1、Section Learning About LanguageGrammar过去完成时的主动语态和被动语态1Prior to coming to China, my only experience with Chinese cooking was in America, with Chinese food that had been changed to suit American tastes. 2When my family and I had just arrived in China, we went looking for a good place to eat in Beijing
2、. 3A Sichuan restaurant had been recommended to us by a friend, and finally, we found it. 4. so the chef just began filling our table with the best food we had ever eaten. 我的发现以上句子的时态皆为过去完成时；其中主动语态有：句2、4；被动语态有：句1、3。一、构成主动语态被动语态肯定形式had donehad been done否定形式had not donehad not been done一般疑问句had主语doneh
3、ad主语been done特殊疑问句疑问词had主语done疑问词had主语been doneThey had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.他们到达旅馆前已经吃过早饭了。He told me that there had been an argument between them.他告诉我他们之间发生了争执。They said that production costs had been reduced.他们说生产成本降低了。句型转换They had cleaned the classroom before th
4、e teacher came.The classroom had been cleaned before the teacher came.(变为被动语态)She had finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning.She had not finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning. (变为否定句)Had she finished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning? (变为一般疑问句)Who had fin
5、ished writing the composition by 10：00 this morning？(对句中主语she提问)二、用法1一件事情发生在过去，而另外一件事情先于它发生(即“过去的过去”)，那么发生在前的动作要用过去完成时。He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.他说他在国外待了3 年了。2hope，expect，mean，intend，want，suppose的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)3一些固定句型中(1)在
6、“hardly/scarcely/barely . when .”和“no sooner . than .”句型中，when和than从句中用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，当否定副词放在句首且用倒装时，表示“刚刚就”。Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.我刚到家，大雨就倾盆而下。(2)在“It was the first/second ( .) time that .”中，that从句的谓语动词使用过去完成时。It was the first time that we had been introduced at the confer
7、ence.这是第一次我们在会议上被别人介绍。(3)在“主语was/werethe最高级名词定语从句”中，从句的谓语动词常常使用过去完成时。It was the best book I had ever read.这是我读过的最好的一本书。单句语法填空I had intended (intend) to call on you but I was too busy then.We hurried to the station only to find that the train had left (leave).A week passed when she realised that the
8、parcel had been sent (send) to the wrong address.No sooner had (have) the boy spoken these words than the warden hit him on the head with the soup spoon.It was the best film that had been directed (direct) by him.It was the first time that they had enjoyed (enjoy) such a wonderful performance.contri
9、bute to . 为做出贡献；向捐款；促成，造成；有助于，导致(教材p.28)Italy, Greece, and Spain are famous for their olives, figs, and other ingredients, which have all contributed to centuries of cuisine development.意大利、希腊和西班牙以橄榄、无花果和其他食材而闻名，这些食材都为几百年的烹饪发展做出了贡献。(1)contribute to doing sth有助于做某事contribute money to the floodstriken
10、 area向洪灾区捐款contribute time to the activity把时间花在活动上contribute articles to the magazine给杂志社撰稿(2)contribution n.贡献；捐赠；投稿make a contribution/contributions to 为做出贡献(3)contributor n.捐赠者佳句Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick McIntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study.这项研究的
11、主要作者、生态学家帕特里克麦金泰尔说，很多因素导致了这种下降。练透写出contribute to在下列句子中的意思Arts contribute to cultural development when people gather together to share their experience.有助于I believe that each of us can contribute to the future of the world.为做出贡献It is an honor to be invited to contribute to your magazine.给投稿写美翻译句子为祖国做贡献是我们的责任。It is our responsibility to contribute to/make contributions to our motherland.积极的情绪不仅有助于成功，还有助于我们获得幸福感。Positive emotions not only contribute to success, but also contribute to our sense of happiness.点津“导致，引起”的多种表达：cause, result in, bring about, lead to