1、Lesson 4 Understanding一、概括课文大意快速阅读课文“Understanding”，以约 30 词概括文章的大意。提示：人们通过各种学习活动获得知识和理解。不过在古代，多数人是保守且不敢挑战权威的。幸亏有了像培根和伽利略这样的人，我们今天的文明才得以建立起来。People gain knowledge and understanding through different activities of study today.However,in the ancient time most people were too conservative to challenge a
2、uthority ideas.Thanks to people like Bacon and Galileo,modern civilization has been set up.二、阅读理解仔细阅读课文“Understanding”，选择正确答案。1 How did most people learn about things in the 17thcentury?_AThey learned things by asking questions.BThey learned things by observing the world around them.CThey were used
3、to thinking and testing.DThey accepted religious belief and what Aristotle had said.D 2How do most people today get answers to things accordingto the writer?_AThey turn to the Internet.BThey like people in the ancient times get answers to thingsby turning to the religious beliefs.C They fail to get
4、the answers to the questions without thehelp of a computer.D Francis Bacons suggestion for getting answers is notsuitable for todays scientists and thinkers.A 3Which of the following statements is TRUE about FrancisBacon?_A Francis Bacon held an important rank under the rule ofHenry.BWhat Francis Ba
5、con was very interested in was the day today bureaucratic details of the government.C He preferred to make assumptions about the world basedon the experience of others.DHe put forward that asking questions,thinking,observingand testing were the main features for learning.D 4 Why did people choose to
6、 believe in religion and greatpeople like Aristotle?_ABecause they wanted to believe the ancient views.BBecause what the great men said was absolutely true.C Because they were so ignorant that they chose to believethe church.D Because they didnt want to search for their ownunderstanding or educate t
7、hemselves.D 5Which of the following images is NOT used to explain howmen like Bacon and Galileo helped educate people?_AShadows.BKingdoms.CCivilization.DWar and money.CIt seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge andunderstanding.(P42,Para.1)我们如何获取知识和理解现在似乎显而易见。1acquire vt.获得，得到典例 He acquired a goo
8、d reputation.他获得了好名声。辨析 acquire/obtain/gain(1)acquire 指经过不懈努力获得技术、知识等抽象的东西。(2)obtain 指经过努力或付出代价或经过很长时间而得到所需要的东西。(3)gain 指需要做出比 obtain 更大的努力，往往指通过竞争获得某些有价值的东西；另外也可指通过一点一滴的积累而获得某事物的过程。运用 用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空(1)He_ a good knowledge of biology.(2)He failed to _ a scholarship.(3)He has _ rich experience in
9、these years.acquired obtain gained Although today we are more accustomed to typing afew key words into a search engine.(P42,Para.1)虽然今天我们更习惯于在一个搜索引擎里打出几个关键词2be accustomed to(doing)sth.习惯于(做)某事点拨be/get accustomed to(doing)sth.be/get used to(doing)sth.，意为“习惯于(做)某事”。如：He was a man who was accustomed/us
10、ed to having 5 hourssleep a night.他是那种习惯每晚只睡五个小时的人。拓展 accustom oneself to 使自己习惯于运用 完成句子(1)I _(已经习惯)going to work(2)You should _(使自己习惯)the job assoon as possible.have been accustomed/used to on foot.accustom yourself toThe church and many people tended to ignore the factsand were unwilling to challen
11、ge what they had alwayscomfortably believed.(P42,Para.2)教会以及很多人倾向于忽视事实，不愿意去挑战他们一直舒舒服服所相信的一切。3tend to 往往会，倾向于典例 People tend to need less sleep as they get older.人上了年纪，往往会睡得更少。运用 完成句子Women _(往往会)live longer than men.tend to4ignore vt.忽视，不顾典例 I tried to tell her but she ignored me.我打算告诉她，可是她不理我。辨析 igno
12、re/overlook/neglect(1)ignore 指有意识地拒绝、不愿给予注意或故意不予理会，后面只可接名词、代词或动名词，不可接不定式。(2)overlook 指由于草率或没有注意到而忽视某事，其后一般接名词或动名词。(3)neglect 指没有给予或很少给予必要的注意或关心，尤指因粗心或遗忘而没有做某事，是非故意行为，后可接名词、不定式或动名词。运用 用上面所提供的辨析词的适当形式填空(1)I smiled at her but she just _ me.(2)It is easy to _ a small detail like that.(3)He has _ to repl
13、y to the invitation.ignoredoverlook neglectedAt first,people approved of his studies and urged himto continue.(P42,Para.3)一开始，人们赞成他的研究，并力劝他继续5approve of 赞成，赞许点拨 approve 在此为不及物动词，后接宾语要带介词 of。如：Mother doesnt approve of her idea.母亲不赞成她的想法。拓展approve 还可作及物动词，意为“赞成；批准”。如：The boss approved his plan.老板批准了他的
14、计划。运用 完成句子(1)None of my relatives_ (赞 成)mymarriage.(2)The city council_(已批准)the new law.approved of has approved6urge vt.力劝，强烈要求 n强烈的欲望；迫切的要求典例 My friends urged that I(should)apply for the job.朋友们力劝我申请那份工作。The vacation is coming and I have an urge to travel.假期快到了，我很想外出旅行。拓展 urge sb.to do sth.怂恿/力劝某人
15、做某事urge thatclause 强烈要求urge sth.on/upon sb.向某人强烈要求某事have an urge to do sth.迫切想做某事运用 完成句子(1)She _(催促我)take a rest.(2)My parents _ (力 劝)I should studyharder.(3)When spring comes,I _(迫 切 想)beoutside.urged me to urged that have an urge to.more vital to a man,and more beneficial to mankind,some might say
16、,than all the money in the world.(P43,Para.5)一些人可能会说，和全世界所有的金钱相比，(知识和理解)对一个人更重要，对人类更有益。7beneficial adj.有用的，有益的典例 One or two glasses of wine a day can be beneficial.每天喝一两杯葡萄酒是有益的。拓展 be beneficial to 对有益benefit n利益，好处 vt.有益于，得益benefit from 受益于运用 完成句子(1)Fresh air _(有益于)our health.(2)People will _ (受 益
17、于)the newinvention.is beneficial to benefit from 本课时单词拓展词汇构词法小结religion n宗教religious adj.宗教的；虔诚的1._为名词后缀，表示“行为，性质，状态”。如：civilization 文明。2_、_和_为形容词后缀，表示“属于的，倾向于的”。如：anxious 担忧的；essential 必不可少的；different 不同的。3_为否定前缀。如：unnecessary 不必要的。4_为抽象名词后缀。如：offence 攻击。defence n保卫，保护defend vt.保卫，保护unwilling adj.不
18、情愿的willing adj.情愿的assumption n假定，假设assume vt.假定，假设urge vt.力劝，强烈要求urgent adj.紧急的，紧迫的beneficial adj.有用的，有益的benefit n利益，好处 vt.有益于，得益运用 用所给单词的适当形式填空1Its _(urge),so come quickly!2 Our parents were very _ (religion)and verypatriotic.3The land was flat,giving no scope for _(defend)4He is stubborn and _(wil
19、ling)to take advice.5I _(assumption)that he had gone for a walk.6Vitamins are _(benefit)to our health.urgent religious defence unwillingassumed beneficial1 At that time,people believed more in religion than in factsand people like Galileo Galilei (1564 1642),who provedscientific ideas such as “the E
20、arth is not the centre of theuniverse”，were often punished by the church with no onecoming to their defence.(P42,Para.2)那时人们更多地相信宗教而不是事实，像伽利略伽利莱(1564 1642)这样证明了例如“地球不是宇宙的中心”等科学观点的人常常会受到教会惩罚，没有人来保护他们。点拨本句是由 and 连接的并列复合句。前一个分句是简单句；后一个分句是主从复合句，其中“people like GalileoGalilei were often punished by.to the
21、ir defence”是主句，主句中含有“with宾语v.ing”的结构；“who proved.the Earth isnot the centre of the universe”是非限制性定语从句，修饰 people。拓展 with 构成的常见复合结构如下：(1)with名词/代词现在分词He looks nervous with everyone staring at him.每个人都盯着他，他看上去很紧张。(2)with名词/代词过去分词With her money lost,she was at a loss what to do.她的钱丢了，她茫然无措，不知道该做什么。(3)wi
22、th名词/代词副词The naughty boy stood there before his teacher with his headdown.这个淘气的男孩低着头站在老师面前。(4)with名词/代词不定式With you to help us,we will finish the task in time.有你来帮忙，我们将会及时完成任务。(5)with名词/代词形容词She walked out in the rain,with her clothes all wet.她走进雨中，衣服全湿了。(6)with名词/代词介词短语He sat there thinking,with his
23、 chin on his hand.他手托着下巴，坐在那儿沉思。运用 完成句子(1)The student always listens to the teacher_(睁大双眼)(2)He left his room _(灯开着)(3)Mary felt shy with the whole class _(看着她)(4)With the old man _(带路),we are sureto get there on time.(5)Thethiefsatinthecorner,withhishands_(被绑在椅子上)(6)The teacher entered the classroo
24、m with_(手里拿着一本书)with his eyes wideopenwith the light on looking at her to lead the waytied to a chair a book in his hand2 It is not surprising that people wanted to believe theseancient views as they had been put forward by the greatphilosopher Aristotle.(P42,Para.3)毫不惊奇，人们愿意相信这些古老的观点，因为那是伟大的哲学家亚里士多
25、德提出来的。点拨“It is not surprising that.”是主语从句，意为“是毫不奇怪的”；主语从句中 as 引导原因状语从句。运用 完成句子_(毫 不 奇 怪)that nowadays more andmore people like surfing the Net,_(因 为)theNet helps them get the information(that)they need as quickly aspossible.Its not surprisingas3We need to thank the great men of the past for the wisd
26、om toknow that we dont know it all and probably never will,for thatwould mean a world without questions.(P43,Para.2)我们要感谢历史上伟人的才智，他们懂得，我们不是什么都懂，也许永远也不会全懂，如果那样，那将意味着世界上没有问题了。点拨本句中有两个 for，第二个 for 引导原因状语从句，其前面部分为主句；主句中的主干部分是“We need to thank thegreat men for the wisdom to know that.”，其中不定式作后置定语修饰 wisdo
27、m,that 引导宾语从句。英语中，for 引导的原因状语从句并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因，只提供一些辅助性的补充说明，从句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。如：He could not have seen me,for I was not there.他不可能见过我，因为我不在那里。运用 完成句子She must get up late,_(因为她又迟到了)for she is late again 1精彩文段采撷It seems obvious now how we acquire knowledge andunderstanding.To start with,you ne
28、ed questions.Then,to findanswers,you observe the world around you and study thefacts.After that you consider possible answers and test each to findthe right ones.Although today we are more accustomed to typing afew key words into a search engine and waiting for the Internet tospit the answer out for
29、 us,modern scientists and thinkers are stillsolving the worlds problems with this type of analysisluckily forus.我们如何获取知识和理解现在似乎显而易见。开始时，你需要问题。然后，为了找到答案，你观察自己周围的世界，并且一一加以测试来找出正确的答案。虽然今天我们更习惯于在一个搜索引擎里打出几个关键词，然后等待互联网为我们吐出答案，现代的科学家和思想家们仍然在用这种分析方法来解决世界的问题这对我们来说很幸运。2解析主题句：It seems obvious now how we acqui
30、re knowledge andunderstanding.拓展句 1：To start with,you need questions.(说明主题句)拓 展 句 2：Then,to find answers,you observe the worldaround you and study the facts.(说明主题句)拓展句 3：After that you consider possible answers and testeach to find the right ones.(说明主题句)次 要 拓 展 句：Although today we are more accustome
31、d totyping a few key words into a search engine and waiting for theInternet to spit the answer out for us,modern scientists and thinkersare still solving the worlds problems with this type ofanalysisluckily for us.(进一步说明拓展句)3仿写原作文材料主题句：学生考试作弊的原因。拓展句 1：考试偏多、偏难。拓展句 2：学生学习不用功、懒惰。拓展主题句：学生考试作弊的原因。拓展句 1：考
32、试偏多、偏难，(次要拓展句)想取悦父母、老师。拓展句 2：学生学习不用功、懒惰，(次要拓展句)考试作弊导致学习上更加懒惰。It is known to us all that there are several reasons for students to cheat in examinations at school.Firstly,as students,they often take examinations at school,but sometimes they have too many exams which are too hard for them.In order to get better exam results to please their parents and teachers,they take risks to cheat in the exams.Secondly,instead of working hard to achieve their aim,they idle their time away.So when taking exams,they sometimes cheat,which leads to their further laziness in study.
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