1、第4讲词句猜测题 词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。阅读文章时,常常会遇到一些过去未见过的词,但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来,这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。【明命题方式】(1)The phrase“.”in the sentence could be replaced by_.(2)The word“.”in the paragraph refers to _.(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph?/What does the underlined word mean?(4)Whic
2、h of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase“.”?(5)The word“.”most nearly means _.(6)The underlined sentence in the second paragraph implies that _.【知考查角度】(1)猜测生词或熟词生义;(2)猜测短语的意义;(3)猜测替代词所替代的内容(如it,one,they,this,that,these,those 等);(4)猜测句意。【晓解题捷径】考生除了必须熟练掌握大纲中规定的词汇外,要注意积累生词和短语,掌握构词法的知识
3、,还要学会根据上下文语境进行合理推测,掌握一定的做题技巧。常见的技巧有:(1)利用例证进行猜测(2)利用逻辑关系进行猜测(3)利用同位关系进行猜测(4)利用上下文的指代关系进行猜测(5)利用构词法进行猜测(6)利用同义或近义关系进行猜测(7)利用反义、转折或对比关系进行猜测技法1 利用例证猜词 为了说明或证实,文章中经常会举例说明前面较难理解的词,这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。举例时,常常会用一些连接性的词,如such as,like,for example,for instance等。【典例】(2018全国卷 C)Languages have been coming and going for
4、 thousands of years,but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going.When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers,small,tightly knit(联系)groups developed their own patterns of speechindependent of each other.Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago,when the wor
5、ld had just five to ten million people,they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards,many of those people started settling down to become farmers,and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number.In recent centuries,trade,industrialisation,the development of the nati
6、on-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especiallyglobalisation and better communications in the past few decades,all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.Which of the following best explains
7、“dominant”underlined in Paragraph 2?A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出关键词:dominant第二步:迅速定位原文信息and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over处,such as English,Spanish and Chinese就是对dominant languages的例证,再结合常识可知,现在占据统治地位的语言有英语、西班牙语和汉语。第三
8、步:仔细对比选项,故选_。C技法2 利用逻辑关系猜词 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的语境和线索,进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有:因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系等。【典例】(2019全国卷B).“China is impossible to overlook,”says Hill.“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the wor
9、ld,which means Chinese women are not just consumers offashion they are central to its movement.”Of course,not only are todays top Western designers being influenced by Chinasome of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese.“Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu are taking onGalli
10、ano,Albaz,Marc Jacobsand beating them hands down in design and sales,”adds Hill.What do the underlined words“taking on”in Paragraph 4 mean?A.learning fromB.looking down onC.working withD.competing against【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:taking on第二步:阅读原文,迅速定位原文第四段最后一句话画线部分后面的“and beating them hands down in de
11、sign and sales”可知,Vera Wang,Alexander Wang,Jason Wu在设计和销售上击败他们,可以猜测出and前的take on的意思是“与竞争”。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。D技法3 利用同位关系猜词 同位关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分,而且它们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语,即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有:or,namely,that is,in other words,that is to say,to be more exact,to put in another wa
12、y等。【典例】(2018浙江卷 B)Steven Stein likes to follow garbage trucks.His strange habit makes sense when you consider that hes an environmental scientist who studies how to reduce litter,including things that fall off garbage trucks asthey drive down the road.What is even more interesting is that one of Ste
13、ins jobs is defending an industry behind the plastic shopping bag.Americans use more than 100 billion thin film plastic bags every year.So many end up in tree branches or along highways that a growing number of cities do not allow them at checkouts(收银台).The bags are prohibited in some 90 cities in C
14、alifornia,including Los Angeles.Eyeing these headwinds,plastic-bag makers are hiring scientists like Stein to make the case that their products are not as bad for the planet as most people assume.What does the word“headwinds”in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Bans on plastic bags.B.Effects of city developmen
15、t.C.Headaches caused by garbage.D.Plastic bags hung in trees.【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:headwinds第二步:迅速定位画线单词所在句,塑料购物袋制造商雇用像Stein这样的科学家,来说明他们的产品不像大多数人认为的那样对地球有很大的坏处。联系上一句“The bags are prohibited in some.”许多美国大城市禁用塑料袋,可知画线词是指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。A技法4 利用上下文指代关系猜词 文章中的代词it,that,he,him 或them可以指上文提到的
16、人或物,其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事。【典例】(2019全国卷A)My Favourite BooksJo Usmar is a writer for Cosmopolitan and co-author of the This Book Will series(系列)of lifestyle books.Here she picks her top reads.MatildaRoald DahlI once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy ta
17、les on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.Matildas battles with her cruel parents and the bossy headmistress,Miss Trunchbull,are equally funny and frightening,but theyre also aspirational.Who does“I”refer to in the text?A.Stephen King.B.Gillia
18、n Flynn.C.Jo Usmar.D.Roald Dahl.【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:I第二步:阅读原文,迅速定位原文Matilda部分的I once wrote a paper on the influence of fairy tales on Roald Dahls writing and it gave me a new appreciation for his strange and delightful worlds.结合文章第一段第二句话Here she picks her top reads可知,这是作家Jo Usmar向读者介绍她最喜欢读的书,“I”指
19、的是作家Jo Usmar自己。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。C技法5 利用构词法猜词 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词,考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。【典例】(2018全国卷C)In recent centuries,trade,industrialization,the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education,especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades,
20、all have caused many languages to disappear,and dominant languages such as English,Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.【技法点金】根据构词法知识可知,-zation为动词构成名词的后缀,意为“化”,因此,可猜测industrialization为“工业化”之意,而globalization的含义为_。全球化技法6 利用同义近义词猜词 在生词所出现的上下文中,有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构,这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义近义的信号词
21、常见的有:and,or,similarly,likewise等。【典例】(2019全国卷B)For Canaan Elementarys second grade in Patchogue,N.Y.,today is speech day,and right now its Chris Palaezs turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But hes nervous.“
22、Im here to tell you today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the“-ld”,a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a ni
23、ce conclusion,Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.What does the underlined word“stumbles”in paragraph 2 refer to?A.Improper pauses.B.Bad manners.C.Spelling mistakes.D.Silly jokes.【技法点金】第一步:阅读题干,找出题干关键词:stumbles第二步:迅速定位原文信息第二段中的Except for some stumbles,Chris is doing amazingly well.。根据
24、本段第二句话“Im here to tell you today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the“-ld”,a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers.可知,Chris 发-ld比较困难,这对于英语不是母语的学习者来说发音困难。由此可知画线词与“a pronunciation difficulty”有关,应该指的是有些结巴,停顿得不准。第三步:仔细对比选项,故选_。A技法7 利用反义词、转折或对比猜词 有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句
25、子,这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有:(whether).or,unlike,but,yet,however,while,although,nevertheless,instead,rather than,in contrast,on the contrary,on the other hand等。【典例】If youre tired of wandering around the gym wasting time and becoming bored,you can attend an upbeat group fitness class thatll keep your workout on track.【技法点金】根据上文语境,upbeat应与上文中的“tired of”意义相反,可猜测为_。快乐的,乐观的
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