1、高一英语语法定语从句详解一关系代词用法定语从句的概念及作用：定语从句起到定语的作用，用来修饰名词或代词。所修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。The number of people who lost homes in the earthquake reached 300,000. 限制性定语从句定语从句的分类 非限制性定语从句关系代词在从句中充当的成分指代的先行词例 句that主语人Im not one of those students that can do homework well at a new place.物I have to do my homework in a place tha
2、t has desks and chairs.宾语人David was one of the most helpful students (that) we ever had.物Some of the books were gifts (that) he got from his Chinese friends and students.which主语物David studied in the high school which is the oldest one in the city.宾语 物Some of the cities in China (which) he likes most
3、 are Beijing,Shanghai, Harbin and Nanjing.who主语人She was the teacher who taught us English Literature.宾语人I dont know the name of the teacher (who) I saw in the computerroom the other day.whom宾语人I dont know the name of the teacher (whom) I saw in the computer room the other day.whose定语人I sat next to a
4、 girl whose name was Diane. 物The club whose members are music fans meet in the school garden every Saturday afternoon.as主语人He is such a person as can help you.物This is so useful a dictionary as can help you learn English.宾语人He is not the same man as he was.物This is so difficult a problem as nobody c
5、an answer.1. whose修饰物时，可作如下替换：The house whose windows face south is new.The house of which the windows face south is new.The house the windows of which face south is new.whose+名词=the +名词 +of which 2. 修饰物时，关系代词只能用that的情况：先行词既有人又有物They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school. 先
6、行词被the only, the very, just the, the last及序数词修饰It is the only film that I like.This is the very book that Im looking for. What is the first American film that you have seen?先行词被最高级修饰 This is the most interesting novel that Ive ever read.先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little, a little, few, a few, 等修
7、饰 I have read all the books that you gave me.先行词本身是不定代词all, any, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything, everything等。All that he said was true.Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?主句的主语是疑问代词who和which时，关系代词用thatWho is the girl that helped the man out of trouble? 先行词为表语，关系代词
8、为表语时，关系代词用that He is no longer the little boy that he used to be. 先行词为time时，定语从句用that引导 It is the last time that I will give you a lesson. 先行词为the way时，定语从句的引导方式有三种，in which, that, 不填 I dont like the way you speak. 3. 指人时在下列情况下多用或须用 who 关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who.Do you know the man who spoke just now? 先行词为
9、all, one, ones, everyone, anyone, nobody, 或all指人时，多用who。All who heard the news were excited. Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished. 先行词为those和people时多用who。Those who want to go please sign their names here. People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.在非限制性定语从句中作主语须用who，作宾语须用whom。Toms fat
10、her, who is over sixty, still works hard.Mr Green, whom you saw in the library yesterday, will teach us physics next term. 在被分割的定语从句中须用who. A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 在以there be开头的句子中多用who.There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster. 4. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词的人
11、称和数必须和先行词保持一致。Those who are against the plan please sign your names here. Anyone who breaks the law is to be punished.I who am your friend will try my best to help you. Tom is one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday. Tom is the only one of the students who was praised by the te
12、acher yesterday. Tom is not the only one of the students who were praised by the teacher yesterday. 5. 关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 6. 关系代词代替先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语、表语，因此定语从句中不再出现所替代的名词或代词。The news (that/which) you told us it is disappointing. （误）The news (that/which) you told us is disappointing. （正）选择题1 We shou
13、ld learn form those _ are always ready to help other. A who B whom C they D that2 Finally the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police. A that B what C which D as3 All _ is needed is a cup a tea. A / B that C what D which4 He talked about the men and books _ interested him greatly in th
14、e school. A that B when C who D which5. How can you bear the way _ he speaks to you? Which of the following is wrong? A in which B that C / D which6 -I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. -Is that the reason _ you had a few days off? A why B when C what D where7 He is the only one of the stu
15、dents who _ passed the exam. A. has B. have C. is D. are8. Who _ knows him would believe him? A whom B who C that D which9 This is the first sum of money _ the childrens family has received. A that B which C what D as10 This is not the only apple _ has rotten away. A which B that C / D what11 Is thi
16、s the house _ the great musician was born in? A which B where C the one D it12. Is this museum _ some foreign tourists visited the day before? A which B that C where D the one13 Ive read all the books _ our teacher requires us to read. A which B that C what D they14 This is the very building _ Ive b
17、een looking for the whole morning A which B that C where D in which15 The time _ I spend on maths is much more than on English. A that B when C at which D during which16 Is that the reason _ he stated at the meeting? A which B why C for D what17 This is one of the most interesting movies _ I have _
18、seen. A that; ever B which; never C that; never D which; everGrammar定语从句讲解（二）要点讲解 一、“介词 + 关系代词” 引导的定语从句1. “介词 + 关系代词” 引导定语从句时, 关系代词只能用which 指物或用whom指人, 即: 介词 + which / whom, 并且which 或 whom 不能省。The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone.He is the person to whom you can turn for help.2. 当介词
19、位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that / which (指物) , that / whom / who (指人), 此时可以把这些关系单词省略。 The gentleman (whom/ who/ that ) you told me about yesterday proved to be a thief. This is the pen ( which / that) I wrote the letter with.3. 当关系代词作look after ,look for , take care of ,see to 等短语动词的宾语时, 这些词中的介词不能提前.Here is the b
20、ook ( that / which ) Im looking for.4.介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词, 结构为：all, both, few, most, several, some等+ of whom/ which. 例：There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. Shes got three lucky pens, two of which she never
21、uses.In the basket I find many apples, some of which have gone bad.China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.5. 介词+which/whom 不定式结构。如：The poor man has no house in which to live.= The poor man has no house in which he can live.=
22、The poor man has no house to live in. 6. “介词 + 关系代词”结构中介词的选用 （1）根据动词选择介词Whos the man (who / whom /that) you just shook hands _?= Whos the man_ _ you just shook hands ?(2) 根据现行词选择介词。此时介词和现行词之间构成习惯搭配，且介词一般位于关系代词之前，和从句中的动词不存在逻辑和意义上的关系。 He stood by the window, _ _ he could see what was happening outside
23、.The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _ which he could see what was happening inside the house.There were two things _ which they took pride.二 关系副词的用法：关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。1. when 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示时间的名词时如：time, day, week, year, month, etc.用when在定语从句中充当时间状语，也可用“介词in /
24、on/by/ during + which ”来代替when，还可以用which或that 引导，which或that在从句中作主语或宾语。比较:(1) Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?(2) Do you still remember the days that/ which we spent in Qingdao? （作宾语） (3) There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.2. where 当定语从句所修饰的
25、先行词是表示地点的名词时如：place, school, factory, room, etc.用where在定语从句中充当地点状语，也可用“介词in/at 等+which”来代替where, 还可用which或that引导，which/that 在从句中作主语或宾语。比较: (1) This is the lab where/ in which he did the experiment. （作状语）(2) This is the park which/that they visited last year. （作宾语）注意：如果定语从句分别修饰point, situation, circu
26、mstances, stage, condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，常用where 引导，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”。但并非所有的情况都如此。Until today we have reached a stage where we have almost no rights at all.The country is in the situation where a war will break out at any time.Ive come to the point where I cant stand him.I can think of many cases w
27、here students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.Do you have anything to say for yourself?Yes, theres one point that we must insist on 3. why 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是表示原因的名词时，用why在定语从句中充当原因状语，也可用“介词for which”来代替why. 当关系词在从句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。如：I dont know
28、 the reason why /for which he was fired. (作状语)Have you asked him the reason that may explain his success? （作主语）4. 当定语从句所修饰的先行词是way表示“方式”、“方法”时，用that/in which/在定语从句中充当方式状语。way后的定语从句的引导词不用时较多。但如果关系词在句中作主语或宾语时，则用which或that 引导。比较：(1) I dont understand the way in which/ that / they worked out the problem
29、.(2) The way that /in which /he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.(3) The way that/ which / he explained to us was very simple.5. 判断关系代词与关系副词方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill nev
30、er forget the days when I worked together with you.I will never forget the days_ I spent in the countryside. Ill never forget the days _ I spent in the countryside. 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? DA. where B. that C. on which D. the
31、one 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? AA. where B. that C. on whichD. the one关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。6：注意：in which case; during/ at which time; since when; from where 1. He was educa
32、ted at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. C A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this2. The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great changes. DA. when B. during which C. since then D. since when除了上述例题外，我们还会见到下面的例子：1. At home, he never seems t
33、o have time until after 10:30 pm, by which time (and by that time) his children have gone to bed.2. We were next-door neighbors for three years, during which time (and during this/that time) we met only twice.3. It occurred to him that it would save a lot of trouble to destroy the advertisement, in
34、which case (but in that case), he would have to explain to Peter.4. I was told my work was unsatisfactory, at which point (and at this/that point) I submitted my resignation.被告知我的工作不能令人满意，闻讯后我便递交了辞呈。5. He stood by the window, from where (and from there) he could see what was happening outside.他站在窗子旁
35、边，从那儿他能看到外面发生的一切。【小结点拨】根据上面的例句，我们不妨做出如下总结：带有this, that的短语，引导定语从句时，要将this, that变为which；带有here, there的短语，引导定语从句时，要将here, there变为where；带有then, now的短语，引导定语从句时，要将then, now变为when；带有ones的短语，引导定语从句时，要将ones变为whose。【巩固练习】（一）选择适当的关系代词或关系副词把下列句子补充完整。1. His father died in the year _ he was born.2. He is unlikely
36、 to find the place _ he lived forty years ago.3. Do you remember the day _ you joined our club?4. Recently I bought a beautiful vase _ price was quite reasonable.5. The reason _ I came here is to get your help.6. I got the book in a small bookstore, the name of _ I cannot remember.7. I will never fo
37、rget the day _ we first met.8. Is this the factory _ you once worked for?9. Is that the reason _ he gave for his terrible behavior?10. The kind girl _ shared her umbrella with me this morning turned out to be my boss.（二）改错1. Is this the museum the one the exhibition was held?_2. That is not the hosp
38、ital that I stayed last time._3. I am looking forward to the day which I become independent._4. Why do you believe a person once told so many lies?_5. Nobody will forget the earthquake happened in Sichuan._6. He is one of the students who is never late._（三）单项填空1. Do you know the reason Tom didnt com
39、e yesterday?A. which B. why C. who D. that2. After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.A. which B. where C. that D. when3. Is this the reason she gave for not finishing her homework yesterday?A. why B. for which C. that D. to which4. He has got himse
40、lf into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. where B. which C. while D. when5. I dont like the way _ you speak to her.A. which B. / C. of which D. by which6. The old man told us _ the days _ he was poor were gone.A. that, when B. what, when C. when, that D. somethin
41、g, that7. I shall never forget the day _ Shenzhou V was launched, _ has a greateffect on my life. A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that8. I walked in the garden, _ Tom and Jim were tying a big string onto one ofthetrees. A. which B. when C. where D .that9. We saw several natives
42、 walking towards our party, and one of them came up to us, _ we gave some bells and glasses. A. to which B. to whom C. with whom D. with which10. Lets put off the picnic until next week, _ the weather may be better. A. as B. then C. ifD. when11. We are living in an age many things are done on comput
43、er. A. which B. that C. whose D. when12. Winteristhetimeofyear_thedaysareshortandnightsarelong. A.thatB.whichC.whenD.whose13. Isthereanyoneinyourclass_familyisinthecity?A.whichB.whoseC.whatD.who 14. Alec asked the policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident.A. with him B. who
44、 C. with whom D. whom 15. The newly-built caf, the walls of _ are painted light green, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. A. that B. it C. what D. which16. Gun control is a subject _ Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into w
45、hich17. Look out! Dont get too close to the house _ roof is under repair. A. whose B. which C. of which D. that18. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future. A. on which B. by which C. to which D. from which19. He was educated at the local high school, _ he went on
46、 to Beijing University. A. after which B. after that C. in which D. in that20. Chinaisthecountry_hespentthebestpartofhislife. A.whereB.whichC.inthatD.atwhich 21. Haveyougotanything_belongstome?A.whichB.thatC.ofwhichD.what22. This is the magazine _ I copied the paragraph.A. that B. which C. from that
47、 D. from whichGrammar定语从句讲解（三）非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切，只对其做一些附加说明，如果去掉主句的意义仍然完整，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开，不能用that引导引导词 关系代词: who, whom, whose, which 关系副词：when, where 例: I have two brothers, who are both students. I have lost the bike, which I like very much.Lucy, whom you met at the party, was my elder sis
48、ter.Charles Dickens, whose works are word-famous, led a simple life.I will see the manager tomorrow, when he will be back from America.My parents will fly to Shanghai, where they will stay for several days.There were many things left, some of which are almost finished.There were many passengers on t
49、he bus, some of whom were children. 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别一、先行词内容有所不同 大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，此时非限制性定语从句常由 which 引导。 A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present. 此句是有which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的一句话。二、关系词的使用情况有所不同 1. 所有关系代词和关系副词均可
50、引导限制性定语从句，大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句，但 that, why不可。 2. 关系代词替代情况不同 关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom, 但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。 He gave his mother a color TV set for her birthday, that pleased her a lot. ()A young man had a new girl friend, who he wanted to impress. ()This is the girl whom/w
51、ho I met in the street. ()A young man had a new girl friend, whom he wanted to impress. ()She has a sister, who is teacher. ()3. 关系代词省略情况不同： 关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去，非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。 例 1. This is the book (which/that )he lost yesterday. 例 2. The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found. as引导的定语
52、从句一. as 用作关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句，构成, the same as, suchas, soas等结构。I like the same book as you have. I want to have such a dictionary as he has.1. “suchthat”表“如此以致”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“suchas”表“像这（那）样”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在定语从句中充当主、宾、表语等。试比较下列两个句子：Mr Chen gave us such a difficult question as nobody worked out. Mr C
53、hen gave us such a difficult question that nobody worked it out. 2. “the samethat”表同一人或物，而“the sameas”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：This is the same book that I lost这就是我丢失的那一本书。（指同一本书）This is the same book as I lost我丢失的那一本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）二. as引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代主句的全部或部分内容。常表说话人关于说话的依据、态度、评论、看法等。有“正如、像”等意思。定语从句可以置主
54、句句首、句中或句末。as后常接expect，know，report，say，see等动词的主、被动语态句。as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：1. as has been said before; as is said above如上所述 2. as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样3. as we know; as is well known to all/ us 众所周知4. as was expected正如预料的那样5. as has been already pointed out正如已经指出的那样6. as we all can see正如我们都会看到
55、的那样； 7. as is often the case, 这是常有的事 8. as is reported 正如所报道的例如：1Mike，as we expected，attended the meeting 2He wasnt unconscious，as could be judged from his eyes3. As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. 4. As is known, smoking is harmful to ones health. 三. which与as引导非限定性定语从句的区别；1 由as, which 引
56、导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，在从句中作主语或宾语。which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后面，意为这一点；as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、之中或之后，as含有正如、正像之意。 As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health. This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.四. 关系代词whom, which, that在限定性定语从句中作动词宾
57、语或介词宾语，而该介词又位于从句末尾时，经常省略，但as一般不省略。 练习：_ is known to all, Taiwan belongs to China. _ we all know, he studies very hard. I shall never forget the years when I lived in the country, _ has a great effect on my life. English beginners cant understand what foreigners say, _ is often the case. He doesnt li
58、ke the film, _ is the case with me.练习1.He stayed in England for 2 years, during _ time he studied English day and night.2.He was caught smoking in the kitchen, for _ reason he was fired.3.Youre late for class again, in _ case you must apologize to the teacher.4.He came here in 1980, since _ he has l
59、ived here.5.He seldom finishes his work on time, _ always makes his boss very angry. A that B as C it D which6.The famous football star, _ decided to retire, attracted a lot of attention. A who B that C which D he7.We grow all our vegetables and fruit, _ saves money, of course. A which B as C that D
60、 what8.Mr. Green is an Australian, _ I know from his accent. A who B whom C which D that9.He had to go to Shanghai on business on April 10, _ happened to be his wifes birthday. A. when B. which C. who D. then10.The book was written in 1946, _ the education system has witnessed great changes. A. when
61、 B. during which C. since then D. since when11.Mark was a student at this university from 1999 to 2003, _ he studied very hard andmade chairman of the Students Union. A. during which time B. for which time C. during whom time D. by that time12.Carol said the work would be done by October, personally
62、 I doubt very much.A. it B. that C. when D. which13. is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. A. It B. As C. That D. What14.Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _I will always treasure. A. that B. one C. it D. what15.A fast food restaur
63、ant is the place , just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. A. which B. where C. there D. what16. is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. A. ItB. AsC. That D. What17.Anyway that evening, Ill tell you more about later, ended up staying at Rac
64、hels place. A. when B. where C. what D. which18.The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80% are sold abroad. A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that19. is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. A. Which B. When C. What D. As20.The journey around the world
65、 took the old sailor nine months,_ the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which21.Her sister has become a lawyer, she wanted to be.A. who B. that C. what D. which22.Jim passed the driving test, _ surprised everybody in the office. A. which B. that C. this D. it23.Eric received training in computer for one year, _ he found a job in a company. A. after thatB. after whichC. after it D. after this24.Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, I liked her sweet and hopeful smile. A. who B. that C. when D. which