1、Part 语法专题定语从句(1)关系代词观察与发现1定语从句的功能及构成观察He is a student.他是一名学生。He is an energetic student.他是一名精力充沛的学生。He is a student that likes helping others.他是一名喜欢帮助别人的学生。发现一般情况下，我们常用形容词修饰或限定名词，如句中的energetic，但是某个形容词(短语)的意思是固定或单一的，不能灵活组合表达较复杂的含义，因此为了表达的需要，人们创造了定语从句。它的基本构成：先行词(名/代词)引导词关系代词that/which/who/whom/whose/a
2、s关系副词when/where/why从句如句关系代词that引导的定语从句修饰前面的先行词a student，同时代替先行词a student在后面的从句中作主语。2.关系代词that,which,who,whom引导定语从句观察The book(that/which)I bought yesterday has been finished.(作宾语)我已经读完了昨天买的那本书。The student(that/whom)I met in the park yesterday was from the USA.(作宾语)昨天我在公园里遇见的那个学生来自美国。The book that/whi
3、ch is worth$20 sells well.(作主语)那本价格为20美元的书很畅销。The student that/who is singing is my deskmate.(作主语)正在唱歌的学生是我的同桌。发现1that与which均可指代物，在后面的定语从句中作宾语如句，或主语，如句，且作宾语时关系代词可以省略。发现2that与who/whom均可指代人，在后面的定语从句中作宾语如句，或主语如句，且作宾语时that或whom可以省略(在美国口语中who也可代替whom作宾语)。顺口溜that用法真有趣，两个地方它不去；逗号后边它不去，介词之后不考虑。高考例句I mention
4、 the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids arent even on.我提到了一位有四个孩子的单亲家长，我谈到了这位父亲在指导一个孩子根本不参加的球队They are required to process the food that we eat,to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions.它们(脂肪和盐)被要求用于加工我们所吃的食物，以便身体从
5、伤痛中恢复过来，并满足其他几个身体机能。提示：句中recover from 从中恢复Were looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that.我们正在研究通过控制速度来避免那种情况(超速和罚款)的系统的好处。The little problems(that/which)we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.伟大发明的灵感可能来自我们日常生活中遇到的小问题。One stu
6、dy showed that women who drank a lot of coffee.一份研究表明，喝大量咖啡的女士Im a scientist who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.我是一个研究诸如大猩猩和猴子等动物的科学家。The teacher that/who/whom/省略 we greeted just now is popular with his students.我们刚才打招呼的老师很受学生们的欢迎。提示：句子中The teacher作先行词，在后面的从句中作greeted的宾语3.关系代词whose引导定语从句观察
7、I dont want to pay for the book whose cover is lost.我不想买这本没有封面的书。I made a new friend,whose mother is a teacher.我结交了一位新朋友，他的母亲是一位教师。发现1whose既可指物也可指人。发现2whose作为关系代词，意为“”的，句中whose代替“书的(封面)”先行词book与cover之间为所属关系，再如句中“朋友的(母亲)”。注意whose作为关系代词，用法较特殊，先行词与从句中的名词(主语)必须是所属关系。高考例句Since I was a kid，Ive considered
8、different jobs I would like to do.First,I wanted to be a fireman,whose uniform looked so cool.我小时候就考虑过我想要做不同的工作。首先，我想成为一名消防员，消防员的制服看起来很酷。Kate,whose sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Australia.凯特，在大学时我与她的姐姐同住一个房间，已经去澳大利亚工作了。提示：句中whose代表先行词a fireman，作uniform的定语，这里
9、whose uniformthe uniform of who，引导定语从句，此从句修饰a fireman。提示：句中whose引导的定语从句用于修饰Kate4.that不引导非限制性定语从句观察I met with my former teacher,who recognized me immediately.我遇见了我以前的老师，他立马认出了我。I bought a book,which is well worth reading.我买了一本书，它很值得一读。发现非限制性定语从句往往用“，”把从句和先行词隔开。注意that不引导非限制性定语从句，换句话说，除了that，其他的引导词都可以引
10、导非限制性定语从句。高考例句My wallet was gone.I could only have left it on the G9 bus,which was now speeding in the dark to some unknown station.我的钱包不见了。我只可能把它留在G9巴士上，现在这辆车在黑暗中向一个不知名的车站驶去。易混比较：as/which(引导非限制性定语从句)as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，代替一句话或句子的部分内容，as位置灵活，可位于句首或句中，而which只能位于句中。提示：as we all know/as is known to al
11、l等形式都是as引导非限定性定语从句，这里的as是关系代词，代表先行词的内容。5which与as引导定语从句的联系与区别观察He was very careless,which led to his failure.他很粗心，就是他的粗心导致了他的失败。As we all know，As is known to us all，helping others is helping ourselves.众所周知，帮助别人就是帮助我们自己。He is a student,as we can tell from his behaviour.他是一个学生，这一点从他的行为举止上可以判断。发现1which和
12、as都可以代替句子的全部或部分内容在从句中作主语或宾语。发现2as位置较灵活，可以位于句首或句中，而which不能位于句首；as常作宾语或被动语态的主语，which常作主语。高考例句The boat is the only way to get there,which is how we arrived.只有乘船才能去那儿，我们就是乘船去的。As we all know,most of the ratings are based on others judgment on the product or service concerned.我们都知道，大多数的收视排行是基于别人对相关产品或服务的
13、评价。提示：句中be based on基于，根据.单句语法填空(定语从句)1Do you still remember the chicken farm _ we visited three months ago?2Some countries _ names I had never heard of before were shown on the map.3Anyone _ failed to come to the meeting yesterday must give his reason.4All _ we need is enough rest after long hours w
14、ork.5We dont know the number of people _ lost their homes in the disaster.that/whichwhose whothat who/that 6Tom is the boy _ mother is our maths teacher.7A dictionary is a book _ gives the meanings of words.8I still remember the earthquake _ happened in 2008 in Sichuan.9Have you read the book _ was
15、written by Anne Frank?10The first thing _ he did after arriving home was doing his homework.11Is this the teacher _ rescued several students from the burning building?whose that/which that/which which/thatthat who/that12Do you know the lady _ our English teacher is talking with under the big tree?13
16、It is the tallest building _ Daming has seen ever since he came here.14My father bought a new bike for me _ price added up to more than 1,000 yuan.15This is the person _ you should thank for helping your son.who/whom/that that whose who/whom.单句改错1Only those learn how to live can get to know themselv
17、es and life._2Tu Youyou is a woman scientist her name is known all over the world._3Those which want to see the film set down your names,please._4Miss Chen is the only one of the few teachers that give us wonderful English lessons in our school._5Im using the pen which he bought it yesterday._those后
18、加who her改为whosewhich改为who give改为gives 去掉it 6He is one of the teachers who knows French in our school._7Im going to work in the hospital it needs me._8Im going to work in the hospital that my father works._9The boy and the dog which are in the picture are very lovely._10She said she would do anything
19、 who could help her mother recover from the disease._knows改为knowit改为which/thatthat改为wherewhich改为thatwho改为that.完成句子1她是通过考试的女孩之一。She is one of the girls _.2这就是我在这儿旅行时住过的旅馆。This is the very hotel _ when I was travelling here.3我认识那个人，他的房子在地震中被摧毁了。I know the person _ in the earthquake.4罗丝是你应该关心的人。Rose is
20、 the person _.5她把她感兴趣的人和物都拍摄了下来。She took photographs of the things and people _.who/that have passed the exam(that)I stayed atwhose house was destroyed(who/whom)you should care aboutthat she was interested in.高考题(改编)专练(填上合适的词)1Recent development has made possible machines _ print,cook and serve food
21、s on a mass scale.2The floors of all campus buildings are equipped with manual fire alarm systems _ include fire alarm pull stations and pipes.3Because of our efforts,our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl _ mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illn
22、ess.4In fact,I got the same medal as the one that the guy _ came in first place had.that/whichwhich/that whose who/that5Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to ten minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from al
23、l causes.6The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil-testing program _ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.7Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realise how cheap it can be to eat out.that/whichthat/whichwho/that