江苏省如皋中学2019届高三英语上学期期末教学质量调研试题202001110323.doc

1、江苏省如皋中学2019届高三英语上学期期末教学质量调研试题第卷（选择题，共85分）第一部分：听力（每小题1分，满分20分）第一节 (共 5 小题；每小题 1 分，满分 5 分)听下面 5 段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你都有 10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。1. Which painting did the woman buy?A. The one of some boats. B. The one of the houses. C. The one of the mountains.2. Who

2、 did the man see yesterday?A. Jane and Tony. B. Tonys mum. C. The womans boyfriend.3. What does the man do now?A. An officer. B. A shop assistant. C. A teacher.4. What are the speakers discussing?A. What gift to buy. B. Where to buy a gift. C. Whether to buy a gift.5. What does the man mean?A. He wi

3、ll go into town. B. He misses his parents. C. He has moved house.第二节(共 15 小题；每小题 1分，满分 15 分) 听下面 5 段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的 A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题 5 秒钟；听完后，各小题将给出 5 秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。听第 6 段材料，回答第 6、7 题。6. What time are the speakers meeting?A. At 6:00. B. At 7:15. C. At 7:30.

4、7. What does the woman suggest doing after 9:30?A. Eating out. B. Seeing a film. C. Writing a report.听第 7 段材料，回答第 8、9 题。8. What is the probable relationship between the speakers?A. Mother and son. B. Salesperson and customer. C. Sister and brother.9. What would the boy like to buy?A. A blanket. B. A

5、 lamp. C. A desk.听第 8 段材料，回答第 10 至 12 题。10. What made Mary decide to start her business?A. A talk with a friend. B. Unemployment. C. An article.11. What caused Marys problems at the beginning?A. The weather. B. Customers comments. C. Finding customers.12. How does Mary get most of her customers?A. S

6、he advertises a lot.B. She looks for jobs door to door.C. Old customers recommend her to others.听第 9 段材料，回答第 13 至 16 题。13. What kind of bike does the woman want to hire?A. A mountain bike. B. An electric bike. C. A touring bike.14. How much should the woman pay each day if she rents by the day?A. 5.

7、 B. 14. C. 50.15. What needs extra charge?A. A bag. B. A lock. C. A pump.16. How will the woman pay?A. In cash. B. By cheque. C. By credit card.听第 10 段材料，回答第 17 至 20 题。17. What benefit can students get for publishing materials on the school newspaper?A. Money from the school newspaper.B. Extra credi

8、t from the English department.C. Recommendation from the school newspaper director.18. What skills can students develop for being a volunteer at the hospitals?A. Teaching skills. B. Communication skills. C. Nursing skills.19. What might students get from the senior citizens?A. Letters. B. Free meals

9、. C. Material for writing.20. How can students join the Green Club?A. By telephoning Mr Hill.B. By growing plants around the library.C. By signing a paper and leaving their phone numbers.第二部分：英语知识运用（共两节,满分35分）第一节 单项填空（共15小题；每小题1分，满分15分）21. Faced up with a tight budget, I had to _ him about the money

10、 he owed me. A. tackle B. track C. trap D. trick22. The new international school is quite popular with students from different places conveniently _ in downtown. A. locating B. to locateC. being locatedD. located23. Having looked at physical activity and academic performance, investigators found tha

11、t the more children moved, the better their grades were in school, _ in basic subjects of math, English and reading. A. particularly B. deliberately C. indirectly D. smartly 24. -Hi, dear. Your nieces wedding party is to be held this Sunday evening. -Sorry. I cant go then. Im already _. A. submitted

12、 B. excused C. committed D. exposed25. _ to what most of us would expect, older drivers in 30m/ph zones struggled to keep at a constant speed and were more likely to break the speed limit. A. Contradictory B. Contrast C. Contrary D. Correspond26. “Herd immunity” protects the people who get hurt easi

13、ly, including those who cant be vaccinated for medical reasons and those _the vaccine doesnt work. A. to them B. of which C. on whom D. in that27. Recent in-depth analyses of the songs sung by humpback whales show that even when their organ would allow them to do _, the animals tend to the same choi

14、ces. A. otherwise B. furthermore C. nevertheless D. comprehensively28. The Chinese government intends to _ its tax cutting plans for the benefit of its common people who have to support a big family despite the challenges in the process. A. go ahead B. go around C. go about D. go against29. -Hi, Jim

15、. I havent seen you for a long time. Where have you been? -I went to Tibet and _ for one year, working as a volunteer. A. stayB. stayed C. had stayedD. have stayed30. Not to waste time searching, she was accustomed to keeping everything she needed just _ she could get her hands on it. A. as B. when

16、C. where D. if31. Parents are required to give written _before a child can be asked to participate in an interview. A. consent B. consensus C. conscience D. consciousness32. If asked the reason why you will go there, you may tell them you are sent _ for a special programme. A. training B. to be trai

17、ned C. to have trainedD. being trained33. Some people are optimistic and firmly convinced of the advantages of borrowed words while others worry that it may result in language pollution. _ opinion I suppose you agree with doesnt matter. A. Which B. Whose C. Whichever D. Whatever34. Modern English ap

18、peared during the Renaissance in the 16th century when pronunciation _ huge changes. A. pulled through B. put through C. lived through D. went through35. King Henryset a standard for how people were to speak English, but today who can make a decision like that is _! A. anyones guess B. a friendly fi

19、re C. a feet of clay D. a Waterloo第二节：完形填空（共20小题；每小题1分，满分20分）请认真阅读下面短文，从短文后所给各题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡将该项涂黑。Joe Bryant, a former NBA player, once played for the 76ers, Clippers and Rockets. When his only son Kobe Bryant was 6, Joe started playing basketball in _36_. So the Bryant moved to Italy,

20、where Kobe learned to speak fluent Italian and started 37 in. The family moved back to the USA when Kobe was 13. Little Bryant earned national 38 during an amazing high school career and his basketball skills would have ensured 39 to any college, but he figured he could go directly into the NBA. He

21、finally made it and was 40 out of high school in 1996 and was then traded to the Lakers.41 ，Bryant played limited minutes, but as the season continued, he began to see some more playing time as a talented young guard. The 1998-99 season 42 Bryants appearance as a premier guard in the league. 43 , th

22、roughout his career, Kobe has been burdened with comparisons to Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson. Regardless of whether those comparisons have been fair, they are now largely _44_, because Bryant announced that he would retire at the end of the 2015-16 season via a letter poem, where he 45 the momen

23、t he started rolling his dads tube socks and shooting 46 game-winning shots, indicating his deep love for basketball.There are always different interpretations of Bryant, making him the most 47 figure in modern sports, a combination of hero and villain(反面人物). He received criticism for getting his 48

24、 in the games, completely neglecting his teammates; he was _49_ on account of deliberately breaking rules and even charged with sex assault. 50 , with numerous great honors, Kobe has brought his fans 51 memories. His best days are long behind him indeed, but the way he 52 the game as well as life is

25、 always glamorous.Weve always known, and 53 are mentally prepared, that one day Kobe Bryant will not be 54 . Yet his retirement note still caught us off guard. It simply 55 when farewell words are uttered(说出)from one of the all-time greats in basketball .36. A. EuropeB. USA C. Asia D. America37. A.

26、involving B. diving C. participating D. throwing38. A. confirmation B. recognition C. realization D. recommendation39. A. permission B. occupation C. admission D. submission40. A. drafted B. registered C. substituted D. employed41. A. Previously B. Firstly C. Basically D. Initially42. A. represented

27、 B. symbolized C. marked D. reflected43. A. In addition B. In fact C. Therefore D. Then44. A. irrelevant B. irregular C. irresponsible D. irreplaceable45. A. remembered B. recordedC. retoldD. recalled46. A. imaginary B. successful C. practical D. critical47. A. outstanding B. ridiculous C. controver

28、sial D. authentic48. A. way B. scores C. manner D. benefit49. A. suspendedB. suspected C. sustainedD. expanded50. A. Instead B. Besides C. Otherwise D. However51. A. boring B. disappointing C. shocking D. thrilling52. A. plays B. attends C. approaches D. joins53. A. more or less B. sooner or later C

29、. now and then D. by and by54. A. around B. here C. there D. about55. A. works B. hurts C. suffers D. counts第三部分：阅读理解（共15小题；每小题2分, 满分30分）ALessons You Wont Learn In SchoolWisdom lies in acting on the world as it is, not as we wish it to be. Here are three skills that will clarify your vision and brin

30、g you closer to your life goals.1: _If you live life as the star of your own movie, youll almost automatically assume that everyone is observing you closely. As the center of your own universe, you naturally believe that youre also the center of everyone elses. The evidence shows that people do not

31、notice us nearly as much as we think they do.When we care a little less about our self-image, we open the door to interacting more genuinely. We can let down our guard. Others may respond in kind, focusing less on their own self-image and opening up. 2: _No one feels good all the time and we are not

32、 transparent. How do we hold back defensiveness, aggression, oranger?Imagine that your mind contains more than one self. If the self that reasons through the negative experience has a different voice from the one that experienced it, the bad feeling doesnt feel so immediate.The distanced self can gi

33、ve the suffering self the mental space to react to a bad experience less emotionally. We think more clearly and have more control over the way we act.3: _Your own needs and values matter. Knowing how others see you, or what they expect you to be, doesnt mean you have to change anything. Youre in con

34、trol. The challenge is that what we want for ourselves and what others expect of us arent always well defined. They are, of course, not entirely separate. Unconsciously, we tend to try to live up to the expectations of others, includingparents, teachers, and romantic prospects. We become pleasers.Th

35、is living business can get tricky, but we need to act on the world as it is.56. What is the correct order of the subtitles?a. Staying true to your own values despite what others expect of you.b. Focusing on other people without dwelling on how they view you.c. Realizing that you dont have to act the

36、 way you feel.A. abc B. cba C. bac D. bca 57. What kind of lessons does the author teach us? A. Cultural B. Scientific C. Psychological D. PoliticalBAs Artificial Intelligence（AI） becomes increasingly sophisticated， there are growing concerns that robots could become a threat. This danger can be avo

37、ided， according to computer science professor Stuart Russell， if we figure out how to turn human values into a programmable code.Russell argues that as robots take on more complicated tasks， its necessary to translate our morals into AI language.For example， if a robot does chores around the house，

38、you wouldnt want it to put the pet cat in the oven to make dinner for the hungry children. “You would want that robot preloaded with a good set of values，” said Russell.Some robots are already programmed with basic human values. For example， mobile robots have been programmed to keep a comfortable d

39、istance from humans. Obviously there are cultural differences， but if you were talking to another person and they came up close in your personal space, you wouldnt think thats the kind of thing a properly brought-up person would do.It will be possible to create more sophisticated moral machines， if

40、only we can find a way to set out human values as clear rules.Robots could also learn values from drawing patterns from large sets of data on human behavior. They are dangerous only if programmers are careless.The biggest concern with robots going against human values is that human beings fail to so

41、 sufficient testing and theyve produced a system that will break some kind of taboo（禁忌）.One simple check would be to program a robot to check the correct course of action with a human when presented with an unusual situation.If the robot is unsure whether an animal is suitable for the microwave， it

42、has the opportunity to stop， send out beeps（嘟嘟声）， and ask for directions from a human. If we humans arent quite sure about a decision， we go and ask somebody else.The most difficult step in programming values will be deciding exactly what we believe in moral， and how to create a set of ethical rules

43、. But if we come up with an answer， robots could be good for humanity.58. What does the author say about the threat of robots？A. It may constitute a challenge to computer programmers.B. It accompanies all machinery involving high technology.C. It can be avoided if human values are translated into th

44、eir language.D. It has become an inevitable peril as technology gets more sophisticated.59. What would we think of a person who invades our personal space according to the author？A. They are aggressive.B. They are outgoing.C. They are ignorant.D. They are ill-bred.60. How do robots learn human value

45、s？A. By interacting with humans in everyday life situations.B. By following the daily routines of civilized human beings.C. By picking up patterns from massive data on human behavior.D. By imitating the behavior of property brought-up human beings.61. What will a well-programmed robot do when facing

46、 an unusual situation？A. keep a distance from possible dangers.B. Stop to seek advice from a human being.C. Trigger its built-in alarm system at once.D. Do sufficient testing before taking action.CEvery year, you resolve to get more exercise. And every year, you stay stuck on the couch. The American

47、 Academy of Neurology is here to help. The experts on brain health are out with new guidelines that say exercising twice a week may help preserve memory and thinking skills in people with mild cognitive impairment.At least 2.4 million Americans are estimated to have mild cognitive impairment, or MCI

48、, and that figure is projected to grow to at least 5.7 million by 2060, according to a report last month in the journal Alzheimers and Dementia( 阿尔茨海默病与老年性痴呆). The spread of MCI increases with age. The guidelines say it affects 6.7 % of people aged 60 to 64, 8.4% 0f those aged 65 to 69, 10.1% of peo

49、ple 70 to 74, 14.8% of those 75 to 79, and 25.2% of those 80 to 84.Unlike people with Dementia, those with MCI are able to cope with routine tasks such as getting dressed and preparing meals. But they have more trouble remembering appointments and keeping track of their car keys than other people of

50、 their age.Mild cognitive impairment is sometimes but not always a way station to Alzheimers disease. Since there are no proven treatments Alzheimers, doctors are eager to have patients to do what they can to slow its advance. Thats where the exercise advice comes in. in a report published last week

51、 in the journal Neurology, an expert panel recommends that people with MCI be sure to work out at least twice a week. The authors of the new clinical guidelines acknowledged that there are no long-term studies to support this advice. But studies that tracked people for six months “suggest a possible

52、 benefit of twice-weekly exercise for cognition in MCI,” they wrote. Whats more, “exercise also has general health benefits and generally limited risk.”If the evidence to back exercise sounds thin, consider what the experts said they know for sure: You cant medicate your way to better brain health,

53、and you cant count on food to boost your cognitive skills either. In fact, doctors should tell their patients with MCI that “there are no pharmacologic or dietary agents currently shown too have symptomatic cognitive benefit in MCI and that no medications” are approved by the Food and Drug Administr

54、ation for that purpose, the panel wrote.Sometimes, symptoms can improve by taking fewer medications, the authors said. Cognitive problems can be a side effect of certain drugs, so doctors should keep patients off them if its safe to do so, the guidelines suggest. Sleep problems, depression and other

55、 medical conditions can also cause mild cognitive impairment. Treating those problems may be an effective way to treat MCI, the experts wrote. Cognitive training may help too, though the evidence for this is weak, they added.The new guidelines dont include recommendations for specific kind of exerci

56、se that would help people with MCI. Short-term studies suggest that both aerobic exercise and resistance training may be useful. 62. Which of the following statements about the new guidelines is true? A. Exercising twice a week helps preserve memory and thinking skills in people.B. The spread of MCI

57、 influences about a quarter of those aged 80-84.C. People with dementia are able to handle routine tasks like getting dressed.D. Its more difficult for those with MCI to remember dates than people with dementia.63. Which“project” in the following sentences has the same meaning as the underlined “pro

58、ject” in paragraph 2 ?A. The next edition of the book is projected for publication in March.B. The experts projected that the unemployment rate would fall the next year.C. That images are projected onto the surrounding walls amazed us a lot.D. They sought advice on how to project a more positive ima

59、ge of their company.64. What the new guidelines exclude is _.A. specific kind of exercise for people with MCI.B. that doctors should keep patients off drugs.C. that exercise benefits those sufferers.D. that fewer medicine can improve symptoms.DRoderigo still loved Desdemona and disappointed that she

60、 had married Othello. He told Iago, his good friend, that he was thinking about killing himself.“Dont be stupid,” said Iago. “I will not be your friend if you do.Look, I hate that black general and I will be pleased if you can take his wife from him. We can help each other take revenge on him.”Iagos

61、 plan was to make Othello think that Cassio and Desdemona were in love.Iago began to put his plan into action. First,Cassio was very frustrated because he had lost his good reputation. “ Dont worry about it,” said Iago. “A good name is not important. People often get good names without earning them

62、and lose them the same way. You often lose your good name if you think you have lost it. Ask the general to forgive you, and you will soon have your good name back.”“If I ask him to change his mind, hell tell me that I was drunk. I cant ask him.”“Every man gets drunk sometimes,” said Iago.Then Iago

63、put the next part of his plan into action. He looked very kindly at Cassio. “I can give you some advice,” he offered. “I think you should ask Desdemona to talk to him. She is your friend, and Othello will listen to her. He will do what she asks.”Cassio thought this was good advice and thanked Iago f

64、or it. He didnt realize this was the next step in Iagos plan. Iago even asked his wife Emilia to help Cassio speak to Desdemona in private.“Thank you, thank you!” said Cassio. “Youre a very good friend.”Iago smiled and rubbed his hands. The plan was working.Emilia helped Cassio meet with Desdemona.

65、Desdemona agreed to help Cassio become the lieutenant again. She thought it would be difficult to convince the general. As they were speaking, Othello and Iago approached them. Cassio didnt want to talk to Othello because he still felt badly about being drunk, so he quickly left. Iago, however, made

66、 sure that Othello saw him leaving. “Was that Cassio?” asked Othello.“I dont think so,” lied Iago. “Why would he run away looking guilty?”“Im quite sure it was him,” replied Othello.Desdemona asked her husband to make Cassio a lieutenant again. Othello, however, was beginning to feel suspicious of C

67、assio. He said he would think about it. Desdemona kept asking him about it. Othello asked Iago for advice.“Tell me what you think,” said Othello.Iago smiled. He was very clever. He didnt say that Cassio was a bad man or that Cassio was in love with Desdemona.“I cant tell you what I think, because it

68、 is very bad to steal a persons good name. A good name is the most important thing a man or woman has,” he said.“Then you dont need to tell me” said Othello. “I can guess what you are thinking.”“Dont be jealous, my lord,” said Iago. “If a mans wife loves another man, its better that the man dont kno

69、w about it. Its terrible to doubt your wifes honesty because you will think about it every day.”“No,” said Othello. “I will never be jealous just because people say good things about my wife. I know she is beautiful and clever. I love her. I must see proof before I believe she loves another man.”“Go

70、od,” said Iago. “Then I can tell you what I think. Its not proof, and therefore, will not make you jealous. I think you should watch your wife closely. The girls of Venice are deceptive. I know them. Remember that she deceived her father to marry you. She is very clever woman even though she is youn

71、g. You know that yourself!”Othello thought about Iagos words and began to worry. He thought that Iago knew much more than he was saying. He asked Iago to ask Emilia to watch Desdemona.“Please tell me any news of what she does,” he asked Iago.Iago agreed. He smiled and rubbed his hands. The plan was

72、working.65. What do you think made Cassio lose his good reputation?A. That Cassio got drunkB. That Desdemona was his friendC. That Cassio met Desdemona frequentlyD. That Cassio and Desdemona were in love66. Which of the following is not true?A. Cassio regretted to have been drunk.B. Iago led Othello

73、 to Cassio deliberately when he was talking with Desdemona.C. Iago told Othello his real feeling about his wife.D. Othello believed in his wife at first.67. What was the real purpose of Iagos plan?A. To earn trust from OthelloB. To make Othello think that Cassio and Desdemona were in love.C. To help

74、 Cassio get back his good reputation.D. To be revenged on Othello and Cassio.68. Which word of the following can replace the underlined word “deceive”?A. trick B. convince C. suspect D. persuade69. What is the best title for the passage?A. Iagos planB. Cassio and Desdemona C. Othello and Desdemona.

75、D. A suspicious husband70. Which of the following can best describe Iago?A. Helpful B. Jealous C. Evil D. guilty 第卷（非选择题，共35分）第四部分：任务型阅读（共10小题；每小题1分，满分10分）阅读下列短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。The relationship we have with ourselves will depend on the relationship we have with the world around us. Man

76、y people have spent precious time trying to change someone or something in their lives but in vain. To feel peaceful and live in harmony with the world, all we need to do is change ourselves. When we change, the world around us automatically change. If you desire to live a less stressful life by cha

77、nging the relationship you have with yourself, herere some tips to consider. Make an effort to be careful of the ego. The ego, or sense of self, is very fragile. It never wants to see itself as the problem, so it will make you believe nothing is ever your fault. The most important thing to remember

78、is it is only you yourself that give rise to your actions and feelings and you should be responsible for them. The way others behave is their doing, while your reaction to it is your doing.Forgive yourself. When making a mistake, you have two options: you can think a lot about it, or you can recogni

79、ze it, learn from it and move on. When choosing to learn from our mistakes, we stop being strict with ourselves for making them first. We can move forward with our lives without living in the past. The best thing about forgiving ourselves is that we find it easier forgive others.Point the finger at

80、yourself. When someone makes you angry, use it as an opening to see what part of your ego is being hurt. Every negative situation is a chance for self-awareness, and a chance to choose a more loving reaction.Trying to change the world around us can be difficult. We place the key to our happiness in

81、the behavior of others who may or may not ever change. To get to the root of the problem, turn your attention inward and focus on changing yourself first. Youll find you notice fewer problems in the outside world when you have made peace with all of the problems inside you.End an 71._ with all of th

82、e problems inside you, and youll find 72._ problems in the outside world.Introduction The relationship we have with ourselves 73._ the relationship we have with the world around us. Ways to live a 74._ life75._ out for the ego.Remember your actions and feelings are always 76._ by you alone.Forgive y

83、ourself.Learn from our mistakes, and cease to be 77._ on ourselves.Point the finger back at yourself.When someone 78. _ you, use it a chance to reflect on yourself.ConclusionIts 79._ for us to waste precious time trying to change someone or something in our lives.To feel more at 80._ with the world,

84、 all we need to do is change ourselves.第五部分 书面表达 (满分25分)81. 请阅读下面短文，并按照要求用英语写一篇150词左右的文章。Chinese elements in western mainstream mediaAs Chinas presence across the world increases and it forges stronger relations with western nations, more Chinese elements are appearing in western media. Lets look at

85、 some Chinese elements that have graced western publications. The UK-based weekly magazine, The Economist, set a column for China in Jan, 2012. it has been 70 years since the magazine set the first special column for the USA in 1942. after the “China Column”, it increased its coverage of China in th

86、e magazine. In 2012, The Economist published over 200 reports about China, three times the volume compared with 10 years ago. Meanwhile, the content of coverage also has extended from politics and economy to areas like society, culture and science. When employing Chinese elements, the portrait of Ch

87、inese politicians used to be the only choice for the magazine. Thing began to change when it published Chinese actress Gong Lis photo on its cover in 1996. Later, more Chinese icons, like kung fu star Jackie Chen posed for a TIME cover shoot.【写作内容】 1. 用约30个单词写出上文及图片概要； 2. 用约120个单词阐述中国元素流行的原因以及你对中国元素

88、发展的看法。 【写作要求】 1. 写作过程中不能直接引用原文语句； 2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称； 3. 不必写标题。 【评分标准】 内容完整，语言规范，语篇连贯，词数适当。 _请在答题纸相应区域内答题_ 第一部分 听力1-5. BABA C 6-10. BA ABC 11-15. ACCBA 16-20. CBACC第二部分 语言知识运用21-25 ADACC 26-30 CACBC 31-35 ABCDA36-40 ABBCA 41-45 DCBAD 46-50 ACAAD 51-55 DCAAB第三部分 阅读理解56-57 DC 58-61 CDCD 62-64 BBA 65-

89、70 ACDAAC第四部分 任务阅读71. argument 72. fewer 73. determines 74. relaxing 75. Watch76. generated/caused 77. hard 78. angers/annoys 79. unnecessary 80. peace第五部分 书面表达As the passage conveys, with the relations between China and foreign countries further developing, Chinese elements constantly appear in wes

90、tern media in various forms and contents, beautifying western publications. The reasons behind the popularity of Chinese elements can be listed as follows. First, the occurrence of Chinese elements in western publications fully reflects the profound influence of Chinese culture on the outside world.

91、 Actually, not only have these Chinese elements become a vital source of inspiration for designers, they also have attracted fans all over the world for their unique charm. Whats more, valued as the ancient wisdom of working people, Chinese elements are closely related to peoples lives, which have c

92、ome into widespread use in peoples lives. As Chinese adolescents, we should concentrate our efforts on exploring our precious spiritual wealth instead of blindly admire or follow foreign fashions. I hold the firm belief that in the near future more foreigners will be attracted by many things with Chinese elements.