1、2018高考英语（通用）二轮训练：阅读理解（主旨大意）含答案阅读理解-主旨大意题常见的命题方式有：1What is the best title for this passage?2Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?3Whats the main idea of the text?4The main idea of the second paragraph is probably that .1标题归纳类标题归纳类题目应该注意其醒目性、概括性和针对性。解题时抓住文章的首段和每一段的首尾句以及一些贯穿整篇文章
2、始终的关键词。名师点津干扰项特点1以偏概全；2.断章取义；3.主题扩大；4.张冠李戴；5.无中生有。典题印证(2016全国，C片段)Reading can be a social activity.Think of the people who belong to book groups.They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them.Now，the website BookC turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.Members go on the site
3、 and register the books they own and would like to share.BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book.Then the person leaves it in a public place，hoping that the book will have an adventure，traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.Bruce Pederson，the managin
4、g director of BookCrossing，says，“The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read.BookCrossing combines both.”32What is the best title for the text?AOnline Reading：A Virtual TourBElectronic Books：A New TrendCA Book Group Brings Tradition BackDA Website Links People Thr
5、ough Books答案D解析标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了BookCrossing这个网站，因此文章标题应体现“网站”这一关键点，再根据文章第三段可知该网站把人生命中最重要的两个事物：人和书联系在一起。D项内容能够涵盖文章的中心思想。2文章大意类每一篇文章都有其大意，获取大意的方法是找主题句。主题句通常在文章的首段或尾段，但是有时候也出现在文章中间段落。阅读的过程中应该对每段的主题句给予特别的关注。名师点津确定选项是否切合中心主题，要从整篇文章出发，切勿本末倒置、主次不分，避免以点带面、以偏概全。典题印证(2016江苏，B)Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certai
6、n ways，like gathering in war parties to protect their territory.But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings，they have little instinct(本能) to help one another.Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves.Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children，who are able from
7、a young age to gather their own food.In the laboratory，chimps dont naturally share food either.If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or，with no greater effort，a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage，he will pull at randomhe just doesnt
8、 care whether his neighbor gets fed or not.Chimps are truly selfish.Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative.From the earliest ages，they desire to help others，to share information and to participate in achieving common goals.The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this coope
9、rativeness in a series of experiments with very young children.He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an unrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door，almost all will immediately try to help.There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help，inform and share are not taught，but n
10、aturally possessed in young children.One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train their children to behave socially.Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded.A third reason is that social intelligence devel
11、ops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps.In tests conducted by Tomasello，the human children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but were considerably better at understanding the social world.The core of what childrens minds ha
12、ve and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that，even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose.They actively seek to be part of a “we”，a group that intends to work toward a sha
13、red goal.60The passage is mainly about .Athe helping behaviors of young childrenBways to train childrens shared intentionalityCcooperation as a distinctive human natureDthe development of intelligence in children答案C解析主旨大意题。本文属于科普说明文，作者从猩猩的自私行为导入到人类无私帮助他人的本能，分析了人类具有愿意帮助他人、愿意与他人合作的本能的原因。A、B、D三项都属于文章的部
14、分内容，并非中心思想。故C项正确。3段落大意类段落的大意即某一段的中心思想，一般体现在某个句子中，即我们所说的主题句。说明文或议论文的主题句一般出现在句首。采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后。有时候主题句也会出现在段落中间，甚至没有明确的主题句，这就要求我们根据段落的内容进行概括归纳。名师点津主题句的把握：1开门见山：提出主题细节论述阐明主题；2段末点睛：细节描述归纳要点概括主题；3段中点旨：细节描述归纳主题解释说明。典题印证(2016浙江，C片段)Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws l
15、ight on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effortthe desire to explore，explain，and understand our worldis simply something that comes from our
16、 babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds，and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may hav
17、e been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it，“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”53What is the main idea of the last paragraph?AThe world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.BStudying babies play may lead to a bette
18、r understanding of science.CChildren may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.DOnes drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.答案B解析段落大意题。根据本段内容尤其是第一句可知，本段主要讲“研究孩子的游戏可以让人们更好地理解科学”，故选B。.单词梳理A词汇与派生1admit vadmission n.2organize vt.organization n.3inform vt.inform
19、ation n.4emotion nemotionally adv.5laugh vi.laughter n.6sad adj.sadness n.7variety nvarious adj.8annoy vt.annoying adj.B选用上述词汇的正确形式填空1I dont know how my story caused so much laughter.2You need to learn the power of thought and emotion.3Ill keep you informed of the progress made.4We congratulated him
20、 on his being admitted to the Party.5They may apply to join the organization.6Joans childhood was filled with pain and sadness.7There are various types of the disease.8I like my sister，even if she can be annoying sometimes.短语提炼A根据汉语提示写出文中短语1参与；涉及be concerned with2和没有关系has nothing to do with3也；还；和一样a
21、s well as4由于due to5打盹；小睡take a nap6大量的amounts ofB运用上述短语完成下列句子1这和你或者你的孩子无关。This has nothing to do with you or your baby.2由于出现了我们无法控制的情况，我们不能在此着陆。Due to circumstances beyond our control，we cannot land here.3我和那件事情不再有牵连了。I am not concerned with that matter any longer.4建造这座桥花费了大笔的钱款。Large amounts of mon
22、ey were spent on the bridge.5我们在一棵大树下面打了一个盹。We took a nap in the shade of a large tree.6显然他对音乐和绘画都有兴趣。Obviously he is interested in music as well as (in) painting.句式活学运用1People eating with one other person eat 35 percent more than they do at home.句式分析eating with one other person是现在分词短语，在句中作定语。翻译如果和另
23、一个人共同进餐，要比在家里多吃35%。仿写有些小孩在河里游泳。There were some children swimming in the river.2Your knowledge about what makes food good or bad also affects how much you eat.句式分析句中的what引导宾语从句，作about的宾语，what在从句中作主语。翻译你对于使食物变好或变坏的了解也影响到你的食量。仿写1492年哥伦布到达了现在所称的美洲大陆。In 1492，Columbus reached what is now called America.单词
24、梳理A词汇与派生1distribute vt.distribution n.2convenient adj.convenience n.3deep adj.depth n.4lonely adj.loneliness n.5encourage vt.encouraging adj.6actual adj.actually adv.7fortunate adj.fortunately adv.8attract vt.attraction n.B选用上述词汇的正确形式填空1Please send her the book at your convenience.2The actual cost i
25、s much higher than we have expected.3Some types of plants are widely distributed.4Blackpool is the top tourist attraction in England.5We were very pleased to hear this encouraging news.6Fortunately the rain stopped before we started.7Many deaf people have feelings of loneliness.8The depth of the pon
26、d was about five feet.短语提炼A根据汉语提示写出文中短语1对有影响 have an impact on2平均地on average3就而言in terms of4盼望look forward to5认为理所当然take.for granted6幸亏；由于thanks toB运用上述短语完成下列句子1乔治认为他朋友为他做的一切是理所当然的。George took for granted all that his friends did for him.2一般人平均需要花上两年的时间才能将它学完。It takes ordinary people on average two
27、years to finish it.3亏得你们帮忙，我们才提前完成了任务。Thanks to your help，we accomplished the task ahead of schedule.4电脑的发明对人类社会产生了重要的影响。The invention of computer has an impact on human society.5我们期待着明天与他会面。We are looking forward to meeting him tomorrow.6就钱来说他很富有，但就幸福来说就不然了。In terms of money，hes quite rich，but not
28、in terms of happiness.句式活学运用1While the video doesnt show the baking process，the inventor says that once the pizza is printed，it can be ready to be consumed in 7 seconds.句式分析句中的while引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管，虽然”。翻译尽管视频没有展示烤制的过程，但是发明者说一旦披萨被压制出来，七秒后就可以享用。仿写虽然他身体不好，但他还是努力工作。While he is in poor health，he works hard
29、.2This，as you can imagine，will not be so easy.句式分析句中as引导非限定性定语从句，表示“正如；就像”。翻译正如你能想象的，这不会那么容易。仿写众所周知，没有水鱼不能生存。As is known to all，fish cant live without water.训练题选编(2017云南省11校跨区调研考试)If our kids dont fall，they dont learn to get up.I still remember the day in high school that my mom forgot to pick me up
30、 from school.Im the oldest of four children，and no doubt shed had a long day with the other kids and it had slipped her mind.After waiting at school for an hour，I walked the three miles home，and when I got to my house，I shut our front door with anger，stormed into the kitchen and screamed in my moms
31、face that shed forgotten me.Later that night，my dad told me I no longer had a ride to school the next day.I figured my mom would still take me，but when the morning came，she refused.It was midterm，and as a straightA student ready to start college applications，being late wasnt an option.In my mind，mis
32、sing these tests would have been the end of my academic career.I begged my mom，I told her she was ruining my future and everything Id worked for.But she held_her_ground，and that day, I walked to school.And I missed my tests.My mom didnt rescue me from failure.She let me suffer from it.She let me fig
33、ure it out.She let me learn.Now，as a mom myself，Ive realized that I want my kids to experience failure because failure is how we grow，learn and think outside of ourselves. Its how we selfeducate to learn whats right and respectable，and whats not.Its how we become responsible and enthusiastic.Falling
34、 down makes us better，because we learn how to get up.【语篇解读】本文作者通过亲身体会告诉我们：失败让我们变得更好，因为我们在失败中学会成长。1Why did the author shout at her mother?ABecause she was tired after walking home.BBecause she missed some important tests.CBecause her mother had ruined her future.DBecause her mother didnt pick her up
35、home.D考查细节理解。根据第一段的“After waiting at school for an hour，I walked the three miles home，and when I got to my house，I shut our front door with anger，stormed into the kitchen and screamed in my moms face that shed forgotten me.”可知，作者在学校等了一个小时，后来自己走回了家，因此她对妈妈没有去学校接她非常生气。故选D。2How does the author feel abou
36、t her experience now?ADisappointed.BMerciful.CBeneficial.DEmbarrassed.C考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Now，as a mom myself，Ive realized that I want my kids to experience failure because failure is how we grow，learn and think outside of ourselves.”说明作者现在认为她之前的经历对她是有益的(Beneficial)。3What does the underlined phrase“held
37、 her ground” in Paragraph 2 mean?AStuck to her decision.BGave in to me.CSaid yes to me.DStayed in the place.A考查词义猜测。根据第二段的“But she held_her_ground，and that day，I walked to school.”中But的转折意味以及后面作者仍然走着去上学可知，妈妈仍坚持她的观点，没有送作者去上学。4What is the best title for the text?AOffer Your Kids Help if NecessaryBStop
38、 Rescuing Your Kids from FailureCBe Responsible for Your Kids FailureDTry to Meet Your Kids DemandsB考查标题判断。根据第三段和第四段的叙述，尤其是第三段的“My mom didnt rescue me from failure.”及“.I want my kids to experience failure because failure is how we grow，learn and think outside of ourselves.”可知，B项最适合作文章标题。干扰项分析A项“如果有必要，给你的孩子提供帮助”与D项“尽力满足你孩子的要求”均与文章内容相悖。C项“对你孩子的失败负责”是年少时作者对妈妈的不满。