1、专题四动词的时态、语态和语气动词的时态、语态和语气是高考中的重中之重，在备考过程中应该对谓语动词变化的各种情况了如指掌。动词的时态变化如下：(以do为例)一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在do/doesam/is/are doinghave/has donehave/has been doing过去didwas/were doinghad donehad been doing将来shall/will doshall/will be doingshall/will have done shall /will have been doing过去将来should/ would doshould
2、/would be doing should/would have doneshould/ wouldhave been doing考点1一般时态1一般现在时(1)表示现在的习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如usually，often，always，sometimes，every day等。On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.周一早晨我往往需要开车一小时去上班。(2)表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。(3)表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为，只限于go，come
3、，leave，start，stop，arrive 等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.这列火车明早六点出发。(4)在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。If it doesnt rain，well go on a picnic as planned.如果不下雨，我们将按计划去野餐。2一般过去时(1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常用yesterday，last year，in 1995，the other day 等作时间状语。(2015湖北高考)Three weeks ago，I witne
4、ssed a small neardisaster a few miles west of here.三周前，我在从这里以西几英里的地方目睹了一起小事故。(2)表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时，know，think，expect等动词常用一般过去时。(2015重庆高考)I didnt expect anything when I handed in my paper to Mrs.Smith，so it was quite a surprise when it came back to me the next daywith an “A”on it.我把论文交给史密斯先生的时候并没有期
5、望什么，因此当第二天论文被评为A回到我手中时，我吃了一惊。3一般将来时(1)“shall/will动词原形”表示现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态。“will动词原形”还可以表示说话时临时做出的决定。(2015北京高考)Dr. Jackson is not in his office at the moment.All right. I will call him later.杰克逊先生现在不在办公室。好的，我晚些时候会给他打电话。(2)“be going to动词原形”表示现在打算或计划将来要做的事情；表示根据某种迹象认为在最近或将来要发生的事情。It is going to rain.天
6、要下雨了。(3)“be to动词原形”表示预先安排好的计划或约定；表示说话人的意志、意图、指责、义务、命令等；表示注定要发生的事情。Are we to go on with this work?我们要继续这项工作吗？(4)“be about to动词原形”表示正要或即将要做某事，该结构不与表示具体的将来时间状语连用。(2015天津高考)Social robots are about to bring technology to the everyday world in a more humanized way.社交机器人将会用更人性的方式把科技带到我们的日常世界。(5)表示位置转移的动词，如
7、go，come，start，move，leave等可用现在进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作。Im coming.我就来。考点2进行时态1现在进行时(1)表示说话时正在进行的动作、存在的状态或者表示现阶段正在进行的动作、存在的状态(说话时动作不一定进行或存在)。(2015江苏高考)We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.我们正处于一个新的世界，我们正在考虑如何对待这个世界。(2)一些特定的表示动作趋向性的短暂性动词come，go，leave，st
8、art，open，arrive，begin，return等常用现在进行时表将来。He is returning from Beijing next week.他下周要从北京回来。(3)现在进行时与always，constantly，often，forever，continually等副词连用表示说话者的“赞叹、厌烦、不满”等感情色彩。The girl is always talking aloud in public.这个女孩总是在公众面前大声喧哗。2过去进行时(1)表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作，常同表示过去的时间状语从句以及at that time，at that momen
9、t，at this time yesterday，at ten oclock yesterday等连用。(2014四川高考)She was phoning someone, so I nodded to her and went away.她正在跟别人打电话，因此我朝她点了点头就走开了。(2)表示过去一个动作发生时另外一个动作正在进行。(2015湖北高考)When he was running after his brother，the boy lost his balance and had a bad fall.当这个男孩追赶弟弟的时候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。(3)过去进行时可以表
10、示按计划、安排在过去将要发生的事。用于come，go，leave，start，arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去按照计划安排将要发生的动作。Yesterday he said he was leaving for Canada.昨天他说他要动身去加拿大。3将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作，或按预测将来会发生的事情。常用的时间状语有：soon，tomorrow，this evening，on Sunday，by this time，in two days，tomorrow evening等。(2015天津高考)Jane cant attend the meet
11、ing at 3 oclock this afternoon because she will be teaching a class at that time.简不能参加今天下午三点的会议，因为她那个时间在授课。考点3完成时态1现在完成时(1)表示发生在过去而对现在仍有影响的动作，常用的时间状语有：already，just(刚刚)，yet，never，before，lately，recently，in the last(past)few years，up to now，so far等。She has passed the exam so far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。(2)表示从过去某
12、时开始而延续至今的动作或状态，常与for，since等表示一段时间的状语连用。(2015浙江高考)Since finishing my studies at Harvard and Oxford，Ive watched one friend after another land highranking，highpaying Wall Street jobs.自从完成我在哈佛和牛津的学业以来，我看到一个又一个朋友找到高职位高收入的华尔街的工作。(3)用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作，强调此动作先于主句动作发生。Dont get off the bus until it has s
13、topped.公交车停稳才能下车。易错警示现在完成时的固定句型：It is/has been时间段since.表示“自从以来已经”。It is/has been ten years since I graduated from the university.我已经从这所大学毕业十年了。This/It/That is the first/second/third.time that.表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that 从句中要用现在完成时。This is the first time that I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。2.过去完成时(1)表示过去某一时刻
14、或某一动作之前完成的动作或状态。句中常有by，before，until，when 等词引导的时间状语。By the time he was twelve，Edison had begun to make a living by himself.到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。(2)表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本(事实上未能)”。I had intended to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来打算去看你，但是来了一位不速之客。易错
15、警示常用过去完成时的固定句型在“hardly(scarcely).when.，no sooner.than.”句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时，意为“一就”。Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.演讲者一结束他的讲话，观众就不停地向他提问。(2)表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.这是她第二次看见她的祖父了。3.
16、将来完成时表示在将来某个时间之前完成的动作，并且往往对将来某一时间产生影响。常用时间状语“by将来某个时间”。By the time Mr.Smith arrives at the supermarket，we will have stayed there for one hour.等到史密斯先生到达超市时，我们将已经在那里待了一个小时了。考点4高考涉及的其他时态1过去将来时表示从过去某时间看将要发生的事情，多用于宾语从句中。His sister told him that she would be back on Tuesday.他姐姐告诉他她周二回来。2现在完成进行时(1)常用来表示开始于
17、过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。(2014湖南高考)Since the time humankind started gardening, we have been trying to make our environment more beautiful.自从人类开始园艺技术的时候起，我们就一直在努力让我们的环境变得更加美丽。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have been calling him many times this morning，but theres no answer.今天上午我给他打了很多次电话，但目前一直没有收到答复。考
18、点5动词的语态英语中动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系：如果是主谓关系用主动语态，如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。1被动语态的构成(以do为例)现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般式is/am/are donewas/were/donewill/shall be donewould/should be done 进行式is/am/are being donewas/were being done 完成式have/has been donehad been donewill/s
19、hall have been donewould/should have been done(2015全国卷)James Brindlely is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.James Brindlely被认为是早期水道建筑师领军人物之一。(2015江苏高考)Schools should be lively places where individuals are encouraged to develop to their greatest potential.学校应该是充满活力的地方，在这里人人都会被鼓励去
20、开发他们最大的潜力。易错警示“get过去分词”也可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化。She got married last week.她上周结婚了。(2014安徽高考)While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted，Henry did his best to perform his duty.在等待机会被提拔期间，亨利尽量履行好自己的职责。2主动形式表被动意义(1)系动词look，feel，sound，smell，taste，appear，seem，turn，prove，go，stay，become，get，grow，keep形容词/名词。Th
21、at food smells nice.那食物味道很好闻。(2)表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如begin，finish，close，open，start，stop，shut，run，move等，用主动表示被动。The football season finishes in May.足球赛季在5月份结束。(3)表示主语的特征或特点的动词，如read，write，act，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，lock，eat，drink等，用主动形式表示被动意义。注意这类动词一般不单独使用，通常带有一个修饰语。This coat dries easily.这件外套
22、容易干。考点6虚拟语气虚拟语气是用来表示与现在或过去的实际情况相反的假设，近年来主要是考查上述两点，而对将来可能情况的假设已很少涉及。1if条件句中虚拟语气的用法谓语形式虚拟情况从句主句与现在事实相反动词过去式(be的过去式用were)should/would/ could/might动词原形与过去相反had过去分词should/would/ could/mighthave过去分词与将来可能相反should动词原形should/would/ could/might动词原形动词过去式were to动词原形(2015湖北高考)If she had been aware that the mushr
23、ooms were poisonous，she would not have picked them for dinner.要是知道这些蘑菇有毒，她就不会采来做晚餐了。易错警示有时假设的情况并不由条件从句表示，而是由otherwise，but，or，without，but for等来引导或者通过上下文引出。(2015江苏高考)Many of the things we now benefit from would not be around but for Thomas Edison.要不是托马斯爱迪生，我们现在从中受益的很多东西就不会存在。2.表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动
24、词要用“(should)动词原形”。常见的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。(2015重庆高考)Were I three years younger than I am now，I would strongly recommend that I set more practical and specific goals.如果我比现在年轻三岁，我会强烈建议设定更实用和明确的目标。3wish后跟宾语从句时用虚拟语气(1)对现在情况的
25、虚拟：wish主语动词过去式(be用were)(2)对过去情况的虚拟：wish主语had过去分词(3)对将来情况的虚拟：wish主语would/could/might动词原形(2015陕西高考)Ellen is a fantastic dancer.I wish I danced as well as her.Ellen是一个很棒的舞蹈演员，我希望能和她跳的一样好。4常用虚拟语气的句式：(1)would rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为“宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。(2)在“It is (about/high) timethat
26、 从句”中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should动词原形”表示虚拟语气。(3)as if，as though 引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。(4)if only 引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。Its high time that we devoted ourselves to environmental protection and ecological improvement.是我们致力于环境保护和生态改善的时候了。单句语法填空1(2016北京高考改编)Jack (work)in the lab when the po
27、wer cut occurred.2(2016北京高考改编)Excuse me，which movie are you waiting for?The new Star Wars.We (wait)here for more than two hours.3(2016北京高考改编)I (read)half of the English novel，and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.4(2016江苏高考改编)Dashan，who (learn)crosstalk，the Chinese comedic tradition，for decades，wa
28、nts to mix it up with the Western standup tradition.5(2016浙江高考改编)Silk (become)one of the primary goods traded along the Silk Road by about 100 BC.6(2016北京高考改编)The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts (reward)with success in the end.7(2016江苏高考改编)More efforts，as reported，
29、 (make)in the years ahead to accelerate the supplyside structural reform.8(2016北京高考改编)Why didnt you tell me about your trouble last week？If you (tell)me，I could have helped.9(2016天津高考改编)I was wearing a seatbelt.If I hadnt been wearing one，I would (injure)10(2015江苏高考改编)The real reason why prices (be)
30、，and still are，too high is complex，and no short discussion can satisfactorily explain this problem.11(2015福建高考改编)Where is Peter? I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and (write) his essay there ever since.12(2015安徽高考改编)It is reported that a space station (build) on the moo
31、n in years to come.13(2015安徽高考改编)It is lucky we booked a room，or we (have) nowhere to stay now.14(2015北京高考改编)If I hadnt seen it with my own eyes, I wouldnt (believe) it.15(2015天津高考改编)I wish I (be) at my sisters wedding last Tuesday, but I was on a business trip in New York then.【答案】1.was working2.have been waiting3.have read4.has been learning5.had become6.will be rewarded7.will be made8.had told9.have been injured10.were11.has been writing12.will be built13.would have14.have believed15.had been