1、第四讲 句子类型.句子按结构分可分为简单句、并列句和复合句1简单句只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语动词(或并列谓语动词)。常见的五种基本简单句句型：SV(主语谓语)SVP(主语系语表语)SVO(主语谓语宾语)SVIODO(主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语)SVOC(主语谓语宾语宾语补足语)They talked for half an hour.(主语谓语)他们谈了半个小时。Everything looks different.(主语系语表语)一切看来都不同了。He has refused to help them.(主语谓语宾语)他拒绝帮他们。I showed him my pictures.(
2、主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语)我给他看我的照片。They painted the door green.(主语谓语宾语宾语补足语)他们把门漆成绿色。2并列句由并列连词(and,but,or 等)或分号(；)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。并列句的分类：(1)表示连接两个同等概念，常用 and,not only.but also.,neither.nor.,then 等连接。The teachers name is Smith,and the students name is John.老师的名字叫史密斯，学生的名字叫约翰。(2)表示选择，常用的连词有 or,either.or.,otherw
3、ise 等。Hurry up,or youll miss the train.快点，否则你就赶不上火车了。(3)表示转折，常用的连词有 but,still,however,yet,while,when等。He was a little man with thick glasses,but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.他是个戴着深度眼镜的小个子，但他有一种奇怪的方法使他的课生动有趣。(4)表示因果关系，常用的连词有 so,for,therefore 等。August is the time o
4、f the year for harvest,so every day I work from dawn until dark.八月是一年中收获的季节，所以我每天从黎明一直工作到天黑。3复合句是含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。根据从句在句中的语法作用，可分为状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)。When he knocked at the door，I was working at the table.他敲门时我正在桌旁工作。(状语从句)Although/Though/While the students came from different countr
5、ies,they got along quite well in the summer camp.虽然这些学生来自不同的国家，但他们在这个夏令营中相处得很好。(状语从句)Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。(主语从句)She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。(宾语从句)He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(定语从句)I still remember the pla
6、ce where I met her for the first time.我仍然记得我第一次见到她的地方。(定语从句).句子按功能可分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句一、陈述句1定义陈述句是用于陈述事实和观点的句子。陈述句包括肯定结构和否定结构，句末用句号。This is a desk.(肯定结构)He cant sing or dance.(否定结构)2肯定句变否定句的基本情况(1)be 动词根据不同的人称和时态有不同的形式，构成否定式时，一律在其后面加否定副词 not。He is not reading.They are not from China.(2)情态动词的否定式是在其后面直接
7、加 not。I cant swim.(3)实义动词变否定式时，要借助助动词 do,does,did 或 have,has,had。I dont like pop music.He doesnt like running.He didnt go to the park yesterday.They havent finished the task by now.二、疑问句(一)般疑问句1定义一般疑问句也可称为是否型问句，因为它一般是由 yes 或 no来回答的。Can you swim to the other side?你能游到对岸吗？Yes，I can.是的，我能。No，I cant.不，我
8、不能。回答一般疑问句除了用 yes 或 no 外，也可用 certainly,probably,perhaps,of course,all right,with pleasure 等代替 yes，用 never,not at all 等代替 no。Can you help me?你能帮我个忙吗？Certainly.当然。2一般疑问句的结构：be/助动词/情态动词主语十表语/谓语/系表结构(其他)?Are they your friends?他们是你的朋友吗？Does he go to school on foot?他是步行去上学吗？Will you be free tonight?你今晚有空吗
9、？3否定的一般疑问句的答语yes 的含义为“不”，no 的含义为“是”，但在回答这类句子时，应该注意 yes 后接肯定结构，no 后接否定结构。Arent you Mr.Smith?难道你不是史密斯先生吗？Yes，I am.不，我是。No，I am not.是的，我不是。(二)特殊疑问句1特殊疑问句的定义及结构用特殊疑问词引导的疑问句叫作特殊疑问句。其基本结构为：特殊疑问词be/助动词/情态动词主语谓语/表语(其他)?What can you do about it？你对此能做些什么呢？2特殊疑问词特殊疑问词分为两类：疑问代词和疑问副词。(1)疑问代词：who,whom,whose,which
10、,what。Whose are those shoes？那些鞋子是谁的？Which hat is Lilys?哪一顶帽子是莉莉的？(2)疑问副词：when,where,why,how。Where is he？他现在在何处？Why did you do that？你为什么做那件事？(三)选择疑问句1选择疑问句的含义及结构选择疑问句一般提出两种或两种以上的可能，问对方选择哪一种。其结构可用一般疑问句，也可用特殊疑问句，供选择的部分由 or 连接，or 前的部分用升调，or 后的部分用降调。Will you go there by bus or by train?你准备乘公共汽车还是乘火车去那儿？2
11、选择疑问句的答语其答语必须是完整的句子或其省略式，不能用 yes 或 no 来回答。Do you go to work by bus or by bike?你乘公交车还是骑自行车去上班？By bus.乘公交车。(四)反意疑问句1反意疑问句的构成(1)这种问句由两部分组成，前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是附加的简短问句(称为 tag question)，中间用逗号隔开，因此，反意疑问句又称附加疑问句。(2)如果陈述句是肯定句式，附加问句用否定句式；如果陈述句是否定句式，附加问句用肯定句式。附加问句一般由“be 动词(助动词、情态动词)代词”构成。Youre coming,arent you?你会来的
12、，是吗？They didnt clean the classroom yesterday,did they?他们昨天没有打扫教室，是吗？2反意疑问句需注意的问题(1)附加问句中的主语要用代词；如果陈述句的主语是名词，用相应的代词指代该名词。(2)如果陈述句中没有系动词、情态动词或助动词，附加疑问句中就要根据陈述句的时态选择适当的助动词。Li Lei gets up at six in the morning,doesnt he?李雷每天早上六点起床，是吗？3反意疑问句的答语(1)反意疑问句的答语一般用由 yes 或 no 引导的简略答语来回答。She is your teacher,isnt
13、she?她是你的老师，是吧？Yes,she is.是的，她是。No,she isnt.不，她不是。(2)在前否定后肯定的句子中，yes 含义为“不”，no 含义为“是”。She cant swim,can she?她不会游泳，对吗？Yes,she can.不，她会。No,she cant.是的，她不会。三、感叹句1由 what 引导的感叹句what 意为“多么”，用作定语，修饰名词(被强调部分)，单数可数名词前要加不定冠词 a/an，复数可数名词或不可数名词前不用冠词。这类句子的结构形式是：What(a/an)adj.n.主语谓语！What a clever girl she is!她是一个多
14、么聪明的女孩呀！What delicious food it is！多么美味的食物呀！2由 how 引导的感叹句how 意为“多么”，用作状语，修饰形容词或副词(被强调部分)。这类句子的结构形式是：Howadj.(adv.)主语谓语！How well she sings！她唱得多好呀！四、祈使句用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫作祈使句。因对象(即主语)是第二人称，所以通常都省略。祈使句的谓语动词一般为原形，句末则使用句号或感叹号。Go and wash your hands.去洗洗你的手。(命令)Be quiet,please.请安静。(请求)Watch your steps.走
15、路小心。(警告)Keep off the grass.勿践踏草坪。(禁止)判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句()1.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.()2.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.()3.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?()4.My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seve
16、n in the evening.()5.He is in Class One and I am in Class Two.()6.He was fond of drawing when he was yet a child.()7.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.()8.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?()9.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.()10.Both Tom and Jac
17、k enjoy country music.答案：1.简单句 2.复合句 3.简单句 4.简单句 5.并列句 6.复合句 7.并列句 8.复合句 9.简单句 10简单句 按要求完成下列句子1He dares to tell the truth.(改为否定句)_2They have lived here for more than ten years(对画线部分提问)_3There will be a sports meet at the end of this month,_？(完成反意疑问句)4You must be careful with your pronunciation.(改为祈使
18、句)_He doesnt dare to tell the truth.How long have they lived there?wontthereBe careful with your pronunciation.5They went for a walk after supper yesterday evening.(改为一般疑问句)_6It is an interesting story.(改为感叹句)_7This magazine comes out every other week(对画线部分提问)_Did they go for a walk after supper yes
19、terday evening?What an interesting story(it is)!或 How interesting the story is!How often does this magazine come out?8They could hardly believe his words,_？(完成反意疑问句)9The moon is shining brightly.(改为感叹句)_10Our English teacher is always encouraging us to speak English in class.(对画线部分提问)_could theyHow brightly the moon is shining!Who is always encouraging you to speak English in class?按ESC键退出全屏播放本部分内容讲解结束