you still remember the day _ we
2、 first met?October1,1949is the day _ well never forget.who/thatwhowherewhenthat/whichThe pencil with _ he wrote was broken.She has three children,all of _ are at school.The reason _ he was fired was not known to us._we all know,the climate is changeable now.This book belongs to Jane,_ mother is a pr
3、ofessor.whichwhomwhyAswhose【语法精点】一、基础点拨(一)定义在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句常出现在先行词之后,由关系代词或关系副词引导。先行词:定语从句在句中作定语,修饰名词或代词,被修饰的名词或代词就是先行词。关系词:引导定语从句的连接词称为关系词。关系词的作用有三个:一、引导定语从句;二、代替先行词;三、在定语从句中担当一定的成分。关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词:that,which,who,whom,whose,as等。关系副词:when,where,why等。(二)关系代词的功能1.关系代词的基本用法：词 形先行词充当从句成
4、分who人主、宾、表whom人宾which物主、宾、表that人或物主、宾、表as人或物主、宾、表whose(=of whom或of which)人或物定 *He is the man(whom/that)I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(关系词作宾语,可省略)*Is there anyone in your department whose father is a painter?你们系里有谁的父亲是画家吗?(关系词作定语)*This is the place which we visited.这是我们参观过的地方。(关系词作宾语,可省略)*Those who are
5、 going,come here.要去的人到这儿来。*The exams were put off,which was exactly what we wanted.各门考试都推迟了,这正是我们希望的。【名师点津】关系代词作从句的主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词取得一致;先行词为一个句子时,从句谓语动词为第三人称单数形式。2.只用that的情况：(1)先 行 词 为 all,much,little,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,the one等不定代词时;*I mean the one that was bought yesterday.我指
6、的是昨天买的那个。(2)先行词被形容词最高级或被the only,any,few,little,no,all,one of等修饰时;*It is the most important task that should be finished soon.这是必须马上完成的最重要的任务。(3)先行词为数词或被序数词(含last)修饰时;*Look at these flowers.You can see the two that you gave me.瞧这些花,你能看到你给我的那两朵。(4)先行词中既有人又有物时;*We were deeply impressed by the teachers
7、 and schools that we had visited.我们访问过的老师和学校给我们留下深刻的印象。(5)先行词在主句中作表语,或关系代词在从句中作表语时。*Its a book that will help you a lot.这是一本对你很有帮助的书。*My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.我的故乡现在已不再是过去的那个面貌了。【巧学助记】口诀巧辨that/whichthat,which可互换,以下情况要注意;逗号后面非限制,介词后面用which;very,first加名词,使用that不迟疑;先行词前最高级,
8、尽量避免用which;不定代词疑问词,全用that准没事。(三)关系副词的功能关系副词when(=in等+which)时间词状where(=in等+which)地点词状why(=for which)reason状that在口语中可代替关系副词状 *He came at a time when we needed help.(when在定语从句中作时间状语)他在我们需要人帮忙的时候来了。*The place where were to have the Speech Contest has not been decided yet.(where在定语从句中作地点状语)我们举行演讲比赛的地点还未定
9、下来。*He didnt tell her the reason why he was so happy.(why在定语从句中作原因状语)他没有告诉她他那么高兴的原因。(四)“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句1.何时用:关系代词which,whom在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以构成“介词+which/whom”。*This is the room in which he used to live.(不能用that代替which)=This is the room(which/that)he used to live in.这是他过去居住过的房间。2.如何用:“介词+which”先行词为事或物;
10、“介词+whom”先行词指人。*Whos the man with whom you just shook hands?(不能用that代替whom)=Whos the man(that/whom)you just shook hands with?刚才你与他握手的那个人是谁?3.如何选择介词:一般根据动词的需要(如与动词形成固定搭配),或者根据先行词来决定(如先行词常与之搭配)。*There is a mountain the top of which is always covered with snow.有一座山顶总是覆盖着雪的山。【名师点津】像listen to,look at,dep
11、end on,pay attention to,take care of等固定动词短语,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。*This is the personwho/whom/that you are looking for.这就是你在找的那个人。(五)定语从句的种类在英文中,有两种定语从句:限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句与主句的关系紧凑;无逗点相隔松散;有逗点相隔作用对其先行词起限定、修饰作用对其先行词只起补充、说明作用功能若去掉,会影响句意若去掉,不影响句意翻译形式“的”+先行词往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译*The old man h
12、as a son,who is in the army.(非限定性定语从句是对先行词son进行补充、说明。暗含“老人只有一个儿子”之意)这位老人有一个儿子,他在部队工作。*The old man has a son who is in the army.(限定性定语从句对先行词son进行限定、修饰。暗含“这位老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作”之意)那位老人有一个在部队工作的儿子。二、难点突破1.as与which引导非限定性定语从句时的区别：as引导非限定性定语从句时,修饰整句话或整件事位置较灵活,也就是说可置于所修饰的句子前面,插在句中或放在句后一般意为“正如,就像”which定语从句只置于所修
13、饰的句子后,并用逗点与主句隔开一般意为“这件事”*As is known to all of us,Professor Li is extremely popular among students.如我们大家所知,李教授极受学生们的欢迎。*Tom did really well in his exams,which was a big surprise.汤姆考得很好,真令人惊讶。2.含义较为抽象的先行词。当先行词为point,case,situation,stage等时,其定语从句常用where来引导;当先行词为occasion等时,其定语从句常用when来引导。*We will see a
14、case where the music could cure people.我们将要看到音乐能给人治病的案例。*Occasions are quite rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.我有时间和我的孩子们度过一天的机会是很少的。3.表示“方式,方法”的way作先行词。way作先行词意为“方式,方法”时,其后面的定语从句可用that或in which引导,也可省略关系词。*We dont like the way(that/in which)you speak to us.我们不喜欢你对我们说话的方式。【高考体验】定语
15、从句解题技巧:1.分清主从句,找出定语从句。2.明确定语从句中所缺成分。3.明确使用关系代词或副词。4.确定关系词,需要选介词的还需要确定介词。1.(2013湖南高考)Happiness and success often come to those _ are good at recognizing their own strengths.A.whomB.whoC.whatD.which解题关键:明确those指人和从句缺少主语。思路分析:选B。句意:幸福与成功总会降临在那些善于意识到自己的长处的人。who在句中引导定语从句,且在从句中作主语。whom引导定语从句时也修饰人,但是在从句中作宾
16、语或用于“介词+whom”结构中。2.(2013江苏高考)The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China,_he remembers starting as early as his childhood.A.whereB.whichC.whatD.when解题关键:明确先行词是passion和关系词在从句中作starting的宾语。思路分析:选B。考查定语从句。句意:世界银行的总裁说他热爱中国,这种热爱早在他的童年时代就开始了。此句中passion(热爱,激情)为先行词,在定语从句中starting之后缺少宾语,因
17、此排除A、D两项,when和where为关系副词,不能充当主语或宾语。C项的what不能引导定语从句,故选B。3.(2013北京高考)Many countries are now setting up national parks _ animals and plants can be protected.A.whenB.whichC.whoseD.where解题关键:where引导定语从句,修饰parks。思路分析:选D。考查定语从句。句意:现在很多国家都在建国家公园,在那里动植物能得到保护。先行词为national parks,在从句中作地点状语,故选用关系副词where。4.(2013新
18、课标全国卷)“You cant judge a book by its cover,”_.A.as the saying goes oldB.goes as the old sayingC.as the old saying goesD.goes as old the saying思路分析:选C。句意:常言道:“人不可貌相”。as引导非限制性定语从句时,从句用正常的语序,as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。as the old saying goes是固定表达,表示“常言道,俗话说”。5.(2013浙江高考)The children,_had played the whole day long,w
19、ere worn out.A.all of what B.all of whichC.all of them D.all of whom思路分析:选D。考查定语从句。句意:孩子们都累了,他们都玩了一整天。该定语从句的先行词为children,定语从句的引导词在从句中作介词of的宾语,只能用whom。故选D。6.(2012湖南高考)Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.A.whatB.in whatC.whichD.in which思路分析:选D。句意
20、:心灵的护理是一个渐进的过程,在这个过程中,甚至生活中那些微小的细节都应该加以考虑。定语从句为被动语态,即从句中不缺宾语,且其有主语the small details of life,故排除C项;what不引导定语从句,排除A项;介词后只能接which或whom,排除B项,故选D项。process常与in连用,故用in which引导非限定性定语从句,which代指前面的process。.单项填空1.(2013郑州高二检测)The first snow didnt fall until February in our province this year,_was unexpected.A.i
21、t B.which C.that D.what【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意:我们省今年的第一场雪直到二月才下,这出乎意料。第二个分句为非限制性定语从句。关系代词which指代前面的整个句子,在定语从句中作主语。2.This is the only one of the students _ in the exam.A.which fails B.which failC.who fail D.who fails【解析】选D。考查定语从句中的关系代词和主谓一致。此处先行词是the only one,不是the students,所以定语从句中的谓语动词用单数形式,且此处修饰的是人,故选D。【知
22、识拓展】定语从句中的主谓一致 定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数应视先行词的单复数而定。先行词是单数形式,定语从句中的谓语动词也用单数形式;先行词是复数形式,定语从句中的谓语动词也用复数形式。由此可知,要想正确判断定语从句中的主谓一致,关键是找对定语从句中的主语。例如:A doctor is a person who looks after peoples health.(who指代a person,所以谓语动词用单数)医生就是照顾人们健康的人。These are old computers which work much slower.(which指代computers,所以谓语动词用复数形式)这
23、些是工作起来速度较慢的旧电脑。Mr Smith lives in a quiet village,around which are some high mountains.(定语从句是倒装句,主语是some high mountains,所以谓语动词用复数形式)史密斯先生住在一个安静的村庄,村庄的周围是一些高山。注意:one of+复数名词+关系代词+谓语动词复数形式;the(only)one of+复数名词+关系代词+谓语动词单数形式。Jim is one of the boys who are good at swimming in our class.吉姆是我们班里擅长游泳的男生之一。J
24、im is the only one of the boys who is good at swimming in our class.吉姆是我们班里唯一擅长游泳的男生。3.We shouldnt spend our money testing so many people,most of _ are healthy.A.that B.which C.whatD.whom【解析】选D。句意:我们不应该把钱花在对这么多人的体检上,他们大多数是健康的。此题考查“代词/名词+介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,先行词为people且作of的宾语,故选whom。4.(2013西安高二检测)Put your
25、self in situations _ you will be forced to communicate in English,and you will see more progress over time.A.whenB.that C.where D.how【解析】选C。句意:把自己置身于被迫用英语交流的环境中,过段时间你会看到自己更多的进步。where=in which引导定语从句,修饰先行词situations,将其放入定语从句为:in the situations,you will be forced to communicate in English。5.Is there an
26、yone in your class _ family is in the country?A.who B.thatC.whichD.whose【解析】选D。考查引导定语从句的关系词。句意:在你们班,有家在农村的吗?根据句意和句子结构可知,_family is in the country是定语从句修饰anyone,定语从句中缺少定语修饰family。表示“他/她的家庭”。whose可以作定语表示“某人的或某物的”。故选D。6.(2013济南高二检测)People who seldom do sports or _ diet is high in fat will put on weight
27、quickly.A.who B.whose C.which D.what【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意:很少进行体育锻炼或饮食富含脂肪的人体重会增加很快。whose diet is high in fat是定语从句,修饰先行词people,且whose在从句中作定语。7.I think it is a very interesting book _ is well worth reading,_I have never read before.A.that;the oneB.which;oneC.which;the oneD.what;one【解析】选B。考查定语从句。句意:我认为这是一本很
28、有趣很值得一读的书,一本以前我没有读过的书。先行词为a very interesting book,在从句中作主语,可以用which或that,one是a very interesting book的同位语,后接一个定语从句,连词that在从句中作宾语,因此省略。故选B。8.Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment_.A.which they are happeningB.when they are happeningC.which they happenD.they have happened【
29、解析】选B。句意:电视机使得我们第一时间看到所发生的一切。先行词为the exact moment。故选B。9.“Youll have to wait for two hours,_is,about11:30,_the medical report will come out,”the doctor said to me.A.that;when B.which;thatC.that;before D.which;when【解析】选A。句意:“你还得等上两个小时,也就是等到十一点半,这也是医疗结果出来的时候。”医生对我说。第一空that is=that is to say,前后意义相等。第二空是
30、一个定语从句,先行词为11:30,故用when或at which引导定语从句。10.Is that the small town you often refer to?Right,just the one _ you know I used to work for years.A.that B.which C.where D.what【解析】选C。答句句意:对,就是那个你知道的我过去工作了好几年的地方。该题有两个特点:一是区分关系代词和关系副词的用法,这里先行词the one在从句中充当的是I used to work的地点状语,因此需要由关系副词引导,而不能选择关系代词;二是题干设计颇有干扰
31、性,命题者在定语从句部分加入了“you know”这一插入语,很容易让学生误以为先行词在从句中作know的宾语而选择了关系代词。11.Was it in the village _ we used to live in _ the accident happened?A.where;that B.which;thatC.that;where D.where;which【解析】选B。句意:正是在我们过去住过的村里发生了这起事故吗?第一个空需要定语从句的引导词which,在从句中当介词in的宾语,第二个空是强调句型的that。先把问句转换为陈述语序,即:The accident happened
32、in the village which we used to live in.然后分析强调句型中被强调部分带有一个定语从句。12.A man with a bleeding hand hurried in and asked,“Is there a hospital around _ I can get some medicine for my wounded hand?”A.that B.whichC.whereD.what【解析】选C。引语句意:附近有没有一家医院,我可以去买一些药治我的手伤?句中的around不是介词,而是副词,意为“在附近”;其后的where引导定语从句用以修饰其前的
33、地点名词hospital,故选C项,而不选B项。13.She says that shell never forget the time _ shes spent working as a secretary in our company.A.whichB.whenC.how D.where【解析】选A。句意:她说她永远不会忘记她在我们公司当秘书时度过的那段时间。在时间名词和地点名词后是否用关系副词要看它在定语从句中充当什么句子成分。一般说来,若用作主语或宾语,用关系代词;若用作状语,则用关系副词。此题中的动词spent缺宾语,故应用关系代词which或that。14.The film bro
34、ught the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.A.until B.that C.whenD.where【解析】选C。句意:这部电影把我带回到了在那个遥远的村庄我被好好照顾的时光。先行词为the hours,放入从句为I was taken good care of in that faraway village during the hours.先行词在从句中作时间状语,故用when,相当于during which,故答案为C。15.He talked about the classma
35、tes and the school _ he had visited.A.who B.thatC.whichD.about which【解析】选B。考查先行词既指人又指物的定语从句的引导词。先行词为the classmates and the school,从句为he had visited,二者构成的完整句为He had visited the classmates and the school.所以先行词在限定性定语从句中作visited的宾语使用,从B、C两项中选择,但当先行词既指人又指物时,宜用that不用which。因此答案为B项。.句型转换(把下面的句子变成含有定语从句的复合句)
36、1.He lives in a hotel.It is only five minutes walk from here.He lives in a hotel_.2.The speaker will tell us about some writers and their works.They are known to us.The speaker will tell us about some writers and their works_.3.I didnt like the way.She looked at me in this way.I didnt like the way_.
37、which/that is only five minuteswalk from herethat are known to us(that/in which)she looked at me4.I have seen some plants.Their flowers open at sunrise and close at sunset.I have seen some plants,_.5.On the train I saw a student.I thought she was your sister.On the train I saw a student,_.6.Winter i
38、s the time of year.During this time the days are short and the nights are long.Winter is the time of year,_.whose flowers open at sunrise and close at sunsetwho I thought was your sisterwhen/during which the days are short and the nights are long7.He has three sons.None of them lives with him.He has three sons,_.8.I dont like the job.I have to do a lot of things in it.I dont like the job_.none of whom lives with himin which I have to do a lot of things
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