1、Section Learning about LanguageMany people look down upon poor people.许多人瞧不起穷人。1look down upon/on 蔑视；瞧不起典例 We should not look down upon/on manual labour.我们不应该轻视体力劳动者。拓展 look up to 尊敬；仰慕运用 完成句子She _(看不起)those who hasnthad a college education.looks down upon/onThe students all _(仰慕)the oldprofessor.lo
2、ok/looked up toIf the word group refers to different members,use a pluralverb.如果“group”这个单词指不同的成员，谓语动词一般用复数。2refer to 查阅；参考；谈到典例 He wrote the essay without referring to any books.他没有参考任何书籍就写下了这篇文章。Dont refer to this matter again,please.请别再提这件事。拓展 refer.to.将送交给refer to.as.把称作；把当作运用 完成句子 Dont _ (查阅)a
3、dictionary during anexamination.refer to The case was _(送交)the Court of Appeal.She always _(称汤姆为)“that nice man”referred torefers to Tom as主谓一致主谓一致是指主语和谓语要保持人称和数的一致，主语的人称和数决定谓语动词的数。特殊用法归纳如下：一、就近原则由 either.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.,.or.等引导的主语，以及 there be 句型，谓语动词的单复数取决于最靠近它的名词的单复数。如：There is
4、 a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.桌上有一支笔，一把刀和几本书。There are twenty boy students in the class.班上有 20 个男生。Either you or your sister is to blame.你或者你妹妹该受责备。Not only the students but also their teacher is invited toattend the party.学生跟老师都受邀参加聚会。二、意义一致原则1.当主语后面接说明主语的修饰语，如：with.,togetherwith.,al
5、ong with.,including.,in addition to.,besides.,except.,as much as.,as well as.,accompanied by.,rather than.等时，谓语动词的数同修饰词前面的主语保持一致。如：My mother,as well as my two brothers,has a key to the office.我母亲，还有我的两个哥哥都有办公室的钥匙。He as well as I wants to go boating.我和他都想去划船。2.表示时间、距离、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时，通常被看作整体，谓语动词用单数。如
6、：One hundred dollars is a large sum for the poor.一百美元对于穷人来说是一大笔钱。Three weeks was allowed for making the necessarypreparations.有三周的时间来做必要的准备。Ten yuan is enough.10 元钱就够了。3.单一的动词不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。如：To work hard is necessary.努力工作是必要的。Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy,wealthyand
7、wise.早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。(主语“早睡早起”指一件事)注意：指不同性质的两件事时，谓语动词用复数。如：Reading and writing are very important.读和写都非常重要。4.many a/more than one 修饰可数名词单数，尽管表示复数意义，谓语仍用单数。如：More than one example is necessary to help the studentsunderstand this rule clearly.为了帮助学生清楚地理解这条规则，多个例子是必要的。Many a student has made such a mist
8、ake.很多学生都曾经犯过这样的错误。注意：“more复数名词than one”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：More persons than one have been involved.卷入其中的远不止一人。5“theadj.”表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数；表示个别人或抽象概念时，谓语动词用单数。如：The sick have been cured and the lost have been found.病人得到了医治，失踪的人也找回来了。The best is yet to come.好戏还在后头。6集体名词作主语时，谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。当 family,govern
9、ment,audience,crew,crowd,class,company,committee 等词强调集体中的各个成员时，谓语动词用复数；如果强调整体，则谓语动词用单数。如：His family isnt very large.他家不是一个大家庭。His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音乐爱好者。注意：集合名词 people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽)等作主语时，在任何情况下谓语动词都用复数。如：Are there any police around？周围有警察吗？三、由 and 连接的并列主语1两个或者两个以上的名词由 and 连接作
10、主语，或主语由both.and.连接时，谓语动词用复数。如：Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports.棒球和游泳通常是夏天的运动。Both bread and butter are sold in that grocery.那个杂货店既卖面包，也卖黄油。2and 连接两个名词表示同一个概念(即指同一人或同一物)时，其谓语用单数。如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.钢铁工业对我们国家非常重要。(iron and steel 表示钢铁，属同一概念)War
11、and peace is a constant theme in literature.战争与和平是文学作品中永恒的主题。(War and peace 是一对概念，可看作一个主题)类似的还有：steam and bread 馒头folk and knife 刀叉love and hate 爱与恨bread and butter 奶油面包needle and thread 针线egg and rice 蛋炒饭试比较：The writer and translator is delivering a speech in our schooltonight.(指同一个人)The writer and
12、 the translator are delivering a speech in ourschool tonight.(指两个人)A black and white dog is playing in the yard.(指一只狗)A black and a white dog are playing in the yard.(指两只狗)3.由 every.and every.,each.and each.,no.and no.,manya.and many a.等连接的并列主语，谓语动词用单数。如：Every man and every woman working here is get
13、ting alongwell with me.在这工作的每一位男士和女士都与我相处得很好。No difficulty and no hardship has discouraged him.艰难困苦不能使他气馁。4.what 从句的并列式作主语时，如果是并列完整式，谓语动词常用复数；如果是并列缩略式，常用单数。如：What he says and what he thinks have nothing to do with me.他说什么想什么与我无关。What I say and do is my own affair.我的所说所为是我自己的事。一、用 be 或 have 的适当形式填空1E
14、ither Jane or Steven _ watching TV now.2 Two days _ enough for me to finish the work;Ineed a third day.isnt3Neither Li Ping nor I _ a basketball player.4There _ two pens and a pencil in the box.5The number of the students in our school _ 1,200.isamareis6 The boy with the two dogs _ sleeping when the
15、earthquake rocked the city.was7 Everyone except Tom and John _ there when themeeting began.was8In the city the old _ taken good care of.are9His family _ all very kind and friendly.His family_ a happy one.10The children in this class each _ new schoolbags.areishave二、语篇练习Class One(1)_(have)50 students
16、 and two thirds ofthem(2)_(be)boys.Miss Zhang as well as the whole class(3)_(be)on the playground now,and they are having aP.E.class.Each boy and each girl(4)_(look)very excitedbecause they like doing sports and doing sports(5)_(be)good for their health.This class (6)_ (work)very hard and maths(7)_ (be)their favorite subject.There (8)_ (be)many certificates of merit on the wall.Not only their teachers butalso the headmaster(9)_(like)them very much because allof them(10)_(be)very excellent.hasareislooksisworkisarelikesare
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