1、阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C、D）中选出最佳选项。A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly，courteous and helpful most Americans were to themTo be fair，this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians，and should best be considered North AmericanThere are，of course，exce
2、ptionsSmall-minded officials，rude waiters，and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the USYet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves commentFor a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existenceDullness an
3、d loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one anotherStrangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion，and brought news of the outside worldThe harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitalitySomeone traveling alone，if hungry，
4、injured，or ill，often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlementIt was not a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlersIt reflected the harshness of daily life： if you didnt take in the stranger and take care of him，there was no one
5、 else who wouldAnd someday，remember，you might be in the same situationToday there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary travelerYet，the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US，especially in the smaller cities and towns away from the
6、busy tourist trails“I was just traveling through，got talking with this American，and pretty soon he invited me home for dinneramazing” Such observations reported by visitors to the US are not uncommon，but are not always understood properly1In the eyes of visitors from the outside world，_Arude taxi dr
7、ivers are rarely seen in the USBsmall-minded officials deserve a serious commentCCanadians are not so friendly as their neighborsDmost Americans are ready to offer help2It could be inferred from the last paragraph that _Aculture exercises an influence over social interrelationshipBcourteous conventi
8、on and individual interest are interrelated Cvarious virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friendsDsocial interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions3Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers _Ato improve their hard life Bin view of their long-distance
9、 travelCto add some flavor to their own daily lifeDout of a charitable impulse4The tradition of hospitality to strangers _Atends to be superficial and artificial Bis generally well kept up in the united StatesCis always understood properlyDhas something to do with the busy tourist trails5Whats the a
10、uthors attitudes toward the Americans friendliness？AFavorable BUnfavorable CIndifferent DNeutral【参考答案】1-5、DACBAPassage Ten (The Importance of Independent Thinking)No one can be a great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first duty to follow her intellect to whatever conclusions
11、 it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. No that it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinking is
12、required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable to enable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capable of. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a general atmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will b
13、e, in that atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodox speculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention that principles are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatest questions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot
14、 hope to find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made some periods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up fro9m its foundation and the impulse given which
15、raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.She who knows only her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food, and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable to refute the reasons of the opposite
16、 side; if she does not so much as know what they are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contents herself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world the side to whi
17、ch she feels the most inclination. Nor is it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her own teachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer as refutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into real contact with her o
18、wn mind. She must be able to hear them form persons who actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmost for them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to enco
19、unter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in a hundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even of those who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true,
20、 but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves
21、 profess. 1.The best title for this passage is A The Age of Reason The need for Independent ThinkingC The Value of Reason D Stirring Peoples Minds2.According to the author, it is always advisable to A have opinions which cannot be refuted.adopt the point of view to which one feels the most inclinati
22、on.C be acquainted with the arguments favoring the point of view with which one disagrees,D suspend heterodox speculation in favor of doctrinaire approaches.3.According to the author, in a great period such as the Renaissance we may expect to findA acceptance of truth controversy over principles C i
23、nordinate enthusiasm D a dread of heterodox speculation 4.According to the author, the person who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in all of the following ways EXCEPT asA enslaved by tradition less than fully rationalC determinded on controversy D having a closed mind5.It
24、can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of the following statementsA A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.Periods of intellectual achievement are periods of unorthodox reflection,C The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by ones own
25、teachers.D excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,Vocabulary1. stature 高度，境界，状况2. heterodox 不合乎公认的标准的，异端的，异教的3. tacit 心照不宣4. refute 反驳5. adversary 对立面，对手，敌人6. plausible 善于花言巧语的/辞令的，似乎有理的/有可能的7. doctrine 教义，学说8. profess 表示，明言，承认，自称，信奉难句译注1. True gains more even by the errors of one who with du
26、e study and preparation, thinks for himself, then by the true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think.参考译文 真理甚至从一个经过恰当研究和准备进行独立思考的人的错误中获得更多的东西，而从那些只是因为不予思考却持有正确的观点中获得的少（一种经过恰当的研究和准备进行独立思考的人犯的错误，另一种人是不予思考的却持有正确的观点，真理从前者错误中获得的东西比从后者的正确观点中获得的要多）。2. mental sla
27、very 思想禁锢，精神受奴役状态3. Never when controversy avoided the subjects which are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from its foundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellect to something of the dignity of thinking bei
28、ngs.结构简析 这是一句以Never否定词开头的倒装句，正常的句序应把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was never stirred up from its foundations 参考译文 当辩论比开重大课题，重大到足以燃起/激起人们激/热情的课题时，那么一个民族的思想绝不会从天赋的情感和原始的基础上升华，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到优点庄严的思想家水平上。4. The rational position for her would be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself wi
29、th that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world, the side to which she feels the most inclination.参考译文 对她来说理智的立场是停止判断，而且除非她满足于这一点，否则，她不是为权威人物的观点所左右，后者就像世界上芸芸众生一样，倒向她感觉最倾向的一边。5. That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact wi
30、th her own mind.结构简析 do justice to 公平对待，适当处理。 Bringinto contact with 使和接触联系。参考译文 这不是对正确观点评价的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接触到论点的实质。6. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of; el
31、se she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty.结构简析 most plausible and persuasive form 很善于辞令和有说服力形式。possess oneself of 获得，据有，把占为己有。them=arguments。else否则的话。7. Their conclusion may be true, but it might be false for anything they know; they hav
32、e never thrown themselves into the mental position of those who think differently form them and considered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, in any proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.结构简析 throw oneself intoposition 设身处地，使自己处于位置地点
33、。写作方法与文章大意这是一篇由一般到具体，重要采用正反对比，推理的写作方法的文章，逻辑性强，正反论证，句子结构复杂冗长，分两段给出内容，第一段重点在：伟大的思想家的首要责任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的结论。由此引起思想家和思想活跃的人民同时代环境的关系。只有思想后月的时期，才有伟大的思想家和活跃的人民，因为他们可以讨论重大主题，而在思想禁锢时期，只能产生个别伟大思想家。第二段具体的论证了独立思考涉及两方面，既如自己一方种种，也得知对手的一方种种（内容，推理，论点），才能真正获得真理。答案详解. B 独立思考的必要性。见难句译注。这里说明进行独立思考的人即使犯错误，真理也能从中获得东西，而那些懒于
34、思考人，即使持有正确的观点，真理也难以获得东西。第一段还点明思想禁锢时期，即不能进行独立思考时期，难以讨论重大议题，产生不了活跃的人民，绝不会出现像辉煌的文艺复兴那种时期（见第二题注）。第二段也是围绕独立思考而写，只是从具体点着眼：人只知自己，不知对方无法获得真理，只有独立思考两方，才能不为权威所左右，不会跟着自己感觉走，最终知道自己的真正主张。A. 理性时代。C.驳斥的价值。D. 激发人民的思想。. C 熟悉有利于自己不同意反对观点的论点。这是作者在第二段讲述的重要论点。他认为一个人只知自己一方，推理极好，无人能反驳，却不知对方的推理，也不能够予以反驳的话，他就无权选择两方的任一论点，其理智
35、位置是停止判断。否则她就会（像世界上芸芸众生那样）不是为权威所“引导”，就是跟着感觉（的倾向）走。其二，作者提出：光听自己的老师讲述对立面的论点，以及他们所提出的反驳论点。只是不够的，必须倾听那些人（他们真正相信对立的观点）的论点，并为此积极热情，竭尽全力辩护，才能使自己的思想和独立论点接触，公正的作出公正的判断。A. 具有不能驳斥的观点。B. 采取个人感觉最倾向的观点。 D. 停止有利于教条主义研究的异端思考。. B 辩论原则问题。答案在第一段：在思想禁锢的气氛中，过去，现在可能会产生个别的思想家，但绝不会有思想活跃的人民，在那里有一种心照不宣的惯律：原则决不能讨论认为占据人类心灵的最重大问
36、题的讨论应封闭，我们不能期望看到一般高级的思想活动。这种思想活动曾使历史上某些时期光辉灿烂。而文艺复兴就是思想活动的顶峰时期，必然会讨论原则问题，所以选B 。 A. 接受真理，周经过讨论才能接受真理。C. 过度的热情。 D. 害怕异端思考。. C.在辩论上，坚定不移。这是一道推断题，一般讲：持有未经检验的正统信仰的人不会独立思考，更不会怀疑他所信仰的东西。A. 为传统所奴役。B. 不怎么理智。D. 头脑闭塞。这种人必然受传统思想控制，不理智更不愿接受外界新鲜事物。. B. 在思想方面取得成就的时期就是进行非正统反思的时期。见题注释。A. 一个真正的思想家不犯错误。C. 一个人的老师最能提供所接
37、受思想观点的反驳。D. 过度的辩论会制止清晰的思考。、【2013界内蒙古巴市一中一模】 Obama Still Smokes in SecretUS President Barack Obama has just made life more difficult for cigarette makers. He has just signed a law that will set tough new rules for the tobacco industry. The new law gives the US Food and Drug Administration the power t
38、o strictly limit the making and marketing of tobacco products.At a White House signing ceremony Monday, Obama said that he was among the nearly 90% of smokers who took up the habit before their 18 th birthday.Obama, who has publicly struggled to give up smoking, said he still hadnt completely kicked
39、 the habit. Every now and then he still smokes in secret.“As a former smoker I struggle with it all the time. Do I still smoke sometimes? Yes. Am I a daily smoker, a constant smoker? No.” Obama said at a news conference.“I don t do it in front of my ladsI don ?t do it in front of my familyI would sa
40、y that I am 95% cured, but there are times when I mess up, he saidOnce you go down this path, it s something you continually struggle with, which is exactly why the law is so importantThe new law is not about me, it s about the next generation of kids coming upWhat we don t want is kids going down t
41、hat path, he saidNearly 20% of Americans smoke and tobacco use kills about 440,000 people a year in the United States due to cancer, heart disease, and other serious diseases64The new law makes life difficult for .AObama Btobacco industryCWhite House DUS Food and Drug Administration65What do we know
42、 about Obama?AHe no longer smokesBHe still smokes as usual CHe began to smoke at eighteenDHe is trying hard to give up smoking66According to the passage, Obama is most concerned about Achildren Bofficials Chis family DbusinessmenC篇BDA 【2013界内蒙古巴市一中一模】Time and how we experience it have always puzzled
43、 usPhysicists have created fascinating theories, but their time is measured by a pendulum （钟摆） and is not psychological time, which leaps with little regard to the clock or calendarAs some-one who understood the distinction observed, When you sit with a nice girl for two hours it seems like a minute
44、, but when you sit on a hot stove, a minute seems like two hoursPsychologists have long noticed that larger units of time, such as months and years, fly on swifter wings as we ageThey also note that the more time is structured with schedules and appointments, the more rapidly it seems to passFor exa
45、mple, a day at the office flies compared with a day at the beachSince most of us spend fewer days at the beach and more at the office as we age, an increase in structured tune could well be to blame for why time seems to speed up as we grow olderExpectation and familiarity also make time seem to flo
46、w more rapidlyAlmost all of us have had the experience of driving somewhere weve never been before. Surrounded by unfamiliar scenery, with no real idea of when well arrive, we experience the trip as lasting a long time. But the return trip, although exactly as long, seems to take far less time. The
47、novelty of the outward journey has become routine. Thus taking a different route on occasions can often help slow the clock.When was become as identical as identical as beads（小珠子）on a string, they mix together, and even months become a single day. To counter this, try to find ways to interrupt the s
48、tructure of your dayto stop time, so to speak.Learning something new is one of the ways to slow the passage of time. One of the reasons the days of our youth seems so full and long is that these are the days of learning and discovery. For many of us, learning ends when we leave school, but this does
49、nt have to be.67The underlined sentence in Paragraph 1 is used to show .Apsychological time is quite puzzlingBtime should not be measured by a pendulumCphysical time is different from psychological timeDphysical theory has nothing to do with the true sense of time68Why do units of time fly faster as
50、 we grow older?AOur sense of time changes.BWe spend less time at the beach.CMore time is structured and scheduled.DTime is structured with too many appointments.69In Paragraph 3 “novelty” probably means .AexcitementBunfamiliarityCimaginationDamusement70The purpose of the passage is to .Agive various explanations about timeBdescribe how we experience time psychologicallyCshow the different ideas of physicists and psychologists on timeDexplain why time flies and how to slow it down psychologicallyD篇CCBD