1、Reading Comprehension-How to get the main idea?Eight common question forms1中心主题类the main idea of the passage is.2.标题类the best title for the passage is.3.目的意图类the purpose of the article is.4.推断出处类the passage most probably comes from.5.推断结局，下文类the author may tell about.next6.识别语气，态度类the writerattitude
2、 towards.is.7.概括人物特点类which of the following best describes sb.?8.概括全文结构框架类which of the following shows the structure of the text?Classic review全国各省市高考及模拟试题The practical methods(主题类)The key points 1.找出文章的主题句（多存在于议论文和说明文中）主题句的 特点：高度的综合性和概括性（总结全文）位置：首段（总分）60%80%中间段（开头/整合段意）尾段（分总）首尾段（总分总）常用方法：略读法各段主题句联系
3、着眼全文结构文章重心main idea找主题句的小窍门1)首段出现具体例子或假设时，例子或假设后面的内容往往就是主旨。2)作者有意识地反复重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词；3)段落中出现表转折的词语（如however,thus,in fact,actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句；2.浏览整篇文章（记叙文）重点细节/事实关键线索/提示（特殊关键句）main idea Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health.Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause
4、cancer.Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness),cancer,cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems.For example,it can give one a“smokers cough”.Finally,studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds.Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer,c
5、ancer,smoking is harmful.Is it worth it?主题句在句首的文章结构是先点出主题，然后围绕这一主题进行分析用演绎法阐述观点。据统计英语议论文和说明文大约有80%是这样写的。Nothing is as useful as a flashlight on a dark night if a tire goes flat.Few inventions are so helpful to a child who is afraid of the dark.In fact,the modern flashlight brings light to many dark s
6、ituations.Finding something in the back of a closet is easy with a flashlight in hand.A camper also needs one after the light of the campfire has been out.当主题句被安排在段中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do.Others
7、 prefer to be left to work on their own.Still others like a democratic discussion type of class.No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time.主题句也会出现在段尾。作者先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,最后自然得出结论,即段落的主题。本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现,它是此段内容的结论。Good manners are important in all countries，but ways of
8、 expressing good manners are different from country to country.Americans eat with knives and forks；Japanese eat with chopsticks.Americans say“Hi”when they meet；Japanese bow.Many American men open doors for women；Japanese men do not.On the surface，it appears that good manners in America are not good
9、manners in Japan，and in a way this is true.But in any country，the manners that are important are those involving one persons behavior toward another person.In all countries it is good manners to behave considerately toward others and bad manners not to.It is only the way of behaving politely that di
10、ffers from country to country.本段主要说明“礼貌在所有国家都很重要，然而各国表达礼貌的方式却不同”。文段的第一句明确陈述了这一看法。在段尾作者再一次强调了这一看法。首尾呼应为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见.但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。广东省普宁一中2010届高三第一学期限时训练测试题三（英语）主题句 We are all interested in equality,but while some people try to protect the school and
11、examination system in the name of equality,others,still in the name of equality,want only to destroy it.赞成观点及原因 Any society which is interested in equality of opportunity（机会）and standards of achievement must regularly test its pupils.Without external examinations,employers will look for employees fr
12、om the highly respected schools and from families known to them a form of favoritism will replace equality.if external examinations were taken away,and the bright child from a poor family would be a prisoner of his or her schools fame（名誉）,unable to compete for employment with the child from the favo
13、red school.反对观点及原因The opponents（对手）of the examination system suggest that examinations are an evil force because they show differences between pupils.According to these people,there must be no special,different,academic class.They have even suggested that there should be no form of difference in spo
14、rt or any other area:85.The passage mainly focuses on _.A.schools and certificates B.examination and equality C.opportunity and employment D.standards and reputation 唐山市20112012学年度高三年级第一次模拟考试My father was poor in expressing his feelings.I knew that my dad loved me,but showed me love in other ways.Th
15、ere was one particular time in my life when this became real to me.事实细节I always believed that my parents had a good marriage,but gradually the strain(拉紧）on my mom and dads relationship was quite evident.However,I was not prepared for the day when Dad had decided to leave.All that I could think of wa
16、s that I was going to become a product of a divorced family.I kept telling myself that it wasnt going to happen.The night before he left,I stayed up in my room for a long time.I prayed and I cried and I wrote a long letter to my dad.I told him how much I loved him and that I would always and forever
17、 be his Krissie.his Noodles.As I folded my note,I stuck in a picture of me with a saying I had always heard:Anyone can be a father,but it takes someone special to be a daddy.（重点线索）Early the next morning,as my dad left our house,I slipped my letter into one of his bags.结局Two weeks later,my mother tol
18、d me that they decided that there were things that the both of them could and would change and that their marriage was worth saving.Well,Dad said that when he read your letter,it made him cry.It meant a lot to him and I have hardly ever seen your dad cry.After he read your letter,he called to ask if
19、 he could come over to talk.Whatever you said really made a difference to your dad.59.Whats the main idea of the passage?A.How the authors parents enjoyed a happy marriage.B.How a letter saved the authors parents marriage.C.The divorce had a great influence on the author D.The author had a good rela
20、tionship with her parentsExercises(1)Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and,later,Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is pr
21、esently a corporation lawyer in Miami,Florida.(2分钟)What is the main idea of the passage?A.How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.B.Bingham is a diligent student.C.Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.D.A good lawyer needs good education.Exercises(2)Wouldnt it be terrible if we didnt have grass
22、？We would have to walk on bare soil.Can you guess what our playgrounds would look like？On a rainy day,we would get all muddy.On a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.(2分钟)The short text mainly deals with.A.why we need rain B.how grass is kept greenC.how grass helps usD.why we breathe dustExercis
23、es(3)Rats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago.They still spread disease and eat crops.Much of the hunger we have today is caused by rats.They eat half of the grain harvested in the world.(2分钟)This paragraph mainly tells us.A.that we are short of grain because of ratsB.wh
24、y rats are still an enemy of peopleC.how rats destroy our food D.why rats cause disease 五大干扰因素（误区）1.以偏概全只阐述了文章的一部分内容或局部信息2.断章取义以文章的个别信息或字眼或以次要的事实细节冒充全文的主要观点3.主题扩大概括的内容范围过大，过于笼统，超过文章实际讨论的范围4.张冠李戴有意地把属于A的特征放在B身上，构成干扰5.无中生有，似是而非选项中的词语似乎在文章谈到了，但实际与中心内容毫无联系。重点提示:a.禁忌绝对性的答案（only,never,all,nobody.）b.把自己放在作
25、者角度考虑问题 c.正确选项中一般有抽象名词或概括性的词语 d.四个选项中内容相近或相反的两个选项中往往有一个正确答案The practical methods(标题类)The key points 1.议论文体裁1）.浏览全文找到高频词语（关键字眼）the title2）.高频词特点 a.全文讨论的中心（其他因素围绕开展）b.各段多次反复出现 2.记叙文体裁浓缩文章大意重点细节/事实关键词语（具体精炼）the title(概括性、针对性、醒目性）3.重点提示 a.标题特点：掲示道理,发人深省 b.小窍门：画线标注法（关键字/句），分析含义结构江苏省阜宁中学、大丰中学2013届高三上学期期中联
26、考英语试题.Sharing cars to work is not unusual.But what about sharing time to raise children together?In Ningbo city of Zhejiang province in East China,young 主题句mothers in the same neighborhood pool their children together,and share the responsibility of being parents.原因Spending every day together,but no
27、t families in this coastal city of East China,three mothers are trying a new way of raising their kids,by pooling them together.Among the mothers are both office workers and housewives.They say they do so not just because of the tight schedule.好处Jiujius mother said,By kids pooling,we mean to create
28、an opportunity for the kids to spend time together so that we can observe our kids,learn more about them.Chichis mother said,My son was a bit shy.Weve been talking him to be more active,but he hardly changed.After joining the kids pool,suddenly we found him willing to communicate with others now.两种观
29、点Generally,mothers speak highly about the pooling.The mothers describe the pooling as bringing the running water into a closed pond.It opens a window to a different world for both kids and parents.But there are moments when opinions differ.Xiaoxiaos mother said,Sex education for example.Personally I
30、 want to talk with my child about it,frankly and sincerely.But the other two moms think it better not to bring it up.70.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?A.Chinese parenting B.Kids pooling C.Sharing children D.Sharing cars 2013福建质量检测 In the 1950s，a family who owned a
31、farm near Beulah，Michigan kept a bull chained to an elm(榆树)The bull paced around the tree，dragging the heavy iron chain，which led to a groove(槽)in the bark.The groove deepened over the years，though for whatever reason，it did not kill the tree.事实After some years，the family took their bull away.They c
32、ut the chain，leaving the loop(圈)around the tree and one link hanging down.Then one year，agricultural disaster struck Michigan in the form of Dutch Elm Disease.All of the elms lining the road leading to the farm became infected and died.Everyone thought that the old elm would be next.情节 Amazingly，the
33、 tree did not die.The plant experts decided that it was the chain that saved the elms life.They reasoned that the tree must haveabsorbed so much iron from the chain that it became immune(免疫)to thefungus(重点线索).Its said that what doesnt kill you will make you stronger.Or，as Ernest Hemimgway put it，“Li
34、fe breaks us all，but afterwards，many of us are strongest at the broken places.”(总结道理)What is the best title for the text?ANever Lose Heart in Trouble BStrike While the Iron is Hot CBrave to Face Failure DStronger after Suffering Exercises(1)We think of a f1ood or an earthquake as a natural disaster.
35、To many of natures animals,however,the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans.When settlers came from the East to Americas great western plains,they killed millions of bison,poisoned the prairie dogs,and shot the coyotes.All this upset the areas balance of nature.For the animals,
36、it was worse than a flood or earthquake.(2分钟)Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.Floods and EarthquakeB.Humans-Disaster to NatureC.American SettlersD.Nature Balance ItselfExercises(2)If you were planning to buy a television set,the advertisement would draw your attention:“Color T
37、V.Only 79.”However,when you go to the store.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant toldyou that he has another model.A better set which is“just right for you”It costs 395.This sales method is called“bait and switch”.Buyers are then switched to another more expensive one.Buyin
38、g things on sale needs careful consideration of the reason for the sale.(2分钟)The paragraph could be entitled _.A.Buying A TV SetB.A Selling Method C.Buyer BewareD.TV On SaleExercises(3)What causes traffic jams?Too many cars,right?No!Some Brits are now saying that traffic lights are to blame for much
39、 of the congestion（交通拥挤）.They suggest that traffic lights be removed at busy roads.They believe people are a better judge of when its safe to go,not a traffic light programmed by an absent regulator.(2分钟)Which of the following is the best title?A.Dont Count On Traffic Lights B.New Traffic Systems Ne
40、eded C.Turn Those Traffic Lights Off D.Let People Have More Say In TrafficThe practical methods(目的类)The key points 1.根据文章主旨体裁每段标题/首尾段内容隐含目的 2.常见的目的类型 1)to entertain readers:常见于幽默故事，或个人经历 2)to persuade readers:常见于广告，海报或议论文 3)to inform readers:常见于新闻报道，科普类，社会文化类文章。2013 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(北京卷)EP Portable
41、 Heater We all know that the cost of heating our homes will continue to be a significant burden on the family budget.Now millions of people are saving on their heating bills with the EP Portable Heater.the new EP heats better and faster,saves more on heating bills,and runs almost silent.The EP has n
42、o exposed heating parts that can cause a fire.优点The EP will not reduce oxygen in the room.With other heaters,youll notice that you get sleepy when the heat comes on because they are burning up oxygen.The advanced EP also heats the room evenly,wall to wall and floor to ceiling.Other heaters heat room
43、s unevenly with most of the heat concentrated to the center of the room.And they only heat an area a few feet around the heater.售后The EP comes with a 3year warranty(保修)and a 60day.no questions asked.Satisfaction guarantee.If you are not totally satisfied,return it to our 服务expertise and your money w
44、ill be given back to you.折扣Now,we have a special offer for 10 days,during which you can enjoy a half price discount and a free delivery.if you order that,we reserve the right to either accept or reject order requests at the discounted price.Take action right now!（目的）59.The main purpose of the passag
45、e is to .A.persuade people to buy the product B.advise people to save on heating bills C.report the new development of portable heaters D.compare the difference of different heart brands The practical methods（语气态度类）The key points 1）整个文章结构 a.首段看门见山 1.细心分析 b.通过事例综合分析尾段点明态度 2）作者的立场和主张的观点 2.常考态度类型 posit
46、ive(积极的）negative(消极的)objective(客观的)netural (中立的)approval(赞成的)opponent(对立的)3.禁忌：强加于个人主观的想法态度2013合肥一模Can people change their skin color without suffering like pop king Michael Jackson？Perhaps yes.Scientists have found the gene that determines skin color.（发现结果）实验过程 Scientists have changed the color of
47、a darkstriped zebrafish(斑马鱼)to gold by inserting a version of the pigment(色素)gene into a young fish.As with humans，the skin color of zebrafish is determined by pigment cells，which contain melanin(黑色素)The number，size and darkness of melanin per pigment cell determine skin 5 color.推理Humans acquired da
48、rk skin in Africa about 1.5 million years ago to protect bodies from ultraviolet rays of the sun，which can cause skin cancer.论述But when modern humans leave Africa to live in northern latitudes，they need more sunlight on their skin to produce vitamin DSo the related gene changes，according to Cheng.态度
49、The new discovery could lead to medical treatments for skin cancer.It also could lead to research into ways to change skin color without damaging it like chemical treatment did on Michael Jackson.The writers attitude towards the discovery is_.Aneutral Bnegative Cindifferent Dpositive The practical m
50、ethods（出处类）The key points 1）文章的大标题或者每段前的小标题 1.着眼点 2）反复出现的关键词 3）特殊性的专业化用语 2.常见类型:news report popular magazine a guide book a book review advertisement.2013年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（安徽卷）The Healthy Habits Survey（调查）shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits.Here are some findings an
51、d expert advice.1.How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday?Finding：A full 33%of seniors brush their teeth only once a day.Step：Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a batteryoperated toothbrush.Brush gently for 2 minutes,at least twice a day.2.How many times did y
52、ou wash your hands or bathe yesterday?Finding：Seniors,on average,bathe fewer than 3 days a week.And nearly 30%wash their hands only 4 times a dayhalf of the number doctors recommend.Step：We touch our faces around 3,000 times a dayoften inviting germs（病菌）to enter our mouth,nose,and eyes.Use toilet pa
53、per to avoid touching the door handle.And,most important,wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds.3.How often do you thind about fighting germs?Finding：Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should.Step：Be aware of germs.Do you know it is not your toilet but yourk
54、itchen sponge（海 绵）that can carry more germs than anything else?To kill these germs,keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds.The text probably comes from .A.a guide book B.a popular magazine C.a book review D.an official document The practical methods(续写类)The key points1.补全文章的整个框架结构（多考总分式类型文章
55、）2.从尾段找到隐含信息线索推断下文/结局2013届江西南昌10所省重点中学高三第二次模拟突破冲刺There are many great movie directors of all time and the following are five of those who have largely impressed audience with their body of work.As a member of the New Hollywood gang,Francis Coppola is best remembered for The God father series.His dec
56、ision to cast Marlon Brando in the lead also met with fierce opposition from the studio bosses.Good sense became popular,and The God father went on to become one of the most memorable movies ever.Critics may point out that he has become less creative after his seventies,but try as one might,no one c
57、an possibly take the place of this great directors work.Stanley Kubricks movies focus on the themes like scifi,horror,dark humor and war.He used symbolism in most of his movies,giving us some wonderful screen visuals,as shown in 2001:A Space Odyssey.His actors in Hollywood complained about the endle
58、ss number of retakes,but they appreciated the performance he milked out of them.People argue about films like Lolita,A Clockwork Orange and Paths of Glory,but these are now seen as classics.Steven Spielberg is a great success at the box office,and he is one of the worlds most popular filmmakers toda
59、y.As the creator of classics like Schindlers List,Jurassic Park,ET,Indiana Jones series,Jaws,Saving Private Ryan,no one can win his hold over the audience.His critics accuse him of being emotional and over the top,but the fact remains that his movies attract the audience,and set the cash registers r
60、inging.Woody Allen is a director who directs movies full of crime and hate.This comic genius has given us Annie Hall,Hannah and Her Sisters and Midnight in Paris,which have also become classical.His movies constantly include characters who arouse the audiences sympathy and laughter at the same time,
61、as they set out on a journey of selfdiscovery.Hollywood star power has never fazed Allen.Thankfully,awards and honors do not interest him,which results in creativity that is original.What will be discussed in the paragraph that follows this passage.?ATheir contribution to the society BThe difference
62、 between the directors CAnother famous movie directors DMore great movies from the directors.The practical methods(结构框架类)The key points 1.弄清各段之间的内容联系（常有提示的关键字眼）2.常考类型：总分总分总分总2013陕西高考英语According to sociologists（社会学家）,every modern industrial society has some form of social stratification（阶层）.Class,pow
63、er and status are important in deciding peoples rank in society.Class means a persons economic position in society.A commonly used classification is lower class,middle class and upper class.While sociologists disagree on how these terms should be exactly defined,they do describe societies like the U
64、nited States quite well.One study shows that 53%of Americans belong to the lower class,46%the middle class,and 1%the upper class.Interestingly,a surgeon earning 500,000 a year and a bus driver earning 50,000 a year both regard themselves as the middle class!Power refers to the amount of control a pe
65、rson has over other people.Obviously,people in positions of great power(such as governors)exercise（行使）big power,but people who take orders from others have less power.Power and class do not always 6 go hand in hand,however.For example,the governor of a state has great power,but he or she may not bel
66、ong to a corresponding（相应的）economic class.Generally,however,there is a relationship between power and class.To our knowledge,there arent too many people who arent millionaires in the U.S.Senate!Status is the honor or respect attached to a persons position in society.It can also be affected by power
67、and class,but not necessarily so.For example,a university professor may have a high status but not belong to a high social class or have a lot of power over others.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?A B C Dp1p2 p3 p3P1P2P4P3P1P2P3P4P1P2P3P4Strong willSuccess 1.词汇积累最关键冰冻三尺 2
68、.总结反思改进提高非 3.掌握方法，熟能生巧一日之寒the practical method(主题类)the key points 1.find out the topic setence(议论文，说明文)the features:strong comprehensiveness and summary at the beginning the the position is in the middle of the text main at the end idea 2.look through the text(记叙文)details/truth major clues/tips the
69、main idea tip:put yourself in the writers shoesTht Healthy Habits Survey（调查）shows that only about one third of American seniors have correct habits.Here are some findings and expert advice.1.How many times did you brush your teeth yesterday?Finding：A full 33%of seniors brush their teeth only once a
70、day.Step：Remove the 300 types of bacteria in your mouth each morning with a batteryoperated toothbrush.Brush gently for 2 minutes,at least twice a day.2.How many times did you wash your hands or bathe yesterday?Finding：Seniors,on average,bathe fewer than 3 days a week.And nearly 30%wash their hands
71、only 4 times a dayhalf of the number doctors recommend.Step：We touch our faces around 3,000 times a dayoften inviting germs（病菌）to enter our mouth,nose,and eyes.Use toilet paper to avoid touching the door handle.And,most important,wash your hands often with hot running water and soap for 20 seconds.3
72、.How often do you thind about fighting germs?Finding：Seniors are not fighting germs as well as they should.Step：Be aware of germs.Do you know it is not your toilet but your kitchen sponge（海 绵）that can carry more germs than anything else?To kill these germs,keep your sponge in the microwave for 10 seconds.
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