1、一、情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度。初中阶段大家已经学习了一些情态动词，这里将对情态动词的特征、功能和用法进行总结。观察例句1Oliver believes that with a millionpound bank note a man could live a month in London.2Young man，would you step inside a moment，please?3May we ask what youre doing in this country and what your plans are?4I cant say that I have
2、any plans.5Anyway，I didnt dare to try again.6You mustnt worry about that.7If youll excuse me，I ought to be on my way.归纳用法1情态动词的基本特征(1)在形式上，情态动词没有实义动词的各种变化，只有could，would，had to，might等几个过去式，其他情态动词如must、ought to等的过去式皆与现在式同形。(2)在意义上，大多数情态动词有多个意义，如can可以表达“能力；可能；许可”等。(3)在用法上，情态动词与助动词一样，需后接动词原形，构成谓语动词。2情态动
3、词的否定式及缩略形式情态动词否定式缩略形式情态动词否定式缩略形式cancannot/can notcantshallshall notshantcouldcould notcouldntshouldshould notshouldntmaymay not/willwill notwontmightmightnotmightntwouldwould notwouldntmustmust notmustntneedneed notneedntdaredare notdarentought toought not tooughtnt to3.情态动词的主要表意功能用法例句表示能力The little
4、 boy can read and write.I could feel the ground shaking.表示可能和推测Those of you who are familiar with the game will know this.They made a bet which would settle their argument.Oh，you must be Sylvias husband.It may seem lucky to you but not to me.That might not be true.There ought to be enough space for
5、all of us.表示许可或禁止You can go off duty now.You cant open it until two oclock.You may not smoke here.You shouldnt take her help for granted.You mustnt do that.表示发出指示或提出请求Will you please take her to the library?Could you offer me work here?Can I ask a question?May we ask what youre doing in this country
6、？表示提出帮助或发出邀请Will you stay for lunch?Wouldnt you like to come with me?May I help you?Shall I put it in a box？表示提出建议You could ask the teacher for help.You should write him a letter.The cookies Susan made are delicious，you ought to try some.表示愿望Would you recommend the play to other people?I would like
7、to know the date.Id love to go to your birthday party.Id rather not pay you now.表示义务和需要You must come at once.We have to wear uniforms at school.I ought to be on my way.4.情态动词难点透视英语中的情态动词虽然为数不多，但是要掌握好它们的用法并不容易。下面结合同学们在使用情态动词时不易掌握的难点谈几点看法。(1)can表示可能性时，指的是理论上的可能，它通常不用来表示某事实际发生的可能性或真实性。如：Accidents can h
8、appen.Anybody can make mistakes.如果我们要表达某事发生的实际可能性，要用may，could或might等。We may spend our summer holidays in Hangzhou this year.Will you answer the telephone？It could/may/might be your mother.could用来征求意见时，语气要比can委婉，但在回答问题时我们不能用could，因为语气委婉，可能性就变小了。如：Could I use your telephone?Yes，please go ahead.在过去时态的肯
9、定句中需要某种条件或努力做成某事，我们要用was/were able to而不能用could。如：It was a holiday and the children were able to go to the seaside.The girl worked hard so she was able to pass the final test.(2)must与have to都可以表示“必须”的意思，但要注意以下两点区别。must只有现在时，而have to有现在时、过去时和将来时。如：We must work hard，or well fail in the examination.Year
10、s ago，the poor girl had to leave school for lack of money.must表示主观看法，have to则侧重于客观需要。如：We must be strict with ourselves in everything.In cities with many cars，some people have to wear masks.(3)must表示推测时，其反意疑问句有好几种形式。“must动词原形”对目前的情况进行推测时以及用mustbev.ing形式对目前正在发生的情况进行推测时，疑问短语部分要与must之后的动词相一致。如：The math
11、ematics teacher must be in the office now，isnt he?“musthave过去分词”用来表示对已经发生的事情进行推论。如果句子中有过去的时间状语，疑问部分用助动词didnt；否则，疑问部分用havent或hasnt。如：The children must have watered the tomatoes yesterday，didnt they?The minister must have arrived in Shanghai，hasnt he?(4)shall可以用来征求对方意见，用于第一、三人称。此外它也可以用来表示说话人的命令、警告、允诺、
12、威胁或决心等，这时它用于第二、三人称。如：Shall she go to the concert with us this evening？(征求意见)You shall go to the front at once.(命令)Dont worry.You shall get the answer this very afternoon.(允诺)He shall be sorry one day.I tell you.(警告)Nothing shall stop us from fighting against pollution.(决心)(5)在表示将来的时间、条件状语从句中，不能用will
13、(这时的will不是情态动词，而是助动词，帮助构成将来时)。如：If it will rain tomorrow，we shall not go to the mountain village.(误)If it rains tomorrow，we shall not go to the mountain village.(正)当情态动词will表示意愿或决心时，是可以用于条件状语从句的。如：If you will listen to me，Ill give you some advice on how to learn English.If you will come this way，the
14、 manager will meet you.(6)should除表示必要或义务外，还可表示推测或可能。如：The American friends should be here now.“should/ought tohave过去分词”既可表示本该做而事实上没有做的事，也可以表示惊讶、责备、赞叹等情绪。如：You should have told her about it the day before yesterday.Its wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these years.“情态动词have过去分词”是很重要的
15、一种句型，除should外，may，might，must，couldnt，neednt，ought to等都可以用于这一句型，但要注意使用不同的情态动词句子的意思就有所不同。(7)ought to与should意思接近，大多数情况下二者可以互换，但是should谈的是自己的主观看法，ought to则更多反映客观情况，在谈到法律、义务和规定时使用。如：We should/ought to help each other and learn from each other in our work.She is your mother，so you ought to support her.We
16、ought to go and see Mary tomorrow，but I dont think we will.(8)need用作情态动词，仅用于否定句和疑问句，而不用于肯定句。在肯定句中要用must，have to，should，ought to或将need当作行为动词使用。如：We need report the matter to the boss immediately.(误)We must report the matter to the boss immediately.(正)We need to report the matter to the boss immediate
17、ly.(正)(9)dare与need的用法dare作为情态动词，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用于肯定句。aHow dare you say Im unfair?bHe darent speak English before such a crowd，dare he?cIf he dare break the rule，he will be punished.need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词用时，仅用于否定句或疑问句、条件从句中。意为“有必要”。在肯定句中一般用must，have to，ought to或should代替。aYou neednt come so early
18、.bNeed I finish the work today?Yes，you must./No，you neednt.cIf you need go there，please let me know.dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化。所不同的是，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式；在否定和疑问句中，dare后可接带to或不带to的不定式。aI dare to swim across the river.bHe doesnt dare(to)answer.cWe need time and money.dThe dining room needs/wants/r
19、equires cleaning every day.The dining room needs/wants/requires to be cleaned every day.eDoes he need to take the medicine three times a day?(10)需要注意的几点：表示猜测，can一般不用于肯定句中，除非是“经验之谈”。这时can可以表示客观的可能性，并不牵涉具体的事情是否会发生；要表示某事发生的可能性时需要用could，may，might。Children can often get ill suddenly.Certain things in the
20、 home can be dangerous，especially if you have young children.上面两句可以看作医务工作者或抚养过孩子的人说的话，属“经验之谈”。may和might表可能性的推测时都不用于疑问句中。如：Can/Could it be cloudy tomorrow？(正)May/Might it be cloudy tomorrow？(误)must表肯定推测时的否定式是cant/couldnt，不是neednt或mustnt。should/ought to动词原形：想必现在/将来会The dinner should/ought to be ready
21、now.He should/ought to ring up this afternoon.will动词原形：将来一定/准会Try your best，and your wish will come true.即学即练完成句子1我们必须努力学习，否则就不会通过考试。We must work hard，or well fail in the examination.2这个女孩非常用功，所以她通过了最终的考试。The girl worked hard so she was able to pass the final examination.3你怎么能捉弄我呢？How can you play a
22、 trick on me?4我们今天必须把这些玩具分类完毕吗？不，你们不必。Must we sort these toys today?No，you neednt/dont have to5我们应当尊重我们的老师和父母。We should respect our teachers and parents.用适当的情态动词填空1Cant you stay a little longer?Its getting late.I really must go now.My daughter is at home alone.2Shall I inform him of the change of th
23、e schedule right now?I am afraid you must，in case he comes late for the meeting.3He couldnt sleep，although he tried to，when he got on such a hunt for an idea until he had caught it.4You mustnt park here！Its an emergency exit.5Doctors say that exercise is important for health，but it must be regular e
24、xercise.6The police still havent found the lost child，but theyre doing all they can7Why are your eyes so red？You cant have slept well last night.Yeah，I stayed up late writing a report.8According to the newlymade traffic regulation，whoever drives through red lights shall be fined at least 200 dollars
25、.9George cant have gone too far.His coffee is still warm.10You must be Carol.You havent changed a bit after all these years.短文语法填空A long time ago，there was a woman，1.who had two children.One was called Tom，and the other was named John.One day the woman was very puzzled(疑惑的)She had some cakes in the
26、kitchen but every night one of her children 2.would eat them.She thought it 3.might be Tom because he was very tall 4.while John was very short.But she wasnt sure.The woman had an idea.She put the cakes on a high shelf.The next day，someone 5.ate(eat) some of the cakes.“Ah！”said the woman.“It 6.cant
27、be John.Hes too short！It 7.must be Tom！”She was very angry with Tom，8.thinking(think)，“He 9.shall be punished for what he had done！”Poor Tom.In fact，he hadnt eaten the cakes.It was John.How？Can you guess？Yes，he 10.must have used a chair!二、过去将来时过去将来时表示在过去某一时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态。过去将来时常用在主句谓语动词为过去时态的宾语从句中。过去
28、将来时句子中有时包含时间状语the next day，soon等。观察例句1I was about to get the letter.2They said the letter inside would explain what it was all about.3The director said he would meet the famous actor the next day.4They were going to find someone to take part in their bet when they saw Henry walking on the street out
29、side.归纳用法1过去将来时的基本构成和用法过去将来时由“would动词原形”构成，主要表示从过去某一时间来看将要发生的动作(尤其用于宾语从句中)，还可以表示过去的动作习惯或倾向。Jeff knew he would be tired the next day.He promised that he would not open the letter until 2 oclock.She said that she wouldnt do that again.2表示过去将来时的其他表达法(1)was/were going to动词原形：该结构有两个主要用法，一是表示过去的打算，二是表示在过去
30、看来有迹象表明将要发生某事。I thought it was going to rain.(2)was/were to动词原形：主要表示过去按计划或安排要做的事情。She said she was to get married next month.(3)was/were about to动词原形：表示在过去看来即将要发生的动作，由于本身已含有“即将”的意味，所以不再与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。I was about to go to bed when the phone rang.(4)was/were现在分词：表示在过去看来即将发生的动作，通常可用于该结构中的动词是come，go，lea
31、ve，arrive，begin，start，stop，close，open，die，join，borrow，buy等瞬间动词。Jack said he was leaving tomorrow.即学即练完成句子1莉莉说晚上将有一场音乐会。Lily said there would be a concert that evening.2她确信她会成功。She was sure she would succeed3我想知道我们什么时候出发。I wanted to know when we were going to set off4他说运动会就要开始了。He said the sport meet
32、 was about to begin5他说他今晚要走。He said he was leaving tonight.单句语法填空1When he was young，he would sit in front of the TV set for hours every day.2I was sure that they would not do that again.3Whenever she had time，she would come to see us.4He said that he was leaving (leave) at six the next day.5No body
33、knew why he was going (go) to the big city.6He hoped his wife was coming(come) soon.7He was about to leave (leave) when someone knocked at the door of his office.8He said he was going to learn(learn) French next week.9I noticed that it was going to rain(rain) when I looked at the sky.10He said he wo
34、uld be ninety years old in two years.短文语法填空The two gentlemen had been having a heated argument for a couple of days，and had decided to make a bet which 1.would settle their argument.They 2.were going to find(find) someone to take part in their bet when they saw Henry walking on the street outside.Th
35、ey invited him into their house，3.where Henry told them he had landed in Britain 4.by accident.Although he had gone to the American consulate 5.to seek help，he had not received any.Henry hoped that the brothers 6.would offer him some jobs because he had no money.Henry got upset with the brothers 7.w
36、hen they seemed too happy about his bad luck.They quickly told him not to feel that way and they gave him an envelope with money in it.They said the letter inside 8.would explain what it was all about，but he had to postpone 9.opening(open) it until 2 oclock.Henry felt that was odd.The story ended with Henry leaving their house and promising that he 10.would not(not) open the letter until 2 oclock.