1、类型3| 科普知识(对应学生用书第62页)考查要点方法技巧1.科学现象、概念、定义、类别等。2事物的性质、特点、原理、用途等。3事物或现象产生的原因、过程、演变。4相似事物间的异同。1.理清说明顺序：时间、空间、逻辑顺序。2把握文章结构：并列式、承接式、递进式、总分式。3认清说明方法：下定义、举事例、作比较、打比方等。 (2017江苏高考卷)Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices.They can even distinguish their mothers voice from th
2、at of a female stranger.But when it comes to embryonic learning(胎教)，birds could rule_the_roostAs recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch(孵化)Newborn chicks can then imitate their moms call within a few days of enterin
3、g the world.This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues.Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs.When the eggs were hatched，th
4、e baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothersa sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird.First they collected sound data from 67 nest
5、s in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching.Then they identified begging calls by analyzing the order and number of notes.A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping
6、 like their moms.And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies begging calls.In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their moms voice were rewarded with the most food.This observation
7、hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological(神经系统的)strengths of children to parents.An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.“As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？” Kleindorfer asks.“Our results suggest that they might be
8、 going for quality.”58The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “_”Abe the worst Bbe the bestCbe just as badDbe just as good59What are Kleindorfers findings based on?ASimilarities between the calls of moms and chicks.BThe observation of fairy wrens across Australia.CThe data collected from Queensla
9、nds locals.DControlled experiments on wrens and other birds.60Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which_Acan receive quality signalsBare in need of trainingCfit the environment betterDmake the loudest call【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类的说明文。文章讲述了澳大利亚的一位生物学家通过研究发现胎教并非人类独有，一些鸟儿在这方面做得甚至更出色。
10、长难句解读：And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies begging calls.分析：the more.，the more.“越就越”，固定句式。翻译：鸟妈妈对着鸡蛋叫得越是频繁，小鸟乞讨的声音就越像(鸟妈妈的叫声)。58B考查词义猜测。根据句中的转折词But与下文提到的鸟类在胎教方面做得很出色可知选择B。59A考查细节理解。根据第二、三、四段的内容，尤其是第二段中的“the baby birds made the similar chirp to the
11、ir mothers”，第三段的最后一句及第四段的第二句可知，Kleindorfer的发现是基于鸟妈妈与幼鸟发出的叫声的相似性的，因此本题答案为A。60C考查推理判断。根据倒数第二段的最后一句和最后一段中的“An evolutionary inference can then be drawn.”可知，与鸟妈妈的叫声最相似的幼鸟可以得到最多的食物，这也能说明它符合进化论的理论：适者生存，故本题答案为C。A(2017镇江高三一模)Spatial navigation(空间导航)relies on brain regions that are commonly affected by the ea
12、rly stages of Alzheimers disease.Before severe and obvious memory problems set in and people are diagnosed with dementia(痴呆)，they might report problems with finding their way around and frequently get lost in familiar neighborhoods.In that early stage，however，it is difficult to know whether their da
13、maged navigational skills are actually due to the disease or simply a part of normal aging because we currently dont have a firm grasp on what “normal” is.In their recent study，Spiers and his colleagues aimed to change that by establishing a common baseline for adults navigational skills，which natur
14、ally decline with age.For that，the researchers needed large numbers of peoplehence the idea for crowdsourcing the experiment via a gaming APP that measures spatial navigation ability.Navigating inside a game may not be exactly the same as finding ones way in a realworld situation.But people are like
15、ly to use the same cognitive mechanisms(认知机制)in both situations.“If you are good at navigating，youll do well in the game.And if you are bad at finding your way out there，youll also struggle in the video game，” Spiers says，adding that their team still plans to compare the game performance with realli
16、fe performance in the near future.Since its launch in May，some 2.5 million healthy people have played Sea Hero Quest，making it one of the most impressive scientific experiments to date just by the sheer number of participants.“To my knowledge，never before has spatial navigation been quantified on su
17、ch a large scale，” says Katherine Possin，an assistant professor of neuropsychology at the University of California，San Francisco，who was not involved with the research.So far one of the main findings coming out of Sea Hero Quest is a simple linear decline with age：From the age 19 onward，spatial navi
18、gation steadily worsens from year to year.The 19 year olds were able to remember their starting point and accurately hit it by shooting a flare(信号弹)back to that position 74 percent of the time.Those aged 75 succeeded only 46 percent of the time.Another finding is that men appear to perform better th
19、an women on these specific tasks.Although this finding seems to fit with the longheld assumption that men are better navigators，rather it may reflect that males have more experience with games.The researchers tried to account for this possibility，yet still found a gender difference in performance.Sp
20、iers notes，however，that the games boys and girls play in early childhoodwhich could influence brain development and spatial skillsare much harder to account for.“The question is why.And we dont have an answer yet，” Spiers says.“We are really skimming the surface.Theres so much data from everyone who
21、s played the game.We have two years of analysis ahead of us.”【语篇解读】本文是科普说明文。一项新的研究发现人们的空间导航能力会随着年龄的增长而降低，且这种能力也受性别差异的影响。1What is the main purpose in experimenting via gaming?ATo compare Alzheimers disease and normal aging.BTo provide a baseline measure of navigation ability.CTo figure out the way of
22、 dealing with dementia.DTo find out how to firmly grasp what “normal” is.B考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句“In their recent study，Spiers and his colleagues aimed to change that by establishing a common baseline for adults navigational skills，which naturally decline with age”可知，Spiers和他的同事们通过游戏做试验旨在提供导航能力的基线衡量标准。故选B项。
23、2According to the third paragraph，what Spiers says indicates that_Athe levels of performance in both situations are tightly correlatedBthe popularity of the game makes itself a more impressive experimentCthe plan to compare the game and real life has been carefully madeDthe scale of the game is so l
24、arge that it is difficult to quantifyA考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“If you are good at navigating，youll do well in the game.And if you are bad at finding your way out there，youll also struggle in the video game”可知，如果擅长导航，你就会在游戏中做得好；如果你不善于找到出路，你就会在电子游戏中挣扎。由此可推断，Spiers所说的话表明，这两种情形的表现水平是紧密相关的。故选A项。3What can we infer
25、from the last two paragraphs?AMen were assumed to be better game players long before.BSpatial navigation betters steadily from the age 19 onward.CThe reason for data being analysed is hard to account for.DThe findings reveal variations based on age and gender.D考查推理判断。根据最后两段的内容，尤其是第五段第一句中的“So far one
26、 of the main findings coming out of Sea Hero Quest is a simple linear decline with age”和第六段前三句“Another finding .The researchers tried to account for this possibility，yet still found a gender difference in performance”可知，该项研究发现表明人们的空间导航能力会基于年龄和性别的不同而发生变化。故选D项。B【导学号：25874032】(2017常州高三一模)Decades ago，sc
27、ientists had a much more fixed conception of the brain.They believed that how it develops when youre a kid more or less determines your brain structure for the rest of your life.But now we know thats not true.A landmark study in 2000 looked at grey matter in London taxi drivers.The drivers had more
28、grey matter volume in the hippocampus，a little seahorseshaped part of the brain that deals with memory.Here was real evidence of neuroplasticity，the ability of the brain to change and form new neural(神经的)connections.In 2010，Swedish scientists tested a group of younger(2130)and older(6580) adults for
29、 six months，and “did not detect any significant agerelated differences in neuroplasticity of whitematter microstructure”Translation：older brains can change too.So what happens to the brain of an adult who learns languages? A group of adult students learning Chinese were tested over a ninemonth perio
30、d in 2012，during which they showed “improved whitematter quality”White matter is what connects neural cells，so the better connected，the better you can accomplish a cognitive(认知的)task.Still want more? Oh，alright then.Language learning builds up your “cognitive reserve”，which makes you more resistant
31、to brain damage.If youre bilingual(双语的)，congratulations! You may have just delayed the beginning of dementia(痴呆)by several years.If youre upset about not being quite as quick as you used to be，or your memory，theres a silver lining.Youve got something going for you that no teenager has.Youve learned
32、how to learn.You know the strategies that work for you and what not to waste your time on.You have better “metacognitive skills”Another name for this is “selfdirected learning”A few years ago，scientists tried to test this.They got groups of older people and younger people and showed them words with
33、points values attached，ranging from low to high.Then they allowed the subjects to review whatever they wanted.They noticed that the older subjects spent more time on the valuable words but their recall was just as good as the younger subjects.The scientists later discovered that theyd sneakily(偷偷地)r
34、eviewed the highvalue words just before the test.So，there you have it：Theres absolutely no reason why you cant learn a language up to a ripe old age.【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，探讨了大脑的神经可塑性与年龄之间的关系，从而得出年龄并不是放弃语言学习的借口这个结论。4What is the main theme of this passage?AHuman brain structure can develop at any age.BA ripe
35、 old age is no excuse for quitting language learning.CThere is little difference in the brain ability between the young and the old.DOlder people actually perform better in language learning than younger ones.B考查主旨大意。根据文章第三段第一句“In 2010，Swedish scientists tested a group of younger(2130)and older(6580
36、)adults for six months，and did not detect any significant agerelated differences in neuroplasticity of whitematter microstructure”及文章第七段第四句“They noticed that the older subjects spent more time on the valuable words but their recall was just as good as the younger subjects.” 及最后一段可知，白质微结构的神经可塑性与年龄并没有
37、太大的关系，并且通过实验表明，在执行一系列认知任务时，老人和年轻人表现得同样出色，故可以得出这篇文章的主题是年纪大了并不是放弃语言学习的借口。5What is the structure of the passage?A考查篇章结构。文章第一段简述了几十年前科学家们对于人的大脑发展错误的认知；第二段和第三段论述了科学家们通过研究发现，大脑活动的能力和形成新的神经联系的能力与年龄并没有太大的关系；第四段和第五段举例说明语言学习能够有益于认知能力的培养；第六段和第七段通过举例说明成人具备更好的认知学习策略，即自主学习技巧；最后一段进行总结，点明主题，说明年龄并不是逃避语言学习的借口。6What c
38、an we infer from this passage?AGrey matter is of less importance to the brain than white matter.BLearning another language can bring benefits to your cognitive ability.CYour childhood will determine your brain structure for the rest of your life.DMetacognitive skills have no significant influence in
39、 young peoples language learning.B考查推理判断。根据文章第四段最后两句“A group of adult students learning Chinese were tested over a ninemonth period in 2012，during which they showed improved whitematter qualityWhite matter is what connects neural cells，so the better connected，the better you can accomplish a cognitive task.”和文章第五段中的“ Language learning builds up your cognitive reserve，which makes you more resistant to brain damage.If youre bilingual(双语的)，congratulations! You may have just delayed the beginning of dementia(痴呆)by several years.”可知，学习另一种语言有益于提高你的认知能力。