1、语法专题突破专题五 主谓一致和动词的时态、语态英 语2022内 容 索 引核心考点 课堂突破专项训练 巩固提升核心考点 课堂突破高考感悟单句填空1.(2020全国卷)The unmanned Change-4 probe(探测器)the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess_(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.2.(2020全国卷)“This really excites scientists,”Carle Pieters,a scientist at Br
2、own University,says,“because it _(mean)we have the chance to obtain information about how the moon _(construct).”touchedmeansis constructed3.(2020全国卷)This is why decorating with plants,fruits and flowers _(carry)special significance.4.(2020全国卷)The artist was sure he would _(choose),but when he prese
3、nted his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister,the old man laughed.5.(2020全国卷)When he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary(传奇的)artist,they smiled and _(point)down the river.carriesbe chosenpointed6.(2020新高考全国卷)The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans S
4、loane,for example,_(form)the core collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.7.(2020新高考全国卷)The parts of a museum open to the public _(call)galleries or rooms.8.(2020新高考全国卷)Often,only a small part of a museums collection _(be)on display.9.(2019全国卷)In recent years some Inuit people in Nunav
5、ut _(report)increases in bear sightings around human settlements,leading to a belief that populations are increasing.formedare calledishave report10.(2019全国卷)Picking up her“Lifetime Achievement”award,proud Irene _(declare)she had no plans to retire from her 36-year-old business.11.(2019全国卷)Irene sai
6、d,“I dont see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and all the friends I _(make)over the years.”12.(2019全国卷)Our host shared many of their experiences and _(recommend)wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.13.(2019全国卷)On the last day of our week-long stay,we _(invite)to
7、attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars,listening to musicians and meeting interesting locals.declaredhave maderecommendedwere invited考点归纳一、主谓一致考点主谓一致一览表主语情况谓语例句语法一致原则单数名词、非谓语动词、短语或从句作主语单数A sheep eats grass.The word means very good.To work hard is necessary.Wh
8、at he said was wrong.Air is very important to us.Teaching English carries significance.用and 或both.and 连接的并列主语复数He and I were classmates at that time.Both bread and butter are sold out.主语情况谓语 例句语法一致原则用and 连接的并列主语如指的是同一个人、同一事物(and 后的名词没有冠词)或主语前分别有each,every,no等修饰时单数The girls teacher and friend is youn
9、g.Bread and butter(=The bread with butter on it)is daily food in the west.Every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.不定代词either,neither,each,none,the other,another,anyone,someone,something,everybody,everything,nobody等作主语时单数Each of the girls has an apple.Somebody is waiting for you a
10、t the gate.Everything around us is matter.主语情况谓语 例句语法一致原则主语是单数时,尽管后面跟有but,except,besides,as well as,with,like等连接的其他名词单数She as well as her friends likes this film.My sister,like you and Tom,is very clever.由a lot of/lots of/plenty of+名词/分数/百分数+名词作主语时,视名词的数而定单数复数Three-fifths of the water is dirty.30 pe
11、rcent of them are against the plan.主语情况谓语例句意义一致原则表示复数意义的名词,people,police等作主语时复数People are talking about the news.The police havent arrived.有些集体名词family,class,group,team等作主语时,若看作一个整体,谓语用单数;若视为每一个成员,谓语用复数视具体情况而定His family has moved to Shanghai.His family are all fond of music.Their class is very big.T
12、he class are waiting for a new teacher.who,what,which,all,more,most,some,any,half,none,the rest等作主语视情况而定Who is a doctor?Who are league members?Most of them are young men.Most of the water is dirty.主语情况谓语 例句意义一致原则表示时间、距离、重量、数字、钱等的复数名词做整体看待时单数Thirty years is not a long time.Five dollars is quite enoug
13、h.以-ics结尾的学科名词如politics,maths及news属形复意单名词,及书报名、国名等复数名词作主语单数Physics seems to be difficult to me.The United States is a developed country.主语情况谓语例句就近一致原则用or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also 等连接的并列主语与靠近的主语一致Either you or I am wrong.Not only we but also the teachers are wrong.由there或here引起的句子,主语又不
14、止一个,其谓语动词通常和邻近的那个主语一致与第一个主语一致There is a pen and some books on the desk.There are some books and a piece of paper on the desk.注意1.不定代词all,some,any等作主语时,有以下两种情况:(1)单独作主语时,视其上下文或文中的意义而定。谓语动词可用单数或复数。(2)后接of或直接修饰名词时,其后若是不可数名词,动词用单数,若是可数名词复数,则谓语动词用复数。如:All the things are in the car now.Now all the food is
15、 inthe basket.All goes well.2.“the number of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词常用单数,因其意思是“的数量”;而“a number of+复数名词”作主语,谓语动词应用复数,因a numberof 的意思是“许多,大量(many)”。如:At the beginning of this year,thenumber of students was over 1700 in the school.A number of trees wereplanted yesterday.二、动词的时态和语态考点一动词时态一览表动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各
16、种时态的构成形式列表如下:现在时过去时将来时过去将来时一般 ask/asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask进行 am/is/are askingwas/were asking shall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成 have/has askedhad askedshall/will have asked should/would have asked完成进行have/has been askinghad been asking shall/will have been askingshould/would
17、 have been asking考点二一般现在时1.一般现在时的构成一般现在时主要由动词原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语动词形式一般由动词原形后加-s或-es构成。其变化规则如下:情况变化规则例词一般情况直接加-smeanmeanslearnlearnscomecomesplayplayswantwantsneedneeds情况变化规则例词结尾为-s,-x,-sh,-ch或-o在词尾加-espasspassesdiscussdiscussesteachteacheswashwashesfixfixesgogoes结尾为“辅音字母+y”变y为i再加-escarrycarriescrycr
18、iesstudystudiesworryworries2.一般现在时的用法表示经常发生或习惯性的动作或状态Father always reads newspaper after breakfast.表示主语现在的性格、特征、能力Does he like sports?表示客观事实或普遍真理Light goes faster than sound.表示按时刻表、日程表、课程表等规定将要发生的动作The train starts at 10 oclock in the morning.用于时间和条件状语从句中代替一般将来时I will tell him about it as soon as I
19、see him next Monday.考点三一般将来时构成用法例句will/shall+动词原形表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态My sister will be ten next year.be going to+动词原形表示打算、计划、即将做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.be+doing进行时表示将来go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leavi
20、ng for Europe?构成用法例句be about to+动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.be to+动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见Were to meet at the school gate at noon.一般现在时表示将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this
21、evening.考点四一般过去时1.一般过去时的构成一般过去时由动词的过去式表示。规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成,其变化规则如下:情况变化规则例词一般情况在动词后加-edlooklookedwatchwatchedstaystayedexpectexpected以-e结尾的动词后加-dhopehopedlikeliked情况变化规则例词以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词变y为i再加-edstudystudiedtrytriedcopycopiedcarrycarried以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母时双写词尾的辅音字母再加-edstopstoppedclapclapp
22、edplanplannedpreferpreferredadmitadmittedpermitpermitted2.一般过去时的用法表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态She suddenly fell ill yesterday.We didnt have classes last week.表示过去的习惯或经常发生的动作I went to the cinema once a week when I was at school.在条件、时间状语从句中代替一般过去将来时He said he would not go if it rained.注意表示过去一段时间内经常或反复发生的动作,也
23、可以用would+动词原形或用used to加动词原形。考点五现在进行时1.现在进行时的构成现在进行时的构成形式为:am/is/are+v.-ing。v.-ing形式的变化规则如下:情况变化规则例词一般情况在词尾直接加-ingworkworkinglooklookingstudystudying以不发音的e结尾的动词去e再加-inghavehavingfacefacingtaketakingwritewriting情况变化规则例词以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母双写该辅音字母再加-ingcutcuttingputputtingswimswimmingbeginbeginning以-ie
24、结尾的动词变ie为y再加-inglielyingtietyingdiedying2.现在进行时的用法表示此时此刻正在进行的动作Sorry,Im busy right now.I am filling in an application form for a new job.go,come,leave,arrive,return,stop,start,begin,meet等动词的现在进行时可以表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.与always,constantly,forever,continually,all the time 等连用,
25、表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有不满、抱怨或者赞赏等感情色彩He is always helping others.She is constantly worrying about her sons health.3.不宜用进行时的动词表示心理状态、情感的动词know,realize,think(that),suppose(that),doubt,forget,remember,understand,regard,like,love,hate,care,believe,want,wish,agree,mean,need等表示状态的动词be,have,belong,own,posse
26、ss,suit,fit,contain,depend,appear,exist,lie,remain,seem,turn out等表示短暂性、一次性动作的动词allow,accept,permit,promise,admit,complete等表示感觉的动词 see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等考点六现在完成时构成 have/has+过去分词用法所表示的动作在说话之前已完成,而对现在有影响,句中没有具体的时间状语I have spent all of my money(so far).(含义:现在我没有钱花了。)Guo Zijun has(j
27、ust/already)come.(含义:郭子君现在在这儿。)My father has gone to work.(含义:我爸爸现在不在这儿。)现在完成时所表示的动作开始于过去,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去。常与for.和 since.等表示一段时间的状语或 so far等表示包括现在时间在内的状语连用Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since 1998.There have been three accidents here so far this year.还可用在时间和条件状语从句中,表示将来某时完成的动作,强调此动
28、作先于主句动作发生Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.考点七过去进行时构成 was/were+v.-ing用法表示过去某个时刻或某一阶段正在进行的动作It was raining when they left the station.过去进行时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作She asked whether he was coming back for lunch.考点八过去将来时构成was/were going to+动词原形;woul
29、d/should+动词原形用法表示在过去预计将来的某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态I thought that Jack was going to write a letter to his father.You knew I would come.考点九过去完成时构成 had+过去分词用法表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作,即发生在“过去的过去”When I came home from work,she had finished her homework.表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图,只适用于动词expect(期待),hope(希望),intend(打算),mean(打算)
30、,suppose(料想),think(认为),want(想要)等We had hoped that you would be able to visit us.I had meant to come,but something happened.考点十现在完成进行时构成 have/has been+v.-ing用法表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。其动作是否继续下去,则由上下文而定;可以表重复性动作,也可以带有感情色彩Jack has been phoning Jane every night for the last week.It has been raining
31、 for 2 days.(表达说话者“抱怨”的感情色彩。)I have been hoping to have a car of my own.考点十一几组时态的区别一般过去时一般过去时只涉及一个纯过去的动作,凡有明确的过去时间的均用过去时,一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系Were you at school yesterday?昨天你在学校吗?(问的是昨天的事情。但对今天没什么影响。)现在完成时现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续I have just finished my homework.我刚刚写完作业。(看上去好像是过去才发生的事情
32、,但是对我现在有了影响。因为写完了作业,就可以做自己想做的事情。)过去完成时过去完成时指的是相对于过去的某一特定时间更早发生的动作,发生在“过去的过去”,即过去完成时至少涉及两个过去的动作When he came in,I had had my supper.他进来时,我就已经吃完晚餐了。(吃在进来之前,所以用过去完成时。)考点十二固定结构中的时态hardly.when.,no sooner.than.“一就”主句时态用过去完成时,从句时态用一般过去时Hardly had I opened the door when Tom came in.This/That/It is/was the fi
33、rst/second.time+that从句“是次做某事”若主句中为is,则从句时态用现在完成时;若为was,则从句时态用过去完成时This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.It+be.before.“要过才”或“在以后才”若be动词用一般过去时,则before 从句中常用一般过去时;若be动词用将来时,则before 从句中常用一般现在时Im sorry youve been waiting so long,but itll still be some time before B
34、rian gets back.was/were doing.when“正在做某事,这时(突然)”在when引导的从句中,谓语动词用过去式I was about to leave when he came in.I had just locked the door when I realised I had left my key on the kitchen table.was/were about to do.when.“正要做某事,这时(突然)”had done.when“刚做完某事,这时(突然)”It is/has been+时间段+sincesince从句用过去时。该句型表某个动作持续
35、多久。但若since后跟延续性动词,要翻译成否定含义,即“没做某事已经多久了”It has been three years since he worked here.他不在这工作已经三年了。It has been three years since he smoked.他已经戒烟三年了。It has been three years since he began to smoke.他吸烟有三年了。考点十三八种时态的标志词一般现在时often,usually,always,sometimes,never,seldom,every week/day/year/month.,once a week
36、,on Sundays一般过去时ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week/year/night/month.,in 1989,just now,at the age of five,one day,ago,long ago,once upon a time,then(那时),on that day,the other day(几天以前)现在进行时now,these days,at this moment/time过去进行时at this time yesterday,at that time或“when+一般过去时从句”,at 1:00
37、last night现在完成时recently,recent years,these days/years,lately,since,for+时段(但还在延续),in the past few years,ever since,in the last/past five months,up to now,since then,so far,ever,never,yet,lately,once,twice,three/four times.,already,before,just过去完成时before,by the end of last year/term/month一般将来时tomorrow
38、,next day/week/month/year.,soon,in a few minutes,by.,the day after tomorrow,in the future过去将来时the next day/morning/year.,the following month/week.考点十四主动语态表示被动意义系动词+形容词look,sound,feel,smell,taste,prove,appearThe soup smells good but tastes terrible.不及物动词与状语连用,用以表示主语的品质和状态cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook
39、,lock,wash,drive,keepThis kind of material washes easily.The pen writes smoothly.Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.表开始、结束、运动的动词begin,finish,start,open,close,stop,end,runThe shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.有些表示“需要”的动词后加动词的-ing形式need,require,want,be worthYour hair wants cutting.The floor requires
40、 washing.The book is worth reading.不定式在某些形容词之后,且与主语有动宾关系hard,difficult,easy,heavy,fit,good,comfortable,convenient,impossibleThe question is difficult to answer.The box is heavy to carry.The project is impossible to complete in a year.考点十五动词的被动语态被动语态构成被动语态构成一般现在时 am/is/are asked过去进行时 was/were being a
41、sked一般过去时 was/were asked现在完成时 have/has been asked一般将来时 shall/will be asked过去完成时 had been asked过去将来时 should/would be asked 将来完成时 will/would have been asked现在进行时 am/is/are being asked含有情态动词的can/must/may be asked注意(1)被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not,短语动词的被动语态不可漏掉其中的介副词。固定结构be going to,used to,have to,had bet
42、ter变为被动语态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动语态。如:Trees should not be planted in summer./The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.(2)下面动词或动词短语没有被动语态:leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belong to,take place,brea
43、k out,come about,agree with,keep up with,consistof,have on,lose heart等。考点十六特殊形式的被动结构be+过去分词+不定式He is reported to have broken a world record.据报道他打破了世界纪录。It+be+过去分词+从句It is believed that.人们相信;It is generally considered that.一般认为;It is said that.据说;It is well known that.众所周知;It must be pointed out that
44、.必须指出的是;It is supposed that.应该是;It is reported that.据报道;It must be admitted that.需要承认的是;It is hoped that.希望get+过去分词 get married 结婚;get hurt 受伤;get lost 迷路;get caught/stuck/trapped 被困专项训练 巩固提升.单句填空1.It was raining lightly when I _(arrive)in Yangshuo just before dawn.2.I was on my way home after shopp
45、ing and saw a small dog running across the very busy street I _(travel)on.3.At present more and more people _(buy)clothes online to save time and money.4.Every one except Tom and John _(be)there when the meeting began.arrivedwas travelingare buyingwas5.Leaving the less important things until tomorro
46、w _(be)often acceptable.6.Jane cant attend the meeting at 3 oclock this afternoon because she _(teach)a class at that time.7.Just an hour ago he told me on the phone that he _(come)home right after his work.8.Tomb Sweeping Day is a time to remember the dead.It is a major Chinese festival which _(fal
47、l)in early spring.iswill be teachingwould comefalls9.Usually Beijing Roast Duck _(serve)together with special pancakes,green onions and sweet sauce.10.Just as I got to the school gate,I realized I _(leave)my keys in the library.is servedhad left.语法填空When he was a little boy,Christopher Cookerell onc
48、e watched his mother turn the wheel of her sewing machine with her hand.“Wouldnt it work quickly if a machine 1._(turn)the wheel for you?”he asked.“I suppose it would,”2._(say)his mother,without paying him any attention.turnedsaidChristopher knew she always 3._(have)a lot of work,and he wanted to he
49、lp her.Up in his bedroom there was a toy steam-engine which his father 4._(buy)him as a gift.“I will make better use of it,”little Christopher said to himself.So,when his mother 5._(not use)her sewing machine,he fixed the toy steam-engine onto it.When the job 6._(finish),he was quite pleased,thinkin
50、g his mother 7._(like)it.hadhad boughtwasnt usingwas finishedwould like“Very clever,”his mother said when she saw it.Then she 8._(sit)down and went on turning the wheel by hand.“I 9._(work)like this for too many years,”she explained.This taught Christopher Cookerell the lesson that anyone who 10._(try)to improve anything has to learn:many people dont like new ideas.sathave been workingtries
