1、2020年高考英语真题模拟试题专项汇编（3）阅读理解-健康环保类1. Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem. Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the
2、50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. Its this strange form that makes race walking such an attra
3、ctive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass. Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 ca
4、lories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour. However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, run
5、ners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step. As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race
6、 walkers. But the sports strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn prop
7、er technique, she says. It takes some practice.(1)Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?A.They must run long distances.B.They are qualified for the marathon.C.They have to follow special rules.D.They are good at swinging their legs.(2)What advantage does race walking have over running?A.Its more
8、 popular at the Olympics.B.Its less challenging physically.C.Its more effective in body building.D.Its less likely to cause knee injuries.(3)What is Dr. Norbergs suggestion for someone trying race walking?A.Getting experts opinions.B.Having a medical checkup.C.Hiring an experienced coach.D.Doing reg
9、ular exercises.(4)Which word best describes the authors attitude to race walking?A.Skeptical.B.Objective.C.Tolerant.D.Conservative.2. When you were trying to figure out what to buy for the environmentalist on your holiday list, fur probably didnt cross your mind. But some ecologists and fashion (时装)
10、enthusiasts are trying to bring back the market for fur made from nutria(海狸鼠). Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur made into clothes in different styles. It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-free fur - unless you understand that the nutria are destroying vast w
11、etlands every year says Cree McCree, project director of Righteous Fur. Scientists in Louisiana were so concerned that they decided to pay hunters $5 a tail. Some of the fur ends up in the fashion shows like the one in Brooklyn last month. Nutria were brought there from Argentina by fur farmers and
12、let go into the wild. The ecosystem down there cant handle this non-native species(物种).Its destroying the environment. Its them or us. says Michael Massimi, an expert in this field. The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-si
13、zed animals multiplied like crazy. Biologist Edmond Mouton runs the nutria control program for Louisiana. He says its not easy to convince people that nutria fur is green, but he has no doubt about it. Hunters bring in more than 300,000 nutria tails a year, so part of Moutons job these days is tryin
14、g to promote fur. Then theres Righteous Fur and its unusual fashion. Model Paige Morgan says, To give people a guilt-free option that they can wear without someone throwing paint on them-I think thats going to be a massive thing, at least here in New York. Designer Jennifer Anderson admits it took h
15、er a while to come around to the opinion that using nutria fur for her creations is morally acceptable. Shes trying to come up with a label to attach to nutria fashions to show it is eco-friendly.3. According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits
16、 of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid. To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the r
17、esearchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab toostensibly (表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. Before the film began, each woman was asked to help herself to a snack. An actor hired by the researchers grabbed her food
18、first. In her natural state, the actor weighed 105 pounds. But in half the cases she wore a specially designed fat suit which increased her weight to 180 pounds. Both the fat and thin versions of the actor took a large amount of food. The participants followed suit, taking more food than they normal
19、ly would have. However, they took significantly more when the actor was thin. For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took sign
20、ificantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces. The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when were making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the Ill have what shes having effect. However, well adjust the influence. If an
21、 overweight person is having a large portion, Ill hold back a bit because I see the results of his eating habits. But if a thin person eats a lot, Ill follow suit. If he can eat much and keep slim, why cant I?(1).What is the recent study mainly about?A.Food safety.B.Movie viewership.C.Consumer deman
22、d.D.Eating behavior.(2).What does the underlined word beanpoles in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Big eaters.B.Overweight persons.C.Picky eaters.D.Tall thin persons.(3).Why did the researchers hire the actor?A.To see how she would affect the participants.B.To test if the participants could recognize her.C.T
23、o find out what she would do in the two tests.D.To study why she could keep her weight down.(4).On what basis do we adjust the influence according to the last paragraph?A.How hungry we are.B.How slim we want to be.C.How we perceive others.D.How we feel about the food.4. Challenging work that require
24、s lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests. Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and asse
25、ssed the volunteers memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests. Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do th
26、e best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants overall health status. This works just like physical exercise, says Francisca
27、Then, who led the study. After a long run, you may feel like youre in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. Its not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then po
28、ints out. A waiters job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), she says. You have to organize the activities of the children a
29、nd take care of the bills and groceries. Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help. (1).Why did the scientists ask the v
30、olunteers to take the tests?A.To assess their health status.B.To evaluate their work habits.C.To analyze their personality.D.To measure their mental ability.(2).How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4?A.By using an experts words.B.By making a comparison.C.By referring to another
31、study.D.By introducing a concept.(3).Which of the following is the best title for the text?A.Retired Workers Can Pick Up New SkillsB.Old People Should Take Challenging JobsC.Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You SharpD.Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age5. For those who can stomach it, working ou
32、t before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity. Athletes and scientists have long known that meal timing affects performance. However, far less has been known about how meal timing and exercise might affect general he
33、alth. To find out, British scientists conducted a study. They first found 10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us. They tested the mens fitness and resting metabolic (新陈代谢的)rates and took samples (样
34、品) of their blood and fat tissue. Then, on two separate morning visits to the scientists lab, each man walked for an hour at an average speed that, in theory, should allow his body to rely mainly on fat for fuel. Before one of these workouts, the men skipped breakfast, meaning that they exercised on
35、 a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast (禁食). On the other occasion, they ate a rich morning meal about two hours before they started walking. Just before and an hour after each workout, the scientists took additional samples of the mens blood and fat tissue. Then they compared the s
36、amples. There were considerable differences. Most obviously, the men displayed lower blood sugar levels at the start of their workouts when they had skipped breakfast than when they had eaten. As a result, they burned more fat during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first. On the o
37、ther hand, they burned slightly more calories(卡路里), on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting. But it was the effects deep within the fat cells that may have been the most significant, the researchers found. Multiple genes behaved differently, depending on whether someone had
38、 eaten or not before walking. Many of these genes produce proteins (蛋白质) that can improve blood sugar regulation and insulin(胰岛素) levels throughout the body and so arc associated with improved metabolic health. These genes were much more active when the men had fasted before exercise than when they
39、had breakfasted. The implication of these results is that to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first.(1).The underlined expression stomach it in Paragraph 1 most probably means _.A.digest the meal easilyB.manage without breakfastC.decide wisely what to ea
40、tD.eat whatever is offered(2).Why were the 10 people chosen for the experiment?A.Their lifestyles were typical of ordinary people.B.Their lack of exercise led to overweight.C.They could walk at an average speed.D.They had slow metabolic rates.(3).What happened to those who ate breakfast before exerc
41、ise?A.They successfully lost weight.B.They consumed a bit more calories.C.They burned more fat on average.D.They displayed higher insulin levels.(4).What could be learned from the research?A.A workout after breakfast improves gene performances.B.Too much workout often slows metabolic rates.C.Lifesty
42、le is not as important as morning exercise.D.Physical exercise before breakfast is better for health.6.Late blight (晚疫病) is a common disease of plants such as tomatoes and potatoes, capable of wiping out entire crops on commercial-sized fields. If conditions are favorable, it can quickly spread to o
43、ther plants through wet soil and wind.In history, late blight caused over 1 million deaths in Ireland. Today it still causes more than 6.7 billion dollars in annual losses worldwide. Small farms and growers are often the hardest hit, many stating losing almost two-thirds of their yearly production,
44、because usually they dont have money to identify and treat the disease.But farmers may have a new weapon now. The technology, designed by researchers at North Carolina State University can recognize sick plants early by employing a piece of test paper that plugs into (接入) a reader on a smartphone.Pl
45、ants produce signaling chemicals from their leaves. “If a plant is diseased, the type and concentration of these chemicals changes,” said Wei Qingshan, an engineer at North Carolina State University. If the farmer suspects a late blight infection is underway, he can remove a leaf from a living plant
46、 and place it in a small, covered glass jar. After the leafs volatile (挥发性的) chemicals have accumulated for 15 minutes or so, the cap is removed and the air is pumped from the jar into a reader attached to the back of a smartphone. Inside the smartphone reader is a piece of paper specially treated w
47、ith dyes (染料) by the researchers. Upon interacting (相互作用) with the plants volatile chemicals, the paper changes color to indicate the presence or absence of the late blight.The researchers hope to tailor the technology for other crop diseases, which continue to appear as climate change and global tr
48、ade increase the stress on agricultural systems. “This is an important step in the improvement of global food security,” Wei Qingshan said.1.What are the statistics in Paragraph 2 mainly about?A.The damage caused by late blight.B.The money put into late blight treatment.C.The number of crops in a co
49、mmercial-sized field.D.The yearly production of small farms and growers.2.According to Wei Qingshan, how would a farmer find out if a plant was infected?A.By treating the plant with special dyes.B.By putting volatile chemicals on the plant.C.By testing the air in the jar with a leaf inside.D.By exam
50、ining the land with a smartphone reader.3.What do the researchers expect of their new technology?A.Itll reach farmers soon.B.Itll get rid of late blight.C.Itll be beneficial to the climate.D.Itll be able to detect more crop diseases.4.What is the purpose of this passage?A.To introduce a test method
51、of late blight.B.To explain the causes of late blight.C.To discuss the effects of late blight.D.To tell the history of late blight.7.The study, published today in the journal PLOS Biology shows that the average body size and number of sharks and other marine predatorsvital to maintaining healthy oce
52、an ecosystemsfell significantly near cities with more than 10,000 people and associated fishing boats.The minimum distance from people and fishing which had no measurable effect was 1,250 kilometers. This is far further than previous studies have suggested and probably reflects the increased distanc
53、es fishing boats can now travel. As a result, sharks were only observed at 12% of sites monitored.Lead author Dr. Tom Letessier said, “Human activity is now the biggest influence on sharks distribution. Just 13% of the worlds oceans can be considered wilderness but sharks and other predators are muc
54、h more common and significantly larger at distances greater than 1,250 kilometers from people. This suggests that large marine predators are generally unable to thrive near to people and is another clear example of the impact of human overuse on our seas.”To collect their data, the team analyzed vid
55、eos taken at 1,041 sites across the Indian and Pacific Oceans, selected to test the biggest possible range of conditions and habitats. Sharks and other free-swimming predators were studied using cameras attached cannisters(炮筒)filled with bait. In total, the team recorded 23,200 animals representing
56、109 species. These included 841 individual sharks from 19 different species.Dr. Letessier added, “Our study also found that shallower water environment, of depths less than 500 meters, were vital for marine predator diversity. We therefore need to identify sites that are both shallow and remote and
57、protect them. However, there are still numerous shallow hot spots near human markets that are not appropriately protected, and this must change.”1.According to the study, what happened to sharks and other marine predators?A.They became less important for keeping healthy ocean ecosystems.B.They only
58、lived near cities with 10,000 people.C.They loved swimming after fishing boats.D.Their average body size and number decreased sharply.2.Which of the following statements may Dr. Tom Letessier agree with?A.Large marine predators can grow well near people.B.People shouldnt disturb the sea and sea anim
59、als.C.Sharks distribution was mainly affected by human activity.D.Other ecological factors have no impact on sharks distribution.3.What does the author intend to do in Paragraph 4?A.Introduce a new topic for readers.B.Introduce the study means used by the team.C.Summarize the previous paragraphs.D.C
60、ollect data about sharks and other predators.4.What can we infer about the perfect environment for marine predator diversity?A.It should be deeper than 500 meters.B.It should be spots that are hot enough.C.It should be shallower and away from humans.D.It should be spots changed from human markets.答案
61、以及解析1.答案：(1)-(4)CDAB解析：(1).考查细节理解。由题干中的关键词conditioned athletes可将解题信息定位至第二段,根据该段中的But the sports rules require that a race walkers knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact(接触)with the ground at all times可知,竞走运动的规则要求竞走者的膝关节在腿摆动时的大部分时间里伸直,同时一只脚保持与地面接触。据此可知,竞走者必须遵
62、循一些特殊的运动规则,故C项正确。(2).考查推理判断。根据第五段中的some of the injuries associated with running, such as runners knee, are uncommon among race walkers可知,一些与跑步有关的损伤,如跑步者的膝盖(受伤),在竞走者中并不常见。据此可知,竞走不太可能导致膝盖受伤,故D项正确。(3).考查细节理解。根据第五段中的anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced
63、racer to learn proper technique 可知,Norberg博士建议任何希望尝试竞走的人或许应该首先咨询下教练或有经验的竞走者,以学习正确的技巧,故A项正确。(4).考查观点态度。根据全文内容可知,作者提到了竞走这项运动的好处,同时也指出它的一些危害,态度是客观的,故B项正确。2.答案：(1)-(4)AADB解析：(1).考查推理判断。根据第二段中的Unusual fashion shows in New Orleans and Brooklyn have showcased nutria fur It sounds crazy to talk about guilt-
64、free fur.every year可知,时装秀的意图是推销无罪恶感的毛皮衣服。故选A。(2).考查细节理解。根据第二段中的the nutria are destroying vast wetlands every year以及第四段中的The ecosystem.Its destroying the environment可知,因为海狸鼠破坏湿地进而破坏了环境,所以科学家对它们很担心。故选A。(3).考查词义猜测。根据画线词前的The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades可知,几十年来,毛皮贸易使海狸鼠(的数量)处于控制之下。根据画线词后的t
65、he cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy可知,这种猫大小的动物疯狂地繁殖。由此可推知,20世纪80年代末海狸鼠市场瘫痪了。collapse的意思应是崩溃,故选D 。(4).考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的To give people a guilt-free option.a massive thing, at least here in New York可知,在纽约,穿毛皮衣服具有风险性。故选B。 3.答案：(1)-(4)DDAC解析：(1).考查主旨大意。通读全文可知,文章第一段为全文的主题段,即消费者研究杂志最近的一项研究表明,我们的饮食同伴的体
66、型和饮食习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量,而且要避免同食量大的瘦人一起进食。结合全文内容可知,本文主要介绍了饮食行为,故D项正确。(2).考查词义猜测。根据第一段第二句And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份),its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid可知,研究表明,与现存的研究发现(应该避免和食量大的胖人一起吃饭)相反,你真正需要
67、避开的是胃口大的又高又瘦的人。根据contrary to可知,画线词与heavier people含义相反,故D项正确。(3).考查细节理解。根据第二段中的To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments可知,为了验证社交对饮食习惯的影响,研究人员进行了两个实验;再结合下文介绍的两个实验可知,聘用演员参加实验旨在查看演员对参加实验的人的饮食习惯的影响,故A项正确。(4).考查推理判断。根据尾段中的If this fellow participant
68、 is going to eat more, so will I. because I see the results of his eating habits,可知,如果这个同伴打算吃得更多,我也会吃得更多;但是,我们将调整影响。如果一个超重的人吃了很多,我会稍微保留一点,因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。据此可以推知,我们对自己饮食的调整是以分析他人的饮食习惯和结果(即如何看待他人)为基础的,故C项正确。4.答案：(1)-(3)DBC解析：(1).考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中的assessed the volunteers memory and thinking skills可知,科学家对这
69、些志愿者的测试主要是来研究和评估他们的记忆力和思考能力,故选D项。(2).考查写作手法。根据文章第四段中的This works just like physical exercise可知,Francisca Then把它与体育锻炼相比较,故采用的方法是对比法,故选B项。(3).考查标题判断。根据文章全文和第一段中的Challenging work. might help your brain stay sharp as you age可知,本文主要说明了有挑战性的工作能更好地让你保持敏锐,故选C项。5.答案：BABD解析：(1).考查词义猜测。此处考查stomach的熟词生义,该词在本句中意为
70、忍受;另外,结合常识可以判断,有的人锻炼前不吃早饭是受不了的,所以此处意为如果可以忍受空腹的话,在吃早餐前去锻炼比吃过早餐后去锻炼好处更多,故B项正确。(2).考查细节理解。根据第三段中的10 overweight and inactive but otherwise healthy young men, whose lifestyles are, for better and worse, representative of those of most of us可知,选中的这十个人就是大众的代表,故A项正确。(3).考查细节理解。根据第六段中的On the other hand, they
71、 burned slightly more calories(卡路里),on average, during the workout after breakfast than after fasting可知,锻炼前吃早餐的人相对而言在锻炼时燃烧的卡路里稍多一些,故B项正确。(4).考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的to gain the greatest health benefits from exercise, it may be wise to skip eating first可知,早饭前锻炼给身体带来的健康方面的好处更多,故选D。6.答案：1.A; 2.C; 3.D; 4.A解析：7.答案：1.D; 2.C; 3.B; 4.C解析：