1、Section Discovering Useful StructuresGrammar短语1Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge.2The first week was a little confusing.3First, I had to think very carefully about which courses I wanted to take.4My adviser recommended that I should sign up for advanced li
2、terature because I like English and Im good at it.5The main purpose of the course is to help improve each students reading ability.我的发现(1)句1中名词短语a really big challenge在句中作表语；(2)句2中形容词短语a little confusing在句中作表语；(3)句3中副词短语very carefully在句中作状语；(4)句4中名词短语advanced literature在句中作宾语；(5)句5中名词短语the main purp
3、ose of the course在句中作主语。一、名词短语(Noun Phrase或NP)英语中，短语有很多种类型，其中名词短语最为重要，它是英语造句中不可或缺的元素。1定义：名词与它的修饰语一起构成的短语。2句法功能(1)名词短语在句中充当主语。These red roses are for you.这些红玫瑰是送给你的。(2)名词短语在句中充当宾语。I have three close friends.我有三个要好的朋友。(3)名词短语在句中充当表语。He is my best friend.他是我最好的朋友。(4)名词短语在句中充当宾语补足语。We consider him a goo
4、d teacher.我们认为他是一位好老师。即时演练一写出下列句子中画线的名词短语在句中所作的句子成分，并注意其组成。These ideas may seem strange to you.作主语We love our great motherland very much.作宾语The man wearing a black coat is our teacher.作表语Those beautiful flowers come from Yunnan.作主语We made him capital of our team.作宾语补足语 He got three gold medals at th
5、e 23rd Olympic Games.作宾语The tall building was built last year.作主语点津(1)名词短语在句中作名词用，一般用作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语等。(2)名词短语由“(限定词)(数词、形容词、形容词短语、描述性名词)名词(介词短语)”组成。(3)限定词包括冠词(a，an，the)、指示代词(this，that，these，those等)、形容词性物主代词(my，your，his，her，our，their，its等)和不定代词(some，no，neither，both等)。二、形容词短语(Adjective Phrase或AdjP)1定义
6、：由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。2组成(1)两个或多个形容词由and或but等连接构成形容词短语。Your room is large and beautiful.你的房间又大又漂亮。(2)very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。It is very hot today.今天很热。(3)介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。I am sure of success.我确信会成功。(4)不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。He is sure to come.他一定会来。即时演练二写出下列句子中的形容词短语He is young
7、 but clever.young but cleverThe room was very dirty.very dirtyThe road is long enough.long enoughThe bottle is full of water.full of waterShe is a girl lively and lovely.lively and lovely3句法功能(1)作表语The bridge is long and wide.这座桥又长又宽。(2)作宾语补足语I think your answer correct and proper.我认为你的答案正确且恰当。(3)用在
8、名词的前面或后面作定语。We have a small but beautiful room.我们有一个漂亮的小房间。He is a worker worthy of praise.他是一个值得表扬的工人。即时演练三写出下列句子中画线的形容词短语在句中所作的句子成分，并注意其组成。The air today is nice and clean作表语He found the film very interesting.作宾语补足语This is a subject worthy of careful study.作定语Our English teacher is very nice and pa
9、tient.作表语I found it very hard to get along with foreigners.作宾语补足语点津(1)形容词短语在句中当作形容词用，可以修饰名词或代词，还可以用作定语、表语或宾语补足语。(2)形容词短语由“(副词)形容词(介词短语)”组成。三、副词短语(Adverb Phrase或AdvP)1定义：由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。2组成(1)两个或多个副词可以由and或but等连接构成副词短语。I tried again and again.我试了一遍又一遍。(2)very, extremely等程度副词作修饰语，可以与其他副词构成副词短语。He r
10、uns extremely fast.他跑得快极了。(3)介词及其宾语可用在副词后修饰副词，可与副词构成副词短语。He went on studying deep into the night yesterday.昨天他一直学习到深夜。即时演练四写出下列句子中的副词短语She types quickly and correctly.quickly and correctlyHe can finish that much quicker.much quickerThe teacher speaks clearly enough.clearly enough3句法功能：副词短语在句中主要用作状语，
11、修饰动词、形容词或副词。I warned him again and again.我一再警告他。(副词短语again and again修饰warned)Dont talk so loudly.别大声喧哗。(副词短语so loudly修饰talk)即时演练五写出下列句子中画线的副词短语在句中所作的句子成分及修饰成分，并注意其组成。He ran very quickly yesterday.修饰动词；作状语I am much too pleased to see you.修饰形容词；作状语She plays well enough as a beginner.修饰动词；作状语He worked
12、much more carefully on the new design.修饰副词；作状语点津(1)副词短语在句中作副词用，可以修饰动词、形容词或副词，作状语。(2)副词短语由“(副词)副词”组成。survival n.生存；幸存；幸存事物(教材p.17)Well learn survival skills.我们将要学习生存技能。(1)survive vi.生存；存活vt.幸存；艰难度过survive sth. 幸免于；从中挺过来/活下来survive on依靠生存下来A survive B (by .)A比B活得长()(2)survivor n.幸存者；生还者佳句Much to our j
13、oy, all of the 20 people were able to survive the fire, which brought great comfort to their families.使我们非常高兴的是，20个人全部在火灾中幸免于难，这给他们的家人带来了巨大的宽慰。练透单句语法填空How does the family survive on such a small monthly wage?As far as I know, the old lady survived her husband by 5 years.If he couldnt find his way ou
14、t of the forest, there would be little chance of survival (survive).写美句式升级After she had survived that night, she was confident that everything else would be all right.Having survived that night, she was confident that everything else would be all right.(分词作状语)点津survive 表示“幸免于难”时，是及物动词，其后不需要加介词in或fro
15、m。维度一：基础题型练写出下列句子中画线部分的短语类型。1We were passing by a boat house when we met her.名词短语2Two of my brothers friends came to see him off.名词短语3She will explain quite clearly what she intends to do in future.副词短语4Quite properly, she was punished.副词短语5He is inexperienced, but he is quite clever.形容词短语6The fruit
16、 is good to eat.形容词短语7The servant was afraid to wake up his master.形容词短语8I didnt need to answer the questions，which saved me a lot of trouble.名词短语9The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.名词短语10Always nervous，the man opened the letters.形容词短语维度二：语法与写作1We will try to make our country more beautif
17、ul我们将努力使我们的国家更美丽。2I won the first prize in the Chinese speech contest.我在中文演讲比赛中获得了第一名。3I have no money to buy such an expensive gift for her.我没有钱给她买这么贵的礼物。4It sounds like a good idea听起来是个好主意。5I think our city should develop healthily，so that we could have a better hometown in the future.我认为城市应该健康发展，
18、这样我们将来才能有一个更好的家乡。6Guangzhou is a beautiful place for people to live in.广州是一个美丽的地方，适合人们居住。维度三：语法与语篇写出下面短文中画线的短语属于名词短语、形容词短语还是副词短语，并写出其所作的成分。In Canada，volunteering is 1.extremely common among people of all ages.They believe that being helpful is 2.one of the most important qualities to have.There are
19、many forms of 3.voluntary work and opportunities to help everywhere, including schools or peoples gardens.Im volunteering for an organisation to assist 4.the teachers there.Im in charge of a preschool class，where students are 5.very lovely.When I first started，I was 6.quite nervous as Id never worke
20、d with little kids before.As time went on，I became more familiar with them.One teacher asked me to help 7.the youngest girl in the class draw a picture based on the word “grateful”As I was drawing and talking with her，I gradually felt 8.warm and peaceful, and I realized it was not that difficult to
21、work with children.When the class was over, I felt really excited and even 9.a bit proud of what I had done.Volunteering gives us not only an opportunity to change someones life but also the satisfaction of helping others.It is also a great way to develop social skills and gain valuable experience for our future.For example，I have learned to speak to others 10.more kindly and clearly.答案：1.形容词短语；作表语2.名词短语；作表语3名词短语；作宾语4.名词短语；作宾语5.形容词短语；作表语6.形容词短语；作表语7.名词短语；作宾语8形容词短语；作表语9.形容词短语；作表语10副词短语；作状语