1、基础语法课(2)代词、介词(介词短语) 语境中体悟用法朗读下面短文，体会、领悟加黑代词的意义及在句中充当的成分。We students should get on well with each other.But in fact, something unpleasant can happen from time to time. For example, yesterday afternoon, it was fine. All of us went out to the playground. Some were playing games and others were playing
2、football when two boys of us quarreled and then fought. Every one of us was confused because they were ever very good friends and nobody could exactly tell what they fought for. Neither of them wanted to give in to the other.I thought it wrong of them to do so. So I tried to tell them that we should
3、 put ourselves in others shoes, but both of them were too angry to calm down. It was not until our headteacher came that they parted. In my opinion, it is necessary for us to calm down and solve problems that we meet. Only those who can easily forgive and forget will get a more comfortable life.用法体悟
4、we是人称代词的主格，在本句中作主语。each other与one another是相互代词，在句中只能作及物动词或介词的宾语。本句中的each other作介词with的宾语。it是人称代词的主格，在本句中作主语，表示“天气”。all是不定代词，在本句中作主语。some . others .是固定句式，表示“一些人另一些人”。此处，some和others是不定代词，在句中作主语。every one是不定代词，在本句中作主语，注意，every one常接of短语，但everyone(everybody)不与of短语连用。不定代词nobody(no one)表示“没有一个人”，在本句中作主语。w
5、hat是连接代词，引导宾语从句，并在从句中作宾语。不定代词neither指两者中“没有一个”，在本句中作主语。不定代词the other特指两者中的“另外一个”，在本句中作介词to的宾语。it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。them是人称代词的宾格，在句中作宾语。ourselves是反身代词，在本句中作put的宾语。反身代词在句中一般作宾语，也可作主语或宾语的同位语。不定代词both表示“两者都”，在本句中作主语。it在此用于构成强调结构，it was not until . that .是对not until .句式的强调。it作形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。those是指示
6、代词，表示“那些人”，相当于those people。系统中整合规则(一)人称代词、物主代词与反身代词1基本用法类别主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词反身代词功能作主语作宾语、同位语等作定语作主语、表语或宾语作宾语、表语或同位语第一人称I(我)memyminemyselfwe(我们)usouroursourselves第二人称you(你)youyouryoursyourselfyou(你们)youyouryoursyourselves第三人称he(他)himhishishimselfshe(她)herherhersherselfit(它)ititsitsitselfthey(他们)them
7、theirtheirsthemselves2反身代词的习惯用法与介词搭配by oneself独自地 for oneself亲自of oneself自动地 in oneself 本质上；本身与动词搭配come to oneself苏醒；恢复知觉dress oneself 打扮；自己穿衣devote oneself to 致力于；献身于behave oneself 表现得体；有礼貌apply oneself to 专心致志于help oneself to 随便吃/用enjoy oneself 玩得开心(二)it的用法1it的基本用法用法例句指天气、季节、时间、距离、环境等It is early s
8、pring now, but it is already hot.现在是初春，但是天气已经很热了。代替前面提过的事物、群体、想法、内容等或代替指示代词Although he didnt like the movie, I decided to see it anyway.尽管他不喜欢这部电影，但我还是决定去看一看。指不知性别的孩子和婴儿或不明身份的人(由于某种原因而不知对方是谁)The baby is crying.It might be hungry.婴儿在哭，可能是饿了。2it作形式主语或形式宾语常用句型it作形式主语It is a pity/shame that .真可惜It is no
9、 wonder that . 难怪It seems/appears that . 似乎/看来It looks/seems as if/as though . 看起来好像It happens that . 碰巧It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.that . 某人突然想起It is said/reported that . 据说/据报道It is certain that . 是一定的It is no use/good doing . 做没有用/好处It takes sb.some time to do .做花费某人若干时间it作形式宾语主语think/b
10、elieve/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep .itadj./n.(for/of sb.) to do/that从句主语think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep .ituseless/worth/worthwhile/no use/no good/a waste of time (money/energy .)doing .(三)不定代词1both, all, either, neither与none的区别代词用法both(1)表示“两者(都)”。(2)作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。(3)与not连用表示部分否定
11、，意为“两者并不都”。(表示全部否定需用neither)all(1)指三者或三者以上的人或物的“全部”。(2)作主语，指人时，谓语动词通常用复数形式；指事物的整体或抽象概念时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。(3)与not连用表示部分否定。(表示完全否定需用none)either(1)表示“(两者中的)任何一个”。(表示三者或三者以上的人或物中的“任何一个”需用any)(2)作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。neither(1)表示“(两者)都不”。(2)单独作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。(3)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。none(1)表示“(三者及三者以上中)无一个”或
12、“没有一点儿”。(2)后接of短语作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数形式，也可用复数形式。(3)既可指代可数名词，也可指代不可数名词。2the other, another, others与the others的区别代词用法the other可单独使用，特指两者中的“另一个”或两部分中的“另一部分”。another泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”，代替单数可数名词。另外，another后可接“基数词/few复数名词(名词表示的事物被看作一个整体)”，表示“另外的(多少)”。others/the othersothers只能单独使用，表示泛指意义，意为“其他的人或事物”，常与some连用。特指
13、“整体中除去一部分后剩余的全部人或事物”时用the others。集训中明晰考点考点1作形式主语和形式宾语时必须用it1(2018浙江6月高考)Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap can be to eat out.解析：it此处应用it作形式主语，动词不定式短语to eat out为真正的主语。2(2021南昌模拟)And improved body condition makes easy for you to car
14、ry out daily tasks.解析：it分析句子结构可知，空处应用it作形式宾语，句中形容词easy作宾语补足语，后面的不定式短语是真正的宾语。3(2021湖南雅礼中学模拟)When they grow older than three years old, is easier for girls to catch colds than boys.解析：it句意：当他们长到超过三岁时，女孩儿比男孩儿更容易感冒。此处it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式短语。4(2021无锡模拟) was a desperate race against time to land the plan
15、e before it ran out of fuel.Fortunately, the young pilot made it eventually.解析：It句意：在飞机燃料耗尽之前着陆是一场与时间的绝望竞赛。幸运的是，这位年轻的飞行员做到了。it在此作形式主语，真正的主语是to land the plane before it ran out of fuel。考点2人称代词、物主代词、反身代词(1)人称代词主格作主语，宾格可作及物动词或介词的宾语，也可作表语或同位语；(2)形容词性物主代词相当于形容词，在句中只能作名词或动词ing的前置定语，不能单独使用；(3)名词性物主代词相当于“形容
16、词性物主代词名词”，可单独作主语、表语和宾语，也可与of连用作后置定语，但不能单独作定语；(4)反身代词常在enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词和by, for, to, in, of等介词后作宾语；含有反身代词的固定短语也是常考点。1(2020全国卷)Data about the moons composition, such as how much ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether (it) plans for a future lunar (月球的
17、) base are practical.解析：its所填词修饰后面的plans，故填it的形容词性物主代词形式its。2(2020全国卷短文改错改编)“Not that way，”my mom tried to stop (I) but failed.解析：me作动词stop的宾语，应该用宾格，故填me。3(2020新高考全国卷)As well as looking at exhibits，visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine (they) living at a different time in hist
18、ory or walking through a rainforest.解析：themselvesimagine sb. doing sth.“想象某人做某事”。主语是visitors，故用反身代词themselves，指“他们自己”。 4(2019北京高考)Nervously facing challenges, I know I will whisper to (I) the two simple words “Be yourself”解析：myself本句主语为I，宾语与主语同指一人，应用反身代词。whisper to oneself为固定短语，表示“低声对自己说”，故填myself。
19、5(2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find (they) alive.解析：them空格处作find的宾语，人称代词作宾语时，要用其宾格，故填them，指代上文的gorillas。 考点3that, those可以指代前面提到的名词单数和不可数名词用that指代，名词复数用those指代，此时名词和that, those后面一般有后置定语；此外，that还可用于指代上文提到的事情，this指代下文要说的事情。1(2021南昌模拟)To her joy, Della earned
20、 first the trust of her students and then of her colleagues.解析：that句意：使她高兴的是，Della首先赢得了她的学生的信任，然后又获得了她的同事的信任。空后面的“of her colleagues”与前面的“of her students”是同样的结构，因此此空应该用that来替代the trust，以避免重复。2(2021哈尔滨模拟)At our factory there are a few machines similar to described in this magazine.解析：those句意：我们工厂里有一些机
21、器与这本杂志里描述的那些机器很相似。根据句意可知，空格处指的是the machines，同时the machines被described in this magazine修饰，应用those替代，故填those。 3(2021邢台模拟)To my amazement, the life of France and Italy seemed more pleasant and relaxing than of Toronto.解析：that代指前面的the life，故用that。 4(2021石家庄模拟)He said the vegetables were smaller than grow
22、n in fresh water.解析：those代指前面提到的名词vegetables。他说这些蔬菜比种在淡水中的蔬菜小。 考点4another, other, others1(2018全国卷短文改错改编)The first time I went there, they were living in a small house with dogs, ducks, and animals.解析：other句中的animals是复数形式，所以修饰该名词的限定词应该用other。可数名词复数前用other，意为“其他的”。2(2021枣庄模拟)Some people use the air to
23、 sustain them while they sit around and feel sorry for themselves. breathe in the air and use the energy it provides to make a magnificent life.解析：Othersothers泛指“其他人”。与前面的some构成some . others .句式。3(2021洛阳模拟)Many singles say the regular dating scene has led them from one bad experience to .解析：another此
24、处表示从一个不愉快的经历到另一个(不愉快的经历), another“另一个”。自测中查漏补缺.单句语法填空1(2021贵州平坝一中模拟)They had to chase the overprotective mother away first, so that they could get close enough to rescue the baby.2(2021辽宁沈阳二中模拟)When tea and coffee were first introduced to Europe in the 18th century, people had different ideas about
25、their (they) use.3It is important to think about the people of a destination country and how tourism affects them.4Yesterday evening, just before dusk, I spotted a pigeon badly tied up with a sharp string, hitting the wall and the tree branches, to free himself (he) from the kite string.5After the b
26、oy ate one apple, he asked for another.6(2020青海平安一中冲刺)Nobody likes to talk about death, but the reality is everyone is going to die at one point, and none of us know the day, or the hour.7(2020西安教学质量检测)All of us have read thrilling stories.In many of them (they) the hero had only a limited and speci
27、fied time to live.8Both teams were in hard training; neither was willing to lose the game.9(2020黄山模拟)Some great people can see possibilities where others see only problems.10(2020湖南雅礼中学模拟)When we look at someone, maybe even ourselves (us), we see the external clay.单句改错1My parents took me to see our
28、doctor, who told me what was a good idea to eat only a little.whatit2It is a very precious present from mine Canadian teacher, which I treasure very much.minemy3At 10：00, we put on performances, like singing and dancing.Then they played games together! theywe4My father is the man I respect most.Stri
29、ct as he may be, he never fails to show her care and consideration.herhis5About 36% of them are fond of surfing the Internet, which helps him know about the latest news and current affairs in the world.himthem6Yesterday, one of my favorite stamps was lost, which made me really upset.I looked for it
30、everywhere and asked everybody in the room, but still couldnt find them.themit.语法填空What is art? It is very difficult to come 1 with a thorough answer.Tons of people have their own opinions and think they know what art 2 (true) is.Most peoples answers are too general to distinguish what art is.Art is
31、 a creative form of work, 3 (design) to have a purpose and show emotion.There is a purpose to every piece of artwork.Therefore 4 artist had to start with a unique idea, or reason for 5 theyre creating.Historically, art has many different purposes for being made.Artists have made art for logical 6 (p
32、urpose) like entertainment, communication, and sometimes just to express 7 (they)The first time I made art, it was in kindergarten.I remember a mini house glued on paper for my family.Art has to have a connection between the artist and the actual art project itself.As is the case with the Statue of
33、Liberty, and freedom.Arts final goal is 8 (stir) up some type of emotion.Plenty of artists express their feelings in a piece of art.Then the artists feelings 9 (absorb) by the audience, causing them to have 10 (emotion) reactions to the visual.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了什么是艺术，艺术的目的是什么以及艺术的最终目的等情况。1up考查固定短语。
34、come up with意思是“想出；提出”。2truly考查副词。修饰后面的is，指艺术真正是什么，作状语。3designed考查非谓语动词。design与art之间构成被动关系，因此使用过去分词。4an考查冠词。此处表示泛指，且artist以元音音素开头，故填an。5what考查宾语从句。设空处引导的从句作for的宾语，且在从句中作create的宾语。6purposes考查名词复数。like后面列举的内容表明目的很多，故使用复数形式。7themselves考查代词。根据意思，表达他们自己，使用express themselves。8to stir考查非谓语动词。根据句子的意思， 艺术的最终
35、目的是激起一些感情。再根据句子的结构来判断，此处要用动词不定式作表语。9are absorbed考查时态和语态。由上文可知，此处叙述一般事实，应用一般现在时。设空处与主语为被动关系，因此使用被动语态。10emotional考查形容词。修饰后面的名词，使用形容词作定语。.短文改错High school is very important in ones lifetime. Nowadays, the movies about the high school time are so popular, and the stories are overstated. My high school li
36、fe is so different of those in the movies. In the past two years, study occupied most of my time. I fought for the future with my classmates. We studied hardly and shared our opinion about the difficult points together. When I made a great progress, I was so happy, but when I fell behind, I would no
37、t give up. I grew up and became patience. I was not a little girl anymore. In the spare time, I would go to play basketball with my friends, that became the most excited thing at that time. Though the high school life was simple, I gained a lot. I would never forget the classmates who studied with t
38、hem together.答案：第二句：andbut第三句：offrom第四句：study后加has第六句：hardlyhard; opinionopinions第七句：去掉great前的a第八句：patiencepatient第十句：thatwhich; excitedexciting第十二句：themme语境中体悟用法朗读下面短文，体会、领悟画线加黑部分。思考什么词前用介词；有哪几类介词；介词的搭配要注意什么。Born in Beijing， Yuan Longping graduated from Southwest Agricultural College in 1953， and s
39、ince his graduation he has devoted himself to agricultural education and research. His pioneering research has helped rid China of hunger within three decades. In 1973, in cooperation with others, he was able to cultivate a type of hybrid rice species which had great advantages over others and whose
40、 output would increase by 20 percent than that of common ones. With higher yields than previous varieties, Professor Yuans new crop, regarded as the fifth invention after Chinas Four Major Inventions， has quickly improved Chinas food supply. Without any hesitation， he shared his knowledge and techno
41、logy with foreign scientists, so farmers in more than ten other countries besides China have thus benefited from his work, gaining access to his technology. In return， he was awarded many international awards for his great achievements. In his spare time, Dr. Yuan loves playing the violin and listen
42、ing to music. Every night, he reads for half an hour about various topics before he goes to sleep. But he cares for nothing more than his research and he goes to the fields twice a day by motorbike， which has left a strong impression on us.用法体悟1介词的基本用法：in地点介词，在某个城市、国家等范围较大的地点前用in；小地点，如station, airpo
43、rt, corner等前面常用at；表示年、月的名词前用介词in；since“自以后，从以来”，表示自过去一直持续到现在，谓语动词通常使用完成时；介词within后面接一段时间，表示“不超过，在的范围内”；with在此表示“伴有，具有；伴随着”，此外with还有“由于；关于；和一致”等意思；after表示“在之后”；besides表示“除了之外”；for后不接时间点，只与一段时间相搭配；about在此表示“关于，在方面”；by在此表示“乘(交通工具)”；2固定搭配中的介词：从某所学校毕业用graduate from；介词to与动词devote构成词组devote oneself to表示“致力
44、于”；短语rid sb. of表示“使某人摆脱”；固定搭配in cooperation with表示“与合作”；固定搭配have advantages over表示“比有优势”；短语increase by表示“增加了”，强调增加幅度；be regarded as“被视为”，此处在句中作定语，故用regarded as形式；without any hesitation表示“毫不犹豫地”；短语benefit from表示“从中受益”；access后常接介词to搭配构成短语access to表示“可获得/利用某物或到达某地”；短语in return，表示“作为回报”；leave a strong i
45、mpression on sb.给某人留下深刻的印象。系统中整合规则(一)4个常用介词1against的用法含义例句反对；违背；与相反Are you for or against the plan?你是赞成还是反对该计划？触；碰；撞；紧靠；倚靠Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back against a big tree.吉姆累了，背靠着一棵大树很快便睡着了。与竞争We will be competing against the best companies in Europe.我们将会和欧洲的顶级公司竞争。防备，抵御They took measures
46、 against the fire.他们采取了防火措施。以为背景，衬托The hill looks more beautiful against the blue sky.在蓝天的映衬下，山峰看起来更美丽。2at的用法含义及用法例句用在表示地点、场合、方位等的名词前，表示“在某处”Ill pick you up at the airport at 2 oclock this afternoon.今天下午两点我会到机场接你。用在表示时刻、钟点、期间、岁、时节等的名词前He left school at (the age of) 16.他16岁便离开了学校。表示“以，按(价格、速度、数量等)”Ad
47、mission is at normal charges and you dont need to book.以正常价格收取门票费，你无需预约。表示“因而；一听到/看到/想到就”We were frightened at the terrible sight.看到这可怕的景象，我们被吓到了。表示“朝，向(某方向、目标)”He shot at the target but missed it.他向目标射击，但是没射中。表示“在方面”Shes hopeless at managing people.她对人事管理一窍不通。3by的用法含义及用法例 句(时间)不迟于，在之前He is sure to
48、come by three oclock.他三点之前肯定会来。(位置)靠近，在旁边/附近On a cold evening, it is pleasant to sit by the fire.在寒冷的夜晚，坐在炉火旁边很舒服。表示“(标准、度量、数量)根据，按照，以计算”，常用结构为“bythe单数可数名词”They sell eggs by the dozen.他们按打卖鸡蛋。We rent the car by the day.我们按天租用汽车。(表示程度、数量)相差We lost the match by one goal.我们以一球之差输了这场比赛。经过，经由They came in
49、 by the back door.他们是从后门进来的。靠，用，通过(某种方法、手段)You can reserve the tickets by phone.你可以通过电话订票。“被/由”(常置于表被动的动词后，后接动作的执行者)He was knocked down by a car.他被一辆小汽车撞倒了。4for的用法含义例句(表示目的或功能)为了Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work?你学英语是出于消遣还是为了工作？(表示对象或用途)给，对The problem was that it was too expensi
50、ve for everyday use.问题是这对日常使用来说太贵了。(表示原因)因为，由于Bill was arrested for dangerous driving.比尔因危险驾驶而被拘捕。(表示时间、距离、数量)达，计We drove for miles before we found a gas station.我们开车数英里后才找到一个加油站。(表示等值或比例关系)换取He agreed to pay 300 dollars for the picture.他答应付300美元买下那幅画。支持，赞成How many people voted for the proposal？有多少人
51、投票支持这项提议？至于，关于，就而言Its cold for the time of year.在一年的这个时节天气是冷了些。(表示去向)往，向A few days later she would be leaving for New York.过几天她就要动身去纽约了。(表示陈述或问题的对象)适于，适合于Im sure shes the ideal person for the job.我确信她是这个职位的理想人选。(二)3种介词固定搭配1介词与动词构成的搭配call for需要pay for为付款 apply for申请 search for寻找，搜索 wait for等待 begin w
52、ith以开始2介词与名词构成的搭配(1)atn.表示状态 at a loss 不知所措 at peace 处于和平状态 at war 处于交战状态 at work 在工作(2)onn.表示状态 on exhibition/show 在展出 on fire 着火 on sale 出售，打折 on the way 在途中 (3)byn.表示方式by accident偶然地 by air/plane乘飞机 by chance偶然 by coincidence碰巧 (4)inn.表示方式in cash用现金付款 in depth在深度上 in detail详细地 in height在高度上 (5)of
53、n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit有益处的 of help 有帮助的 of importance重要的 of significance有意义的 (6)out ofn.表示状态 out of balance失去平衡 out of breath上气不接下气 out of control失去控制 out of date过期；过时 (7)undern.表示被动under attack遭到袭击 under pressure在压力下 under treatment在治疗中 under control处于控制之中 3介词与其他词构成的搭配next to紧挨着 instead of代替 ap
54、art from除之外 according to根据along with 随着 regardless of不管，不顾but for 要不是 up to直到；由来决定集训中明晰考点考点1for的常考点(1)for常用于表示目的；(2)for表示交换，常与buy, sell, exchange等词连用；(3)leave A for B “离开A地去B地”；head for “朝方向去”；search for“搜寻”；(4)wait for sb.to do sth./ arrange for sb.to do sth.；(5)其他短语中。1(2020新高考全国卷)Museums must comp
55、ete peoples spare time and money with other amusements.解析：forcompete for .with .“为了而与竞争”，为固定搭配。 2(2019全国卷)Modern methods tracking polar bear populations have been employed only since the mid1980s, and are expensive to perform consistently over a large area.解析：of/for名词method后常接介词of/for, 表示“的方法”，此处表示追
56、踪北极熊数量的现代方法，故填介词of/for。3(2018全国卷)I was searching these three western lowland gorillas Id been observing.解析：forsearch for为固定搭配，意为“寻找，搜索”。4(2021重庆模拟)After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town.So I decided to leave home New York, where I might have a
57、better chance to find a good job.解析：forleave home for New York表示“离开家去纽约”。考点2in的常考点1(2020浙江7月高考)Some time after 10, 000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived ， through agriculture.解析：in分析句子结构可知，they lived 是定语从句，修饰先行词the world；根据语法常识知，live常和介词in搭配，意为“居住在”。省略了的关系代词作in的宾
58、语。 2(2019北京高考)First celebrated 1970, the Day now includes events in more than 190 countries and regions (地区)解析：in表示“在哪一年”用介词in。3(2018浙江11月高考)One cup of coffee the late afternoon or evening will cause them to stay awake almost all night.解析：inin the late afternoon为固定搭配，意为“在傍晚”。4(2021遂宁模拟)The violin sa
59、ng with a quality of music so beautiful that the collector could only listen amazement.解析：in固定搭配in amazement意为“惊奇地”。 考点3on的常考点(1)在描述身体姿势时，常用on表示接触点，如：lie on ones back仰卧，get down on ones knees跪下；(2)表示“以为食；以为燃料(或动力)来运转”；(3)其他短语中。1My house is the left side of the street.解析：onon the left side of “在的左边”。
60、2(2021大庆模拟)The injured man was lying motionless his back.解析：onlie on ones back“仰卧”。3(2021石家庄模拟)Together they give off a smell very similar to the krill (磷虾) that many sea birds feed .解析：onfeed on“以为食”。 4(2021临沂模拟)It is a fixed truth that this form of learning is the increase.解析：onon the increase“在增长
61、中”；on the decrease“在减少中”。5(2021枣庄模拟) an autumn afternoon, we were sent to a farm where we learnt to plant potatoes there.解析：On具体到某一天的上、下午、晚上用on。再如：on a raining morning; on a windy evening。考点4with, without的常考点(1)without表示“没有；缺乏；不和在一起；无相伴；不用；不拿；不带”，可用作with的反义词；(2)with/without后可以接复合宾语；(3)with/without介词
62、短语可以用作定语，修饰名词，还可以用作状语，修饰动词或整个句子。1(2018全国卷短文改错改编)Still I was unwilling to play the games them sometimes.解析： withwith sb.意为“和某人一起”。2(2016全国卷)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia.In India, for example, most people traditionally eat their hands.解析：withwith ones hands“用某人的手”，介词with意为“用”。3(2015广东高考)
63、One day, the cow was eating grass when it began to rain heavily.While making great efforts to run away, she fell over the hill and died.Then the Johnsons had to make a living the cow.解析：without根据语境可知，奶牛在慌忙躲雨的时候，不小心摔死了，因此约翰逊一家人就不得不在没有了奶牛的情况下谋生。故填without。考点5to的常考点(1)表示方向、时间、程度、范围等，如：from north to sout
64、h, ten minute to nine, to a certain；(2)表示对比、对立、对应等，如：inferior . to, contrary to；(3)表示目的、对象等，如：drink to ones health, be kind to；(4)表示所属关系，配合、按照等，如the key to, sing to。1(2019浙江6月高考)The answer this question is not clear.解析：to句意：这个问题的答案并不明朗。the answer to .“的答案”。2(2021贵阳模拟)Several days ago, he showed the
65、public a limited edition car, which is especially made his personal taste.解析：toto his personal taste“按照他个人的品位”。3(2021遵义模拟)He had a radio in his hand and was dancing cheerfully the music.解析：todance to the music“随着音乐跳舞”。4(2021长沙模拟)Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their own v
66、olunteerrun shops, but Mr Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution these villages without a local shop.解析：toa solution to“的解决办法”。考点6含有as或at的固定搭配1(2021洛阳模拟)Gandhi, an Indian national hero, was honored the father of the Indian nation.解析：asbe honored as“被誉为”。2(2021郑州模拟)Take the albums hit sing
67、le “Hello” an example.解析：astake . as an example“以为例”。3(2021泰安模拟)The only reason a man would sell his house a low price would be because he was desperate for money.解析：atat a low price“以很低的价钱”。4(2021成都模拟)We are walking the speed of one mile an hour.解析：atat the speed of“以速度”。考点7其他固定搭配中的介词1(2020全国卷)The
68、artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist earth, Mother Nature.解析：on此处on earth相当于in the world，意思是“在世上，在人间”。2(2020全国卷)Bamboo plants are associated health, abundance and a happy home.解析：withbe associated with“与有关，与联系”。3(2019全国卷)We were first greeted with the barking by a pack dogs, seven
69、to be exact.解析：ofa pack of为固定搭配，表示“一群”，故填of。4(2021济宁模拟)Before she could react, I gave her a big hug and told her she didnt need to keep it a secret me.解析：fromkeep sth.a secret from sb.表示“不把某事告诉某人”。5(2021长沙模拟)We should take some measures to fight pollution.解析：againstfight against“和做斗争”。自测中查漏补缺.单句语法填空
70、1(2021兰州模拟)Students often must go from one class in one building to the next class in another building across campus.2(2021双流中学模拟)At that time, they were two teenagers.3(2021大庆模拟)Guan Yu, a general from the Three Kingdoms Period (A.D.220280), is a good example of this kind of character.He is famous
71、for being very loyal to his emperor, Liu Bei.4Because of poverty they must go out onto the street and ask people for money.5They demanded that they be allowed to fill their arms with many possessions as they could carry out.6(2020遵义模拟)With his head down, the farmer said，“It was very easy, your highn
72、ess.I simply cut the branch that the bird was sitting on.”7These photographs are used for the class yearbook, which is a printed book about all the students in the school.8(2020宜宾模拟)If you see two zebras standing close to each other and it looks like theyre biting each other, dont worry.单句改错1We enjo
73、yed a grander sight by climbing a greater height. climbing后加to2On the first place, vehicles sending large quantities of poisonous gases are a major source.OnIn3With an effort, all the books were free from of rain.去掉of4The 87yearold scientist says his achievements would not have been possible with th
74、e Communist Party of China, and that he is willing to make his last contribution to the country.withwithout5By Sunday afternoon, the glue had set, and after two coats of bright white paint, the chair was of perfect.去掉perfect前的of6A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling
75、 upon us to join the actions for a greener earth.join后加in.语法填空(2021山西省八校高三第一次联考)The New York City Police Department (NYPD) has a new way to figure out if citizens feel safe. The department is using something 1 (call) a “sentiment (情绪) meter”， which asks people whether they feel safe in their neighbo
76、rhood and whether the police are 2 (responsibility) in their mind.“This is a huge problem here. All the crime numbers that we want are easy 3 (lay) out, but unless people feel safe, were not doing our job 4 (entire)，”Commissioner James P. ONeill told the newspaper. A company hired by the NYPD 5 (tak
77、e) advantage of social media platforms to survey up to 7,500 New Yorkers. Survey questions included: “Do the police officers in my neighborhood treat local people 6 respect？” and “ Do the police in my neighborhood listen and take the concerns of local people into 7 (consider)？” The results showed th
78、at 6.6 out of 10 New Yorkers trusted the police.“We want to figure out 8 you dont feel safe in your neighborhood，” ONeill said. “Maybe it is a qualityoflife condition that isnt being addressed. Maybe its abandoned 9 (vehicle). Maybe there are other problems going on.” The NYPD hopes in 10 long term
79、the information can be used to tailor manpower to each police station in the city. 语篇解读：文章介绍了纽约警察局调查民情的新方法。1called考查非谓语动词。call与something是逻辑上的动宾关系，且此处表示动作已经完成，故用过去分词called。2responsible考查形容词。根据句意“在他们心目中，警察是否负责”。可知用responsible。3to lay考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知，此处是名词/代词be形容词to do结构，do和主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，但是不定式要用主动形式表示被动含
80、义。4entirely考查副词。除非人们感觉安全，否则我们没有完全尽到我们的职责。此处用副词修饰动词。5took考查动词的时态。根据语境和下文所用的一般过去时可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，故用一般过去时。6with考查介词。小区的警察是怀有敬意地对待当地的住户的吗？with在此表示“带着，怀有”。7consideration考查名词。此处是take .into consideration“考虑到”。注意：切不可看到into就以为此处填动词的ing形式。8why考查名词性从句。根据下文提到的一些原因可知，此处表示“我们想要搞清楚你们为什么感觉不安全”。宾语从句中表示为什么，所以用why引导。
81、9vehicles考查名词复数。或许是废弃的汽车。虽然主语是it，但是它指代的是一种原因，而vehicle是可数名词，空前无冠词，故用复数表类指。10the考查冠词。in the long term“从长远来看”，所以用the。.短文改错Im so sorry to hear that you have been suffering from sleepless for a long time. To help your recover soon, Id like to advise you to turn to traditional Chinese medicine. As is know
82、n to us all, traditional Chinese medicine is practical but effective when using to treat some diseases. Compared with the high cost of western medicine, it has a reasonable price, so you dont need to be worried your budget.Additional, unlike western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine has more si
83、de effects. Therefore, if you agreed, Id like to recommend a doctor to you, which Im sure will offer you an ideal treatment. Please dont hesitate to ask me for help whenever do you think its necessary. I hope youll have a speedy recovery.答案：第一句：sleeplesssleeplessness第二句：youryou第三句：butand; usingused第四句：worried后加about第五句：AdditionalAdditionally; morefewer第六句：agreedagree; whichwho第七句：去掉whenever后的do