1、Section Learning About LanguageGrammar 过去分词(短语)作表语和状语1The next day was clear and mild，and they were pleased to see the beautiful mountains looking out over the city.2However，they did not anticipate seeing such an open country，and were truly amazed.3Seen from the train window，the mountains and forest
2、s of Canada looked massive.4Finally，the company headed by its new manager started to make a profit.我的发现(1)句1中的pleased和句2中的amazed为过去分词作表语。(2)句3中的Seen from the train window和句4中的headed by its new manager为过去分词短语作状语，过去分词与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系，往往含有完成的意思。一、过去分词(短语)作表语1过去分词(短语)作表语的位置及意义位于系动词(如be, get, become, look,
3、feel, seem等)之后，多表示主语的状态或状况，它所体现的是形容词的特性。She looked disappointed.她看上去很失望。We were encouraged at the news.听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。2过去分词(短语)作表语与被动语态的区别过去分词(短语)作表语时，强调主语所处的状态，而谓语动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，强调动作。The cup is broken.杯子碎了。(系表结构)The cup was broken by Tom.杯子是被汤姆打碎的。(被动语态)3现在分词(短语)与过去分词(短语)作表语的区别过去分词(短语)表示人自身的感受或事物
4、自身的状态，常译作“感到的”现在分词(短语)表示事物具有的特性，常译作“令人的”They became so worried that they stayed awake all night.他们变得如此担心，以至于一整晚都没有睡觉。The situation became so worrying that something should be done at once.形势变得令人担忧，应该立刻采取措施。用所给动词的正确形式填空I was too tired (tire) to walk any further.When he heard the moving story，he was d
5、eeply moved(move)Tom was more surprised (surprise) than disappointed (disappoint) at this news.二、过去分词(短语)作状语1过去分词(短语)作状语的意义过去分词(短语)作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且过去分词与主语之间为被动关系。2过去分词(短语)作状语的句法功能和位置(1)过去分词(短语)表示被动，表示动作已经完成，其逻辑主语则为句子的主语。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用，也可以在其前面加上适当的连词，可表示时间、条件、原
6、因、让步、方式、伴随等。When offered help，one often says “Thank you” or “Its kind of you”(时间状语)当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说“Thank you”或“Its kind of you”。Given another chance，I will do it much better.(条件状语)如果再给我一次机会，我会做得更好。Greatly inspired by what he did, I joined him in helping others.(原因状语)在他所做的事情的鼓励下，我也加入了帮助他人的行列。Visited m
7、any times, the place is still worth visiting again.(让步状语)虽然已参观了很多次，但这个地方仍值得再来。He has been preparing his paper all day long, locked in his study.(方式状语)锁在书房里，他一整天都在准备论文。The guest walked into the room, greeted by the host.(伴随状语)客人一边和主人打招呼，一边走进了房间。(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作状语时，既可放在句首，也可放在句尾，中间用逗号隔开。Caught in a hea
8、vy rain, he was all wet.淋了一场大雨，他全身湿透了。He stood there silently, moved to tears.他静静地站在那里，感动得热泪盈眶。写出下列句中黑体部分分别作什么状语Clearly and thoughtfully written，the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.原因状语Time, used correctly，is money in the bank.条件状语If asked to look after luggag
9、e for someone else，inform the police at once.条件状语Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.方式状语When given a medical examination，you should keep calm.时间状语3过去分词(短语)作状语的几种情况(1)过去分词(短语)在句中作时间、条件、原因、让步状语时，相当于对应的时间、条件、原因及让步状语从句。Seen from the top of the mountain (When it is seen from t
10、he top of the mountain)，the whole city looks more beautiful.从山顶上看，整个城市看起来更美了。Encouraged by the progress he has made (As he is encouraged by the progress he has made)，he works harder.由于受到所取得成绩的鼓舞，他工作更努力了。(2)过去分词(短语)在句中作伴随、方式等状语时，可改为句子的并列谓语或改为并列分句。The teacher came into the classroom, followed by two s
11、tudents(and was followed by two students).老师走进了教室，后面跟着两个学生。(3)过去分词(短语)作状语可与与之对应的状语从句互换。而从句改成过去分词(短语)作状语时有时还可保留连词，构成“连词过去分词”结构作状语。Even if I am invited(Even if invited)，I will not take part in the party.即使被邀请，我也不会参加那个宴会。Unless you are asked to speak(Unless asked to speak)，you should remain silent at t
12、he meeting.除非被要求讲话，否则在会上你应该保持沉默。(4)过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，否则，过去分词(短语)前应加上自己的主语。这种带有自身主语的过去分词(短语)被称为独立主格结构。过去分词(短语)的独立主格结构通常在句中作状语，可表示时间、原因、条件等。The test finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假了。句型转换When they were asked who had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.When asked wh
13、o had broken the vase，the children all kept silent.If we are united，we will make our life better.If united, we will make our life better.Although we were exhausted by the hard work，we went on with it.Exhausted by the hard work, we went on with it.4现在分词(短语)与过去分词(短语)作状语的区别现在分词(短语)与过去分词(短语)作状语的最主要的区别在于
14、两者与其逻辑主语的主动与被动关系。(1)现在分词(短语)作状语时，现在分词(短语)的动作就是句子主语发出的动作，它们之间是主动关系。现在分词(短语)的动作与谓语动作同时发生用一般式doing；如果现在分词(短语)的动作发生在谓语动作之前，表示已经完成，表示主动就用having done，表示被动就用having been done。Walking along the street，I met a friend of mine.沿着大街走时，我碰到了我的一个朋友。Having finished their work，they went home to have a rest.完成工作后，他们回家
15、休息一下。(2)过去分词(短语)作状语时，过去分词(短语)表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系。Given more attention，the tree could have grown better.如果给予更多的关注，小树本来能够长得更好一些。Grown in rich soil，these seeds can grow fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。单句语法填空Impressed (impress) by the beautiful scenery，I forgot to go back home in time.Looking (look)
16、out of the window，I found many children playing on the playground.1date back to追溯到；始于(教材p.40) The visitors were admiring the antique dating back to the 17th century.游客们正在欣赏这件始于17世纪的古董。date from追溯到；始于up to date时髦的；最新的out of date过时的佳句According to the expert, the vase has a history dating from/back to
17、the early Tang Dynasty.据那个专家说这个花瓶年代久远，可追溯到初唐时期。练透补全句子My interest in stamp collecting dates back to/from my schooldays.我从学生时代起就开始爱好集邮。He is always right up to date in his information about this subject.在这个学科上，他一向掌握最新的信息。写美翻译句子她猛然觉得自己老了，跟不上时代了。Suddenly she felt old and out of date.点津(1)date from与date
18、back to 都用主动语态，不用被动语态和进行时态，但可用动词ing形式作定语、补语或状语等。(2)谈论现存的物品或建筑物时，虽然这一事物建造于过去某一时期，但date from 和date back to却用一般现在时。2句型公式状语从句的省略(教材p.41) When asked what the trip meant to him, the man said it was “an experience of a lifetime”当被问到这次旅行对他意味着什么时，他说这是他“一生都难以忘怀的经历”。省略的条件状语从句中的主语与主句主语一致或是代词it状语从句谓语中含有be动词省略的形式
19、省略从句中的主语或it和be动词佳句While enjoying the meal, some students gave a wonderful folk dance performance, making the elderly very happy.吃饭时，一些学生表演了精彩的民间舞蹈，这使老人们非常高兴。Though buried in books these days，I have still joined several student clubs in order to improve myself.尽管这些天埋头苦读，我还是加入了几个学生俱乐部来提高自己。练透单句语法填空Wander among a variety of shops selling gifts while enjoying (enjoy) a live music show and nice street entertainment.There are some health problems that，if not treated (treat) in time，can become bigger ones later on.写美补全句子Dont call him unless (it is) urgent事情不紧急就别给他打电话。